多孔型热致变色材料表面辐射特性研究

分别采用固相反应法和胶晶模板法制备出了块状和多孔型的钙钛矿锰热致变色材料。研究了不同制备工艺对材料居里温度的影响,探讨了不同掺杂比例、表面粗糙度和表面微结构对材料表面辐射特性的影响。结果表明,由于制备工艺不同,两种不同结构钙钛矿锰材料的居里温度相差较大,但其发射率均随温度升高而增大;而在室温以上,多孔材料的发射率明显比块状材料要大。同时,表面粗糙度对材料表面辐射特性的影响较大。     

微结构气体夹层的导热和辐射比较

气体夹层作为散热或绝热机构在微传感器、微驱动器等微器件中是经常出现的。通常认为,气体夹层的导热是微结构表面间热量传递的主要方式,而表面间的热辐射可以忽略不计。本文比较了不同尺度和温度下电介质材料表面间导热和辐射换热的相对强弱,发现当辐射表面间距离只有十几个纳米的时候,辐射换热会大大强于导热。根据不同尺度和温度下导热和辐射相对强弱的不同,对微结构中电介质材料表面间热传递的主要方式进行了划分。     

光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题,利用200～1 100和900～1 700 nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱,分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征,确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段,获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况,详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响,总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则,并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响,这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

光谱响应对辐射光谱测温法的影响研究（英文）

针对光谱响应系数对辐射光谱测温法的影响问题,利用200~1 100和900~1 700nm两种波段光纤光谱仪测量了不同温度下黑体炉辐射光谱,分析了不同波段高温黑体辐射光谱特征,确定了不同波段光谱分析适宜采用的有效响应波段,获得了不同温度下该波段光谱响应系数变化情况,详细分析了温度对光谱响应系数的影响,总结了辐射光谱法温度拟合时的波长范围以及响应系数选择原则,并分析了波长范围以及响应系数选择对测温的影响,这为提高辐射光谱测温法的测量精度具有重要价值。     

基于模糊控制的光子辐射制冷功率测量系统

依据热平衡原理设计了以单片机为控制核心,DS18B20数字温度传感器和铂电阻PT100为检温元件,正温度系数（PTC）效应加热器为执行元件的温控及制冷功率测量系统。通过模糊PID(Proportional Integral Derivative)控制算法输出不同占空比的脉宽调制波,控制辐射冷却材料温度和环境温度保持一致性,同时利用3D打印工艺完成装置的搭建,最终测算出辐射制冷功率。实验结果表明,系统测量计算的辐射制冷功率与理论预测值接近,该系统可以有效满足多种辐射冷却材料的测量。     

积分球光源分布温度对宽波段光学遥感器绝对辐射定标的影响及其校正

实测了积分球输出光谱辐亮度分布曲线,并得到积分球光源的分布温度。从理论上分析了积分球光源分布温度影响宽波段光学遥感器绝对辐射定标精度的原因和机理,并仿真计算了包括积分球和太阳在内的几种不同分布温度光源定标某宽波段光学遥感器时得到的定标系数。仿真结果表明,不同分布温度间的定标系数最大差别大于2%。在此基础上提出了积分球光源分布温度影响绝对辐射定标系数的校正方法,为提高宽波段遥感器的辐射定标精度和遥感图像辐射校正提供了思路和依据。     

空间目标的可见光散射与红外辐射

利用Lowtran7大气传输模型计算了0．4～0．8μm可见光波段的太阳辐射、大气自身的热辐射以及天地背景辐射。利用粗糙面光散射理论与双向反射分布函数计算了空中目标表面对太阳辐射、云层对阳光反射的散射。并利用传热学和背景辐射理论，根据能量守恒定律建立了空间目标表面温度的热平衡方程。以气球为例，计算了不同表面涂层材料的气球在不同地理位置、不同高度、不同时间、温度及辐射功率的变化。分析了空间目标红外辐射特性的一般规律和特征。     

