激波/边界层干扰对等离子体合成射流的响应特性

利用高速纹影系统和数值模拟方法研究了激波/边界层干扰对逆流喷射的等离子体合成射流的响应特性,并揭示了流动控制机理.实验在来流马赫数Ma=3.1的风洞中进行,测试模型采用钝头体和压缩斜坡的组合模型,等离子体合成射流激励器安装在钝头体头部.纹影系统捕捉了放电频率为f=1 kHz和f=3 kHz的激励对附体激波形态和分离激波运动的控制效果.等离子体合成射流使压缩斜坡激波/边界层干扰区域的起始点向下游移动,分离泡尺寸减小,附体激波强度减弱,发生弯曲,再附点移向上游,与此同时分离激波向附体激波逼近.与f=3 kHz激励相比,f=1 kHz激励的射流流量更大,对激波/边界层干扰的影响范围更广、控制效果更好.通过数值模拟,揭示了射流与来流相互作用对下游流场的作用机理:射流与来流相互作用诱导出大尺度旋涡,大尺度旋涡耗散发展增强了近壁面流场的湍流度;压缩斜坡上游近壁面的流场性质发生变化,进而导致了压缩斜坡激波/边界层干扰区域流动的变化.     

结冰环境热合成双射流激励器工作特性数值研究

为研究结冰环境中热合成双射流激励器工作特性,采用离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM),结合动网格方法,数值研究了结冰环境中来流速度、液滴含量、液滴直径对激励器工作特性的影响.结果表明,来流速度较小时,双射流激励器出口形成热合成射流融合区,由于热射流的加热作用,温度较高,环境中的过冷液滴难以进入...     

Visualization of jet mixing in a fluidic oscillator

The fluidic oscillator is a device that generates an oscillating jet when supplied with fluid at pressure. The oscillator has no moving parts — the creation of the unsteady jet is based solely on fluid-dynamic interactions. Fluidic oscillators can operate at frequencies ranging up to 20 kHz, and are useful for flow control applications. The fluidic oscillator evaluated in the current study is comprised of two fluid jets that interact in an internal mixing chamber, producing the oscillating jet at the exit. Both porous pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and dye-colored water flow are used to visualize the internal and external fluid dynamics of the oscillator. Porous PSP formulations have been shown to have frequency responses on the order of 100 kHz, which is more than adequate for visualizing the fluidic oscillations. In order to provide high-contrast PSP data in these tests, one of the internal jets of the fluidic oscillator is supplied with oxygen, and the other with nitrogen. Results indicate that two counter-rotating vortices within the mixing chamber drive the oscillations. It is also shown that the fluidic oscillator possesses excellent mixing characteristics.     

两电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性研究

采用放电测量和高速阴影技术对两电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性进行了系统实验研究.实验表明:激励器工作击穿电压和放电峰值电流随激励器所处环境压强的降低和放电频率的增大而减小,激励器腔体内的放电过程为火花电弧放电.典型的等离子体合成射流流场包含有一道前驱激波和一股呈蘑菇状的高速射流.在整个射流发展过程中,前驱激波以当地声速恒速传播,不随激励器条件的改变而变化,波的强度则随着激励器出口直径的减小、腔体体积的增大、环境压强的降低和放电频率的升高而减小.激励器腔体体积和放电频率的增加会降低腔内气体的加热效果,并减小射流速度.激励器出口直径和环境压强对射流速度的影响按规律变化且存在最佳值.本文实各验条件下激励器都产生了明显的前驱激波和高速射流,具有实现高速流场主动流动控制的应用潜能.     

Effects of single synthetic jet on turbulent boundary layer

The turbulent boundary layer (TBL) is actively controlled by the synthetic jet generated from a circular hole. According to the datasets of velocity fields acquired by a time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) system, the average drag reduction rate of 6.2% in the downstream direction of the hole is obtained with control. The results of phase averaging show that the synthetic jet generates one vortex pair each period and the consequent vortex evolves into hairpin vortex in the environment with free-stream, while the reverse vortex decays rapidly. From the statistical average, it can be found that a low-speed streak is generated downstream. Induced by the two vortex legs, the fluid under them converges to the middle. The drag reduction effect produced by the synthetic jet is local, and it reaches a maximum value at x⁺=400, where the drag reduction rate reaches about 12.2%. After the extraction of coherent structure from the spatial two-point correlation analysis, it can be seen that the synthetic jet suppresses the streamwise scale and wall-normal scale of the large scale coherent structure, and slightly weakens the spanwise motion to achieve the effect of drag reduction.     

