Flow characteristics around a rotating grooved circular cylinder with grooved of different depths

The present paper describes the flow characteristics around a rotating grooved circular cylinder with grooves of different depths. The surface structure of a circular cylinder was varied by changing the depths of 32 arc grooves on the surface. The surface pressure on the cylinder is measured for theRe range of from 0.4×10⁵ to 1.8×10⁵ and for rotations of from 0 to 4500 rpm. The drag coefficient of a grooved cylinder increases as the spin rate ratio α (= rotational speed of the cylinder surface/uniform velocity) increases forRe>1.0×10⁵. As the groove depth increases, the drag coefficient of a grooved cylinder is independent from the spin rate ratio α. The direction of the lift force of a smooth cylinder is opposite to the Magnus force forRe>1.0×10⁵. However, the direction of the lift force of a grooved cylinder is the same as that of the Magnus force for allRe>1.0×10⁵. As the groove depth increases, the increase in the slope of the lift coefficient becomes small. These phenomena are related to the positions of the flow separation points, which are clarified from the pressure distribution and flow visualization by the spark tracing method. In addition, in the present study, the flow around a rotating grooved cylinder is clarified by flow visualization.     

双三角翼非定常俯仰运动实验与数值模拟

文章针对双三角翼大振幅正弦俯仰运动过程中的非定常载荷和流动特性开展了实验与数值模拟研究,并与相同主翼后掠角的单三角翼进行了对比.实验研究在低速回流式水槽中开展,所采用的实验模型为边条后掠角为75°,主翼后掠角为50°的双三角翼全模,俯仰运动的旋转轴位于主翼弦长的2/3处,振幅为0~60°,运动的缩减频率k=0.03,0.06,0.12,0.24,0.48.实验Reynolds数以主翼弦长为参考Re=1.69×104.在水槽的测力实验中,发现非定常流动力的迟滞现象,并且随着非定常运动缩减频率的增大,流动的迟滞效应也随之增大.与相同主翼后掠角的单三角翼相比,双三角翼的迟滞环在低缩减频率下更小,但随着缩减频率的增大,这种差距逐渐减小.在数值模拟研究中,采用DDES湍流模型对俯仰双三角翼的流场进行了数值模拟.流场结果表明,在较低的缩减频率下,主翼吸力面的前缘涡是影响气动力的主要因素,非定常流动力的迟滞效应主要与前缘涡在上仰过程中的延迟破裂和下俯过程中的延迟恢复有关;在较高的缩减频率下,机翼前缘涡对气动力的影响减小,由机翼俯仰角速度而产生的环量力成为了气动力的主导因素,因此在较高缩减频率下,单三角翼与双三角翼的升力特性趋于一致.      

Free stream turbulence effect on the flow structure over the finite span straight wing

Flow visualization tests have been performed to examine the structure of the near-wall flow over a low-aspect ratio straight wing installed at various angles of attack a and chord Reynolds numberRe _c=U_∞c/ν=1.76×10⁵. The experiments were carried out at two free-stream turbulence levels, ε=0.1% and ε=1%, the latter one having been achieved using a baffling grid. To visualize the flow, termochromic cholesteric liquid crystals and digital processing of video images were used. At the low turbulence level and α=27°, a flow stall on the lee side of the wing was observed, with a pair of largescale vortices rotating in the wing plane. Simultaneously, no vortex structures were observed on the windward wing surface. It was found the flow patterns on either side of the wing significantly changed with increasing free-stream turbulence level. A separation bubble appeared near the leading edge on the lee side of the airfoil at ε=1%, and large-scale stationary longitudinal vortices originated over the wing windward surface. The number and sizes of the longitudinal structures were found to be dependent on the angle of attack.     

The impact of the pitching motion on the structure of the vortical flow over a slender delta wing under sideslip angle

The primary purpose of this investigation is to observe the effect of the pitching motion on the vortical flow structure and bursting of leading-edge vortices over a delta wing under the sideslip angle, β using a dye visualization technique. In the current work, a delta wing with a sweep angle of Λ = 70° was oscillated in upstroke and downstroke direction to be able to discover the influence of pitching motion on the flow characteristics of the delta wing. The values of mean angles of attack were selected as α_m = 25° and α_m = 35°, and the sideslip angle was altered from β = 0 to 16°. The delta wing oscillated with the various periods of T_e = 5 s, 20 s, and 60 s, respectively. Amplitude of motion was adjusted as α_o =  ± 5°. It is found that the pitching motion of the delta wing under the sideslip angle β varies the location of the vortex bursting and vortical flow structure substantially.

