理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理

探讨了理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理。相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理是指温度涡旋在圈积分下是一个守恒量。首先简略的回顾了相对论重离子碰撞中的理想磁流体力学相关结果。本文的核心是推导出理想磁流体力学中的相对论性Kelvin圈积分定理的表达形式。同时,也将已知的理想磁流体力学的解析解运用到该定理上。这一主要结果也可以运用到相对论重离子碰撞中磁流体力学的研究中。     

Nonlinear response to ultrasound of encapsulated microbubbles

The acoustic backscatter of encapsulated gas-filled microbubbles immersed in a weak compressible liquid and irradiated by ultrasound fields of moderate to high pressure amplitudes is investigated theoretically. The problem is formulated by considering, for the viscoelastic shell of finite thickness, an isotropic hyperelastic neo-Hookean model for the elastic contribution in addition to a Newtonian viscous component. First and second harmonic scattering cross-sections have been evaluated and the quantitative influence of the driving pressure amplitude on the harmonic resonance frequencies for different initial equilibrium bubble sizes and for different encapsulating physical properties has been determined. Conditions for optimal second harmonic imaging have been also investigated and some regions in the parameters space where the second harmonic intensity is dominant over the fundamental have been identified. Results have been obtained for albumin, lipid and polymer encapsulating shells, respectively.     

Modifying a graphene layer by a thymine or a uracil nucleobase: DFT studies

The hybridizations of a graphene layer by a thymine and a uracil nucleobase have been investigated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The isolated and hybrid structures have been firstly stabilized to reach the minimum energy and the electronic properties have been subsequently evaluated for the optimized structures. The structural and atomic scale parameters indicated that the tip of graphene is important in determining the properties of new hybrids. Moreover, different effects of thymine and uracil nucleobases have been identified in the hybrid structures. Quadrupole coupling constants have been evaluated to characterize the atomic scale properties, in which the most notable effects of hybridizations have been observed for the atoms close to the linking regions whereas negligible effects have been seen for other atoms.     

Design,construction and characterization of the compact ultrafast terahertz free-electron laser undulator

A compact ultrafast terahertz (CUTE) free-electron laser (FEL) is being developed at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore. The undulator required for the CUTE-FEL has recently been developed. We have designed, built and characterized a variable gap, 5 cm period, 2.5 m long pure permanent magnet undulator in two identical segments. The tolerable error in the magnetic field was 1% in rms, and we have measured it to be 0.7%. The obtained rms phase shake is around 2°. To ensure that the trajectories do not have an exit error in position or angle, corrector coils have been designed. Shimming coils have been applied for both the undulator segments to reduce the amplitude of the betatron oscillations in the vertical trajectory. Details of novel corrector coils and soft iron shims are given and their performance is discussed.      

关于分子磁性理论的研究

已建立的一种研究过渡族元素化合物分子磁性的DSF理论方法 ,在一定范围内解决了分子磁性理论研究中如何将物理模型付诸理论计算的问题 ,由此研究了一些弱共价的同核分子体系 ,首次揭示了这些分子的铁磁性是起源于分子内相邻过渡金属离子轨道间的交叉相互作用 ,反铁磁性则源于平行相互作用 .通过发展GJK模型 ,又建立了能描述异核分子和共价分子的磁性理论 ,并由此分析和解释了多种无机、有机化合物和生物蛋白分子中的磁性起源 ;特别是对核糖核酸还原酶中的强共价体系的强反铁磁现象给出了合理的理论解释. Recently, we have established a DSF theoretical method suitable for researching molecular magnetism of the compounds consisting of transition group elements. By this method, we have revealed that the ferromagnetism of molecules is due to the cross-interaction between d orbitals of adjacent transition-metal ions, and that the antiferromagnetism is due to the parallel interactions. Further more, we have also established a magnetism theory for heterodinuclear...     

Ab-initio Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field calculations—An indigenous development of computer programs

A set of indigenously developed computer programs for ab-initio Hartree-Fock calculations on both closed- and open-shell molecules have been described. These programs have been written for calculations using GTO basis sets. Integral formulae have been taken from Taketaet al [8]. Structures and functions of the programs have been discussed. These programs have been extensively tested. Molecular integrals over GTO basis sets have been chosen for tests and as numerical examples in this paper. Results of calculations using very accurate minimal bases have been given for methane. Time taken for these computations in a CDC Cyber 180/840 machine has been indicated. Trends in the calculations have also been illustrated by employing 4-gaussian expansions for the STO’s and by varying the basis size for LiH and BH⁺. An erratum to this article is available at .     