合成双射流激励器振动噪声特性

合成双射流激励器工作噪声远低于合成射流激励器工作噪声, 但其噪声特性仍然限制了其应用于笔记本电脑、空调、冰箱等室内电子设备散热. 为降低合成双射流激励器整体噪声, 采用数值模拟的手段探究合成双射流激励器在不同边界条件下的振动噪声特性, 为合成双射流激励器降噪设计提供指导. 结果表明: 压电振子与壳体的振动共同影响着激励器振动噪声声压级大小; 夹持条件对振动噪声影响很大, 压电振子处于夹支条件时, 激励器的振动噪声声压级比压电振子处于简支时的激励器最大声压级低10 dB.      

Experimental investigation on drag reduction in a turbulent boundary layer with a submerged synthetic jet

This work investigates the active control of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer by a submerged synthetic jet actuator.The impacts of the control are explored by measuring the streamwise velocities using particle image velocimetry,and reduction of the skin-friction drag is observed in a certain range downstream of the orifice.The coherent structure is defined and extracted using a spatial two-point correlation function,and it is found that the synthetic jet can efficiently reduce the streamwise scale of the coherent structure.Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis reveals that large-scale turbulent kinetic energy is significantly attenuated with the introduction of a synthetic jet.The conditional averaging results show that the induction effect of the prograde vortex on the low-speed fluid in a large-scale fluctuation velocity field is deadened,thereby suppressing the bursting process near the wall.     

等离子体合成射流能量效率及工作特性研究

基于等离子体激励器工作过程中气体放电的焦耳加热作用, 并结合局部热力学平衡等离子体物理假设, 开展了等离子体合成射流三维唯象数值研究, 获得了完整工作周期内等离子体合成射流流场发展演变过程. 研究结果表明, 单次能量沉积建立的自维持周期性射流中存在有实现激励器腔体"充分" 回填的最大脉冲工作频率––饱和频率. 大的能量沉积、小的激励器出口直径和相同腔体体积下大的径高比都可以产生速度更高的射流, 而射流速度的提高会伴随有饱和频率的降低. 一个饱和周期内, 最多约有16%的初始腔内气体喷出, 吸气复原仅能实现初始腔体质量90%左右的回填.一个大气压条件下, 容性电源供能的等离子体合成射流激励器电能向气体热能和射流动能的转化效率分别约为5%和1.6%. 关键词： 等离子体激励器 合成射流 能量效率 饱和频率     

Investigation of piezoelectrically generated synthetic jet flow

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the compressible turbulent synthetic jet flow characteristics of a dual diaphragm piezoelectric actuator. Experimentally, a flow visualization system was established to obtain the particle streak images scattered from 10-μm red fluorescent spheres for observing the synthetic jet flowfield produced by a dual diaphragm piezo actuator. The centerline velocity of the synthetic jet was also measured by using a hot-wire anemometry system. In the analysis, the computational approach adopted the transient three-dimensional conservation equations of mass and momentum with the moving boundary specified to represent the piezo diaphragm motion. The standard k-∈ two-equation turbulent model was employed for turbulence closure. For the actuator operating at the frequency of 648 Hz, the particle streakline images in the cross-sectional plane visualized a turbulent jet flow pattern in the far-field area. The hot-wire anemometry data indicated that the measured centerline velocity of synthetic jets reached 3.8 m/s at y/d= 50. The predictions were compared with the visualized particle streak images and centerline velocity of the synthetic jet in order to validate the computer code. The numerical simulation revealed the time-periodic formation and advection of discrete vortex pairs. Caused by the outward movement of the piezo diaphragms, air near the orifice was entrained into the actuator cavity when the vortex pairs were sufficiently distant from the orifice.     

水滴结冰结霜及合成双射流的防霜防冰实验

对水滴结冰结霜过程及合成双射流作用时水滴结冰结霜过程分别进行了实验研究.实验中将半导体制冷片作为实验板将温度从室温降低到-30℃,采用电子显微镜观测无合成双射流和开启合成双射流作用的水滴凝固结冰结霜过程.结果显示:水滴从下部向上逐渐凝固,并且水滴表面凝固速度大于内部凝固速度.由于水凝固为冰,密度减小、体积增大,使得水滴形态改变,顶端突出,变成锥形.由于合成双射流强迫产生对流换热,凝固水滴不会像无激励器作用时在表面生成针叶状的霜,而是在水滴表面均匀形成一层白色的颗粒状霜.随着时间推移,霜的厚度并没有增加,并且水滴的高度降低,凝固水滴的锥形尖端逐渐变得平坦,水滴与冷板平面的接触面积增加.      