     

电推力器等离子体喷流对航天器通讯电磁波信号衰减效应

采用时域有限差分法计算了不同特性电推力器等离子体喷流对不同频率通讯电磁波的衰减系数,采用空间透射波法进行了微波等离子体推力器喷流对C波段电磁波衰减的地面测试实验。理论计算和实验诊断结果表明:电推力器等离子体喷流对电磁波的衰减系数随着电磁波频率的升高逐渐减小,随着喷流等离子体频率的升高近似线性增大,随着喷流等离子体碰撞频率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;当喷流中等离子体数密度为0.9×1016~1.8×1016m-3时,C波段电磁波的衰减系数为1.5~6.0 dB,电推力器等离子体喷流对通讯信号的衰减效应不可忽略。     

Controlled Vortex Breakdown on Modified Delta Wings

This paper studies the effect of perturbation to the breakdown of the leading-edge vortices over delta wings. The passive perturbation in the normal direction is achieved by installing the hemisphere-like bulges on the delta wing along the projection of the vortices. The key purpose of this perturbation is to delay or suppress vortex breakdown over delta wings according to the self-induction mechanism theory. The design of bulge-like surface for delta wings offers a minimization of initial vorticity gradient and an elimination of linearly mutual induction within the vortex core. Three delta wings with swept angles of 60°, 65dg and 70° have been used. Dye flow visualization and force measurement in different water tunnels are performed at the water speed of U=0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 m/s. In flow visualization, the results show contributions of bulges as perturbation to leading-edge vortices. The best outcome of perturbing the vortex core occurs in the case of the 65° delta wing. The breakdown positions on the 65° delta wing are delayed in almost the entire range of angles of attack, and that, the results are presented here.     

A compact resonant Π-shaped photoacoustic cell with low window background for gas sensing

A resonant photoacoustic cell capable of detecting the traces of gases at an amplitude-modulation regime is represented. The cell is designed so as to minimize the window background for the cell operation at a selected acoustic resonance. A compact prototype cell (the volume of acoustic cavity of ~0.2 cm³, total cell weight of 3.5 g) adapted to the narrow diffraction-limited beam of near-infrared laser is produced and examined experimentally. The noise-associated measurement error and laser-initiated signals are studied as functions of modulation frequency. The background signal and useful response to light absorption by the gas are analyzed in measurements of absorption for ammonia traces in nitrogen flow with the help of a pigtailed DFB laser diode operated near a wavelength of 1.53 µm. The performance of absorption detection and gas-leak sensing for the prototype operated at the second longitudinal acoustic resonance (the resonance frequency of ~4.38 kHz, Q-factor of ~13.9) is estimated. The noise-equivalent absorption normalized to laser-beam power, and detection bandwidth is ~1.44 × 10^?9 cm^?1 W Hz^?1/2. The amplitude of the window-background signal is equivalent to an absorption coefficient of ~2.82 × 10^?7 cm^?1.     

Diffusion of titanium in slightly reduced rutile

The self-diffusion of ⁴⁴Ti in slightly reduced rutile. TiO_2?δ, was measured along the c axis over the temperature range of 1000–1100°C between 0.2 and 1 × 10^?18atm. oxygen pressure. These measurements enabled the determination of the defect structure of TiO_2-δ for 0.02 ?gd ? 0.001. For oxygen pressures between 1 × 10^?13 and 1 × 10^?16atm. at 1058.4°C random tetravalent titanium atoms are the predominant defects evident from self-diffusion. The enthalpy of motion was determined as ΔH_m = 57.03 ± 4.9% kcal/mole. From the activation energy at 1.69 × 10^?16atm., the enthalpy of formation for tetravalent titanium interstitials was determined as ΔH_f = 276 ± 15.6% kcal/mole.For oxygen pressures less than 1 × 10^?16atm. at 1058.4°C, the tracer diffusion coefficient shows a continuous decline as the oxygen pressure is lowered. Comparisons with thermogravimetric studies and consideration of the similarity in structure between nonstoichiometric point defect phases and the first homologous series phase indicate that the order-disorder transition retains a considerable degree of short range order below the critical concentration in the form of Wadsley defects.     