用图像分析限流和分压接法中滑动变阻器的选取

借助Ux-Rap图像分析得出滑动变阻器的选取原则:控制电路采用限流接法时,要求滑动变阻器的最大阻值与被测电阻的阻值接近,即接近为原则;控制电路采用分压式接法时,滑动变阻器的最大阻值应远小于被测电阻的阻值,故在分压接法中,应选择阻值较小而额定电流较大的滑动变阻器.     

发射率限定辐射测温原理

辐射测温技术随着辐射测量传感器技术的进步而不断进步,已经由单波长测温发展到多波长和多波段测温,由点温测量发展到二维甚至三维温度场测量。但是在辐射测温更精确反演方面,却很难克服因发射率未知性而引起的模型构建误差。发射率行为难以确定并极大地影响了测温精度,急需发展一种具有通用性,不受发射率具体行为限制,具有较高稳定性的辐射测温方法。双波长测温适用于发射率具有灰体行为的物体温度测量,一系列的发射率补偿算法和波长选择方法均未能很好地实现通用性测量,往往直接单色测量可能误差比比色法更小。多波长测温得到广泛应用,但并不是波长越多越好,发射率模型仍然具有较大局限性。提出了发射率直接限定算法和发射率松驰限定算法来反演温度。在发射率限定条件相同时,这两种方法是等价的。发射率松驰限定算法基于最小二乘算法和松驰因子进行真温求解。推导了松驰限定法的误差传递公式,发现在保证测量信号强度的前提下,λT越小温度误差越小;发射率行为对温度相对误差具有重要影响,在相同的λT条件下,发射率随波长变化越大,在限定区间上覆盖越均匀,测量误差越小。但从直接限定算法可以看出所测波长数越多,测量误差越小。两种方法均可以看出,减少限定区间长度也可以显著地提高测量精度。     

Substrate preparation techniques for direct investigation by TEM of single wall carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition

We have investigated and evaluated different TEM sample preparation techniques for studying carbon single-walled nanotube (C-SWNT) nucleation and growth, issued from CVD processes when the catalyst is supported on a substrate. This kind of study requires means to observe individual and isolated tubes. It implies using synthesis conditions able to produce only a low density of tubes and to thin the substrate to electron transparency, to observe the nanotubes and the catalytic particles from which they have grown in their native state. We have tested two approaches, depending if the substrate is thinned after or before the synthesis. The low tube density requirement led us to exclude all the techniques where the substrate is thinned to electron transparency after the synthesis. We have shown, that, with this last approach, all TEM preparation techniques dramatically suffer from a lack of control of thin areas with respect to the location of the tubes, which is unknown. However we have demonstrated that the suitable approach is to perform synthesis directly on transparent substrates presenting several holes. We have tested the capabilities and the potentialities of these supports for studying the size distribution and composition of the catalytic particles, the nucleation mode, the diameter and helicity of the tubes. These results are very promising and represent an important step for performing specific nanoscale TEM analyses necessary for the study of the growth mechanism of nanotubes on substrates.     

Second order elastic anomalies in barium titanate from cubic to tetragonal phase transition

The anomalies of the second order elastic constants have been derived for barium titanate for the phase transition from cubic to tetragonal. The equilibrium values of the components of the order parameter and the strain variables have been obtained from the stability conditions. The fluctuations in the order parameter have been derived from the Landau-Khalatnikov equations. Expression for the shift in the zero point energy in the tetragonal phase is obtained and is shown to be proportional to (T −T _c)². The anomalies for all the second order elastic constants have been derived and relations among them reported. It is shown that the second order elastic anomalies suffer a discontinuity at the transition temperature.     

Interpulse coherence of picosecond pulses

Interferometric studies of trains of picosecond pulses from dye mode-locked Nd: glass lasers have been made. Both autocorrelation and cross correlation measurements of pulses have been recorded. Even for non-minimum width pulses very high fringe contrast ratios have been obtained for both cases indicating considerable similarity between pulses. It is also concluded that the relative phase shift from pulse to pulse is constant.     