合成热射流除霜除冰实验

实验研究了水滴在冷表面结冰结霜,以及合成热射流除霜除冰过程.实验中采用-30.0℃的半导体制冷片作为制冷源,将水滴滴在半导体制冷片的标定位置,在水滴完全结冰结霜且形态不再改变后,合成热射流激励器工作.利用电子显微镜观测并记录合成热射流除霜除冰的整个过程.结果显示:合成热射流能够完全除去结霜冰滴表面的霜,并且能将凝固水滴完全融化为透明的水滴.并且与合成双射流除霜效果相比,合成热射流的除霜速度极大增加,并且完全除霜后,冰滴的高度比合成双射流除霜减少20%.      

Effect of pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

The effects of the ambient air pressure level on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator have been investigated through electrical and optical diagnostics.Pressures from 1 atm down to 0.1 atm were tested with a 10 Hz excitation.The discharge measurement demonstrates that there is a voltage range to make the actuator work reliably.Higher pressure level needs a higher breakdown voltage,and a higher discharge current and energy deposition are produced.But when the actuator works with the maximum breakdown voltage,the fraction of the initial capacitor energy delivered to the arc is almost invariable.This preliminary study also confirms the effectiveness of the plasma synthetic jet at low pressure.Indeed,the maximum velocities of the precursor shock and the plasma jet induced by the actuator with maximum breakdown voltage are independent of the ambient pressure level;reach about 530 and 460 m/s respectively.The mass flux of the plasma jet increases with ambient pressure increasing,but the strength of the precursor shock presents a local maximum at 0.6 atm.     

Regular and chaotic dynamics of a fountain in a stratified fluid

In the present paper, we study by direct numerical simulation (DNS) and theoretical analysis, the dynamics of a fountain penetrating a pycnocline (a sharp density interface) in a density-stratified fluid. A circular, laminar jet flow of neutral buoyancy is considered, which propagates vertically upwards towards the pycnocline level, penetrates a distance into the layer of lighter fluid, and further stagnates and flows down under gravity around the up-flowing core thus creating a fountain. The DNS results show that if the Froude number (Fr) is small enough, the fountain top remains axisymmetric and steady. However, if Fr is increased, the fountain top becomes unsteady and oscillates in a circular flapping (CF) mode, whereby it retains its shape and moves periodically around the jet central axis. If Fr is increased further, the fountain top rises and collapses chaotically in a bobbing oscillation mode (or B-mode). The development of these two modes is accompanied by the generation of different patterns of internal waves (IW) in the pycnocline. The CF-mode generates spiral internal waves, whereas the B-mode generates IW packets with a complex spatial distribution. The dependence of the amplitude of the fountain-top oscillations on Fr is well described by a Landau-type two-mode-competition model.     

水平动量注入型等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性

等离子体合成射流控制技术因其具有不需要外部气源、工作频带宽、射流速度高、射流净质量通量为零、低功耗、激励器形式多样、环境适应性强等特点,成为了目前针对高速流场主动流动控制技术中应用潜能大、有望实现实际工程应用突破的流动控制装置.传统的等离子体激励器的出口多为垂直于流向或与流向成一定夹角,故垂直于流向的动量分量会对激励器的流动控制能力产生影响.为增强流向动量注入能力,拟设计一种新型的水平动量注入型等离子体合成射流激励器.主要内容有:采用外部电路电参数测量与高速纹影技术,对激励器常压下单周期工作特性与重频工作特性进行了初步研究.对水平动量注入型等离子体合成射流激励器的射流结构进行了分析,探究了该激励器工作频率对射流流场的流场特性与控制能力的影响.最后在高速纹影测量的基础上,开展了激励器高频工作时均出口动压的研究.实验表明:水平动量注入型激励器单周期射流初始速度达到220 m/s,单周期激波初始速度达到477 m/s.此外,工作频率对于激励器的影响主要体现在对激励器控制范围的影响,当激励器工作频率增高时,在相同位置时激励器的动压输入能力下降.      

The evolution of synthesised vortices in turbulent boundary layer

Particle image velocimetry technique has been used to investigate the evolution of synthesised vortical structures in the turbulent boundary layer. Synthetic jet actuator is implemented on the flat plate surface to synthesise various vortical structures by operating the actuator at varying operating parameters. The vortices are issued into the boundary layer and their evolution and subsequent interaction with the relatively less energetic near wall fluid is studied. The investigation is based on the quantitative measurements that are made both on the central and parallel lateral planes. Finally, the enhancement of the wall shear stress resulted in by the passing vortices is measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the actuator towards flow separation control.     