Numerical simulation of transitional flow on a wind turbine airfoil with RANS-based transition model

This paper presents a numerical investigation of transitional flow on the wind turbine airfoil DU91-W2-250 with chord-based Reynolds number Re_c = 1.0 × 10⁶. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes based transition model using laminar kinetic energy concept, namely the k ? k_L ? ω model, is employed to resolve the boundary layer transition. Some ambiguities for this model are discussed and it is further implemented into OpenFOAM-2.1.1. The k ? k_L ? ω model is first validated through the chosen wind turbine airfoil at the angle of attack (AoA) of 6.24° against wind tunnel measurement, where lift and drag coefficients, surface pressure distribution and transition location are compared. In order to reveal the transitional flow on the airfoil, the mean boundary layer profiles in three zones, namely the laminar, transitional and fully turbulent regimes, are investigated. Observation of flow at the transition location identifies the laminar separation bubble. The AoA effect on boundary layer transition over wind turbine airfoil is also studied. Increasing the AoA from ?3° to 10°, the laminar separation bubble moves upstream and reduces in size, which is in close agreement with wind tunnel measurement.     

均匀流中近壁面垂直流向振荡圆柱水动力特性研究

对均匀来流下靠近壁面处在垂直流向做强迫振荡运动的光滑圆柱的水动力特性进行了试验研究. 试验在拖曳水池中进行, 雷诺数为2× 10⁵, 通过采集顺流向和垂直流向的力, 得到了阻力系数、升力系数、相位角等与间隙比、振荡频率和振幅之间的关系. 通过研究得到如下结论: 1)振荡圆柱的平均阻力系数在近壁面处随间隙比的减小而骤降; 2)振荡圆柱泄涡受到完全抑制的临界间隙比要小于静止圆柱; 3)近壁面的存在对振荡圆柱的能量传递有着重要的影响, 自由边界圆柱强迫振荡所得到的水动力系数不能用来预报海底管道的涡激振动; 4)对于振荡圆柱, 附加质量系数只有在一定的频率范围内才是定值, 且在低频率区域其绝对值随间隙比减小而增大; 5)圆柱在进行强迫振荡时, 其平均阻力系数、振荡阻力系数和振荡升力系数均随无因次振幅的增加而增大. 关键词： 海底管道 强迫振荡 水动力特性 涡激振动     

Observation of pair absorption in calcium

Pair absorption has been observed in calcium using broad band absorption. The absorption peaks at the sum energy of the (4s4p) ¹P° and (4s3d) ¹D atomic states. A cross section of 1.3 × 10^-22 (P/A) cm² is measured corresponding to a reduced absorption coefficient of 1.3 × 10^-35 cm⁵. An error in earlier calculations predicting the reduced absorption coefficient for pair absorption in barium is noted. Simple scaling laws, our experimental results, and the assumption that the barium process is dominated by the resonant dipole-dipole interaction are used to deduce an upper limit for the calcium (4s3d) ¹D→(4s4p) ¹P° oscillator strength of 6.5 × 10^-4.     

Unmanned air vehicle flow separation control using dielectric barrier discharge plasma at high wind speed

The present paper described an experimental investigation of separation control of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)at high wind speeds.The plasma actuator was based on Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD)and operated in a steady manner.The flow over a wing of UAV was performed with smoke flow visualization in theΦ0.75 m low speed wind tunnel to reveal the flow structure over the wing so that the locations of plasma actuators could be optimized.A full model of the UAV was experimentally investigated in theΦ3.2 m low speed wind tunnel using a six-component internal strain gauge balance.The effects of the key parameters,including the locations of the plasma actuators,the applied voltage amplitude and the operating frequency,were obtained.The whole test model was made of aluminium and acted as a cathode of the actuator.The results showed that the plasma acting on the surface of UAV could obviously suppress the boundary layer separation and reduce the model vibration at the high wind speeds.It was found that the maximum lift coefficient of the UAV was increased by 2.5%and the lift/drag ratio was increased by about 80%at the wind speed of 100 m/s.The control mechanism of the plasma actuator at the test configuration was also analyzed.     

Sodium ion conduction in single crystal vermiculite

The diffusion of sodium in single crystals of Llano vermiculite has been studied using conductivity measurements. The crystals were maintained in the bilayer water state by using aqueous contacts. The diffusion coefficient at 25°C was found to be 1.9×10⁻⁸ cm²/s, with an enthalpy of motion of 11.7 kcals/mole. These values are in good agreement with sodium tracer and proton NMR studies and indicate that the sodium ions probably diffuse with their hydration spheres. The conductivity in the range 10 to 90°C is less than that in sodium beta alumina and much less than that of either surface clay cations or of aqueous sodium chloride solutions.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE HEAT TRANSFER OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A PIPE OSCILLATING AT LOW FREQUENCIES

An experimental study was performed focusing on heat transfer and friction coefficient associated with turbulent oscillating tube flow. For this goal an oscillating mechanism was designed. Experiments were conducted for the low oscillating frequency in the range of 0.008–1.988 Hz and dimensionless amplitude was chosen as X₀ = 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9. Reynolds number was changed from 0.5 × 10⁴ to 2.5 × 10⁴. The bulk temperature of the fluid at the exit of the oscillating section was fond to be increasing with oscillating frequency and amplitude. For the oscillating cases, heat transfer enhancement is obtained 52% for f = 1.988 s^?1, 40% for f = 1.320 s^?1, and 28% for f = 0.008 s^?1, in comparison with the smooth pipe at the highest Reynolds number. The results also showed that Nusselt number and friction coefficient also increased with increasing frequency and amplitude.     