Raman scattering as a probe of the tensile strain distribution in GaAs grown on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

Epitaxial layers of GaAs grown on Si substrates, where the layer thickness greatly exceeds any critical thickness based on mismatch in lattice constant alone, have been shown to be under tensile strain for temperature at or below 300 K. This "thermal" strain arises from the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between GaAs and Si. We have performed Raman experiments on GaAs layers grown on both Si (001) and Si (111) substrates. We have observed a shift in the optical modes towards lower frequencies which is indicative of tensile strain in the GaAs layers, this is greater in the (111) growth direction than in the (001) one. In order to investigate the strain distribution as a function of distance from the GaAs/Si interface we have measured Raman spectra after successive removing of the epitaxial layer by chemical etching. We have found out that the strain decreases with increasing distance from the interface. We have developed the theory of Cerdeira et al. (1) to determine quantitatively the strain present in the heteroepitaxial layers. We have used, for the first time, polarization selection rules to separate the various components of the optical phonon modes. According to the theory we have observed that the doubly degenerate TO phonon line exhibits both a splitting and shift with strain, while only a shift is observed for the LO phonon line. In conformity with Cerdeira we have remarked that the strain dependence of the LO phonon is equal to that of the TO phonon mode observed in crossed polarization configuration.     

Application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in plant science: Solutions,threats, and opportunities

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is a nondestructive, rapid, simultaneous multi-elemental imaging methodology for plant materials. Its applications are broad and cover most of the elements with varying concentration below the parts per million (ppm). XRF is a well-established atomic spectrometric technique that is also being used as a field portable instrumentation. In recent decades, XRF has been considered a very versatile tool for plant nutrition diagnosis due to its fast and multi-elemental analytical imaging response directly from a solid sample. In this review, we have mainly focused on the recent developments and advancements in XRF spectrometry to analyze plant materials. We have also included the fundamental aspects and instrumentation for XRF spectrometry for its use in plants imaging. We have also covered the use of XRF for vegetal tissues and plant leaves. Mainly, we have briefly focused on some features of sampling procedures and calibration strategies regarding the use of XRF for plant tissues. Microchemical imaging applications by XRF, μ-XRF, μ-SRXRF, and TXRF have been covered for a wide variety of plant tissues such as leaves, roots, stems, and seeds.     

Endoscopic Effects onPeristaltic Flow of a Nanofluid

In the present investigation we have studied the peristaltic flow of a nanofluid in an endoscope. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wavec. Analytical solutions have been calculated using Homotopy perturbation method (HPM) for temperature and nanoparticle equation while exact solutions have been calculated for velocity and pressure gradient. Numerical integration have been used to obtain the graphical results for pressure rise and frictional forces. The effects of various emerging parameters are investigated for five different peristaltic waves.
Streamlines have been plotted at the end of the article.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid tetrahydrofuran: on the uniqueness of force fields

Molecular dynamics simulations of liquid tetrahydrofuran have been performed with different force fields to illustrate that there is no unique way to model a given system of molecules. Parameters for the force fields have been taken from existing force fields and have been used as starting guesses for a simplex optimization. In spite of the very different final parameter values, all optimized force fields reproduce properly the physical properties for which they have been optimized, but not necessarily other ones.     

Is colour cognitive?

In recent years, colour-vision abilities have been rather generously ascribed to various invertebrates and even bacteria. This uncertainty of when to diagnose colour vision stems in part from confusing what colour vision can do with what it is. What colour vision can do is discriminate wavelength independent of intensity. However, if we take this as a definition of what colour vision is, then we might be obliged to conclude that some plants and bacteria have colour vision. Moreover, there is a similar confusion of what are necessary and what are sufficient mechanisms and behavioural abilities for colour vision. To humans, seeing in colour means seeing an image in which objects/lights have chromatic attributes—in contrast to the sensation that we have when viewing monochrome movies, or our experience in dim light when only rod vision is possible. The necessary basic equipment for this is to have at least two types of photoreceptors that differ in spectral sensitivity, and at least one type of spectrally opponent cell to compare the signals from the photoreceptors. Clearly, however, a necessary additional prerequisite for colour vision is to have vision, which entails the identification of shapes, sizes and locations of objects in the world. Thus, if an animal has colour vision, it should see an image in which distinct objects/lights have colour attributes. This distinguishes colour vision from wavelength discrimination, but also from what has historically been called wavelength-specific behaviour: a type of behaviour triggered by fixed configurations of spectral receptor signals; however, we discuss difficulties in diagnosing wavelength-specific behaviour as an indicator of the absence of colour vision. Finally, we discuss whether colour vision, by definition, contains a cognitive dimension for ordering and classifying perceptual experience.     