三电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性参数影响实验

采用放电测量和光学诊断技术对三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电特性及流场特性进行了实验研究,分析了放电电容、激励器腔体体积和射流出口直径对三电极等离子体合成射流流场分布及速度特性的影响.实验结果表明:三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电过程包含触发、放电增强、放电衰减和电弧熄灭4个阶段,表现出典型的欠阻尼放电特征;等离子体合成射流流场包含射流主流、"前驱激波"和复杂的反射波系.放电电容、腔体体积和射流出口直径均存在一阈值,当电容和出口直径小于阈值、腔体体积大于阈值时,"前驱激波"以当地声速（约345 m/s）恒速传播,否则"前驱激波"则以大于345 m/s的速度传播,且与射流速度呈现相同的变化趋势,即随着放电电容和出口直径的增加而增大,随着腔体体积的增加而减小.      

纳秒脉冲等离子体合成射流激励器的流场特性分析

采用一台高重频、快上升沿纳秒脉冲电源作为激励源,对典型的双电极合成射流激励器进行放电,通过粒子图像测速法（particle image velocimetry,PIV）测量放电实验中激励器稳定流场特性以及发展速度.分析实验结果发现,随着重复频率的提高,合成射流的平均发展速度也随之增大,1 kHz时的平均速度最高达到28.28 m/s,并在单脉冲能量远低于微秒脉冲的情况下,实现了更快的稳态流场控制,表明高重复频率下,更多次数的脉冲放电可提高激励总能量,有效地弥补纳秒脉冲单脉冲输出能量不足的缺点.而且频率越高,流场发展速度越快,说明高重频工作模式会对输出总能量有补偿作用.      

低Reynolds数下合成双射流控制结冰翼型流动分离的数值模拟

通过FLUENT软件数值模拟的方法,分别对结明冰、混合冰、霜冰翼型的气动特性进行了研究,分析了合成双射流对改善结冰翼型流动分离的影响规律.结果表明:3种冰形均破坏了翼型的流线型,对翼型的气动力特性有不同程度的影响,其中霜冰对翼型气动力特性影响最小,明冰对翼型气动力特性影响最大,混合冰介于两者之间.开启合成双射流激励器,在小攻角情况下,结冰翼型的气动特性得到了有效的改善.而在大攻角情况下,合成双射流激励器不能完全消除分离涡,但可以推迟分离涡,分离涡厚度增加,分离涡最厚点推后.      

合成冷/热射流控制超声速边界层流动稳定性

为了探究超声速边界层流动稳定性及其转捩控制机理,提出基于合成冷/热射流的边界层速度-温度耦合控制方法,并通过数值模拟研究了Ma=4.5超声速平板边界层不稳定波的传播,采用线性稳定性理论中的时间模式分析了壁面吹吸、射流温度、扰动频率、扰动振幅等对不稳定波控制效果的影响.结果表明:无射流控制时,边界层内同时存在不稳定的第一模态扰动波和第二模态扰动波,且二维波形式的第二模态占主导地位;壁面吹吸作用下,仅出现更加不稳定的第二模态,第一模态被抑制;速度-温度耦合控制下,射流温度对扰动模态的不稳定区域大小及扰动增长率影响显著,射流温度与来流温度不同时,温度的脉动使得流动转捩为湍流的速度加快,边界层速度型更加饱满,抗干扰能力增强,流动稳定性提高;高频的吹吸扰动对流场的控制效果优于低频扰动,扰动频率超过400 Hz时,第二模态扰动波时间增长率降低,扰动分量对边界层速度剖面和温度剖面的修正加快,第二模态更加稳定;扰动振幅减小为主流速度的1%时,仅出现时间增长率较小的第二模态,控制效果较好,进一步减小时,第一模态重新出现,并且波数范围与第二模态先重合后分离,对应的时间增长率先增加后减小.研究结果为边界层转捩控制技术提供了新的思路.     

合成双射流控制机翼水滴撞击特性

在低速来流条件下,针对前缘位置嵌有合成射流/合成双射流激励器的机翼的水滴撞击特性开展了数值模拟研究,基于Fluent软件,采用Euler气液两相模型和欧拉壁面液膜（Eulerian wall film,EWF）模型,得到的计算结果表明:在合成射流或合成双射流的主动控制下,阻挡了机翼前缘等积冰重点防护区域内的水滴撞击,从而大幅降低了该区域的结冰强度.其机理是:在高频合成射流的作用下,机翼前缘上游附近形成了一对稳定的闭合回流区,形成了水滴的"真空区域".由于回流区内部水滴速度和质量分数较低,改变了机翼前缘水滴运动轨迹和水滴收集率分布,能够减少机翼前缘结冰程度并改变冰形,起到了虚拟气动外形的作用.