Minimum metallic conductivity in a thin crystal

Electrical conductivities of thin crystals of Bi₂(Te,S)₃ measured from 4.2°K to 300°K fall into four regions: 1) σ < 1.3×10^?5 S with positive temperature coefficient of conductivity; 2) 1.3×10^?5 S < σ < 1.4×10^?5 S with temperature independent conductivity; 3) 1.4×10^?5 S σ < 4×10^?5 S with negative temperature coefficient of conductivity, and 4) σ > 4×10^?5 S with hardly any temperature dependence. A disproportionately high fraction of samples falls into the second range; 1.3×10^?5 S < σ < 1.4×10^?5 S.     

Diffusion of Butylated Hydroxy Toluol (BHT) in PVC Films

Abstract

The diffusion coefficient of butylated hydroxy toluol (BHT) in solvent casted PVC films from tetrahydrofurane (THF) was studied by UV spectroscopy. Diffusion coefficient of BHT in PVC at 140, 160 and 180°C were determined as 1.0 × 10^?12 3.0 × 10^?12 and 6.0 × 10^?12 m²/s. The activation energy of diffusion (E_a) was 66 kj/mol.

IR spectroscopic work showed that the complete removal of THF was possible by heating films 15 minutes at 140 °C, but that caused formation of C=0 groups in PVC. No dehydrochlorination of films was observed even for heating them at 180 °C for 60 minutes.

Antioxidant BHT is volatile at high temperatures, so it is not advisable to use it for high temperature applications.     

Measurement of small angle based on a (1 0 0) silicon wafer and heterodyne interferometer

In this paper, a new optical material application and a heterodyne interferometer are proposed for measuring small angles. In the proposed interferometer, the optical material is a (1 0 0) silicon wafer applied to compose a new architecture of small angle sensor. The small angle measurement used the phase difference which is dependent on the incident angle at the silicon wafer surface to deduce the angular variation. The proposed architecture is simple and uses the common path method to compare test and reference signals; thus, small angles can be easily and accurately measured by estimating the phase difference. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this method. The angular resolution and sensitivity levels superior to 7 × 10^?5° (1.3 × 10^?6 rad) and 150 (deg/deg), respectively, were attainable in a dynamic range of 0.45°.     

Anomalous temperature dependence of the energy gap of AgGaS2

The lowest energy gap Eg of AgGaS₂ in the temperature range from 4.2 to 300° K was determined from the reflectivity, photoluminescence and absorption measurements. Below ～ 80° K the temperature coefficient of the energy gap is +6 × 10^-5eV/°K. Above ～80° K the sign of the coefficient reverses and the value is -1.8 × 10^-4eV/°K. The positive value is explained with the lattice dilation effect being the dominant mechanism for the energy gap variation at lower temperatures than ～80°K.     

80—500°K间InSb的电导率、霍尔效应及磁阻效应

文中报导了80—500°K间n型及p型InSb的电导率、霍尔系数及磁阻效应的测量,所用样品的杂质含量(补偿后)为4×10¹³—7×10¹⁷cm^-3。由结果的分析得出InSb的本征载流子浓度、禁带宽度及电子迁移率等数值,讨论了电子的散射机构以及强磁场下磁阻与磁场强度成一次方正比关系的可能原因。     

新型光学晶体KABO的非线性频率变换特性

简述了新型非线性晶体KABO的光学特性.根据相位匹配角公式、非线性有效系数公式、走离角公式和允许角公式,详细计算了KABO晶体倍频时的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、倍频时谐波走离角、允许角随波长变化的理论曲线.特别是对LD泵浦掺钕的全固态激光器532 nm输出时,得到了KABO晶体采用I类相位匹配进行四倍频的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、倍频时谐波走离角、允许角分别为:58.1°、0.254×10^-12m/V、2.8°、1.8233 mrad·mm;并将该晶体与目前可应用于紫外倍频的晶体比较,在考虑走离效应的情况下,研究了四倍频转换效率随KABO晶体长度、基频光光斑半径的变化规律.