The dynamics of direction-dependent switching in nonlinear chirped gratings

Nonlinear chirped gratings are numerically demonstrated to have a direction-dependent switching behavior. For the two incident directions, bistability exists with different switching-on powers, and the instable high transmissivity states have different critical powers. The direction-dependent bistability is due to the difference of the energy contained in the gratings for the two incident directions; the direction-dependent critical powers for instability origin from the different modulation instability threshold. Furthermore, it is first reported that for instable output there are spectral side lobes whose frequency shifts relative to carrier frequency have jumps at some input powers.     

Chaos suppression through asymmetric coupling

We study pairs of identical coupled chaotic oscillators. In particular, we have used Roessler (in the funnel and no funnel regimes), Lorenz, and four-dimensional chaotic Lotka-Volterra models. In all four of these cases, a pair of identical oscillators is asymmetrically coupled. The main result of the numerical simulations is that in all cases, specific values of coupling strength and asymmetry exist that render the two oscillators periodic and synchronized. The values of the coupling strength for which this phenomenon occurs is well below the previously known value for complete synchronization. We have found that this behavior exists for all the chaotic oscillators that we have used in the analysis. We postulate that this behavior is presumably generic to all chaotic oscillators. In order to complete the study, we have tested the robustness of this phenomenon of chaos suppression versus the addition of some Gaussian noise. We found that chaos suppression is robust for the addition of finite noise level. Finally, we propose some extension to this research.     

Rapid analysis of non-uniformly sampled pulsed field gradient data for velocity estimation.

Bretthorst's recent generalization of the Lomb-Scargle periodogram shows that a sufficient statistic for frequency estimation from non-uniformly, but simultaneously sampled quadrature data is equivalent to the FFT of those data with the missing samples replaced by zeros. We have applied this concept to the rapid analysis of pulsed field gradient MRI data which have been non-uniformly sampled in the velocity encoding wave vector q. For a small number of q samples, it is more computationally efficient to calculate the periodogram directly rather than using the FFT algorithm with a large number of zeros. The algorithm we have implemented for finding the peak of the generalized periodogram is simple and robust; it involves repeated apodization and grid searching of the periodogram until the desired velocity resolution is achieved. The final estimate is refined by quadratic interpolation. We have tested the method for fully developed Poiseuille flow of a Newtonian fluid and have demonstrated substantial improvement in the precision of velocity measurement achievable in a fixed acquisition time with non-uniform sampling. The method is readily extendible to multidimensional data. Analysis of a 256 by 256 pixel image with 8 q samples and an effective velocity resolution of better than 1/680 of the Nyquist range requires approximately 1 minute computation time on a 400 MHz SUN Ultrasparc II processor.     

Studium von Einzelversetzungen in nahezu idealen Kristallen mit einer Röntgenmethode

The integrated intensities of X-ray diffraction for theLaue and theBragg case have been calculated for both an ideal and a mosaic crystal. The ratio of both intensities is thought to be a measure for the contrast of topographic X-ray work. Concerning to the Laue case, in thin crystals the distorted regions around dislocations have a higher diffraction intensity than the undistorted regions. In thick crystals the contrast is reverted. That is the case of anomalous transmission in ideal crystals. In the region of anomalous transparency some experiments have been made with slices of germanium crystals containing only few dislocations. Topographic pictures have been made by a simple method which is described. Secondary effects have been observed besides the normal contrast effects between distorted and undistorted regions. They can be explained assuming that the direction of propagation of the transmitting wave field is shifted in regions containing a long range lattice distorsion.