电子玻璃料滴表面温度测量

应用TVS－2200型热成像系统测量电子玻璃料滴表面的辐射温度．由于玻璃料滴呈圆柱形因此在计算料满表面真实温度时要进行料滴表面发射率和角系数的修正。测试结果证明用热成像系统测量料满表面温度是十分有效的。     

晶粒尺度对热致变色材料辐射特性的影响

研究了原材料在不同粒径、不同烧结温度条件下所生成钙钛矿锰氧化物热致变色材料的晶粒尺度变化,进而分析了晶粒尺度对材料辐射特性的影响。结果表明:不同粒径原材料在同一烧结温度下烧结的样品晶粒尺度近乎相等,发射率变化幅度相当,相变温度保持不变。同粒径原料在不同温度下烧结,材料晶粒尺度随烧结温度升高而增大;经比较不同晶粒尺度材料的辐射特性,可知大晶粒尺度材料在高温时发射率较高,低温发射率较低,使发射率整体变化幅度提高,而对材料相变温度则几乎没有影响。     

A3铁、304钢和201钢光谱发射率

随着科学技术日新月异的发展,红外测量技术在遥感、辐射测温、红外隐身、农业、医疗等领域都展现出了重要的应用前景。在花样众多的辐射测量中,材料的发射率是重要的参数之一。为满足材料发射率数据的需求,根据一套自主研制的光谱发射率测量装置对A3铁、304钢以及201钢在不同温度下的光谱发射率进行了精确的测量,并对影响发射率的几个因素做了深入的探究。结果显示：这三种钢材的发射率随温度升高而变大,同等温度下A3铁的发射率要高于304钢和201钢,且材料中的铬含量会降低材料的发射率值。采用XRD分析了三种材料表面氧化后的成分,并探讨了表面成分变化对发射率的影响。结果表明：A3铁氧化后生成不稳定的四氧化三铁Fe₃O₄和氧化亚铁FeO,各种成分的相互转变会导致光谱发射率发生较大的变化,而304钢和201钢表面氧化后主要生成氧化铬,因而光谱发射率也相对比较稳定。另外使用辐射光叠加原理和Christiansen效应成功解释了三种材料的发射率在大约10 μm处出现极大值的现象。该研究极大地丰富了三种材料的光谱发射率数据,为辐射测量技术在三种材料中的应用提供了强有力的数据支撑。     

辐射测温中光谱发射率的表征描述

实际物体的光谱发射率表现复杂,给辐射测温的深入研究和实际应用带来了很多困难和不确定性,发射率问题即成为了辐射测温研究中的关键点。文章基于光谱发射率的泰勒多项式展开、波长的无量纲参数、弯曲度指数等分析,描述了谱色测温法中光谱发射率的数学表征,建立了窄波段内的光谱发射率通用函数形式。并通过对不同温度下几种金属的实际光谱发射率进行拟合分析,对此给予了实验上的验证,表明了所提出光谱发射率模型具有应用的适用性,该模型是谱色测温方法应用研究的基础。     

The influence of furnace wall emissivity on steel charge heating

Radiation heat transfer is one of the most important heat transfer modes in high-temperature applications. It is a strongly non-linear process, which depends on the temperature and emissivity of heat exchange surfaces, their geometrical configuration and properties of the surrounding atmosphere. Heat exchange intensity between the surfaces depends mainly on their temperature differences. However, their emissivities influence significantly the radiation heat transfer process as well. Emissivity is a function of surface state or atmospheric chemical reactions, temperature and wavelengths. Because of these non-linearities, it is very complicated to evaluate such a real problem by numerical simulation, and experimental work seems to be the most reliable evaluation procedure. We applied special high-temperature coatings of different emissivities on furnace walls to evaluate the dependence between the furnace wall emissivity and steel charge heating. The emissivity analyses of the coatings used and emissivity measurement results in dependence on wavelength are presented in this paper. The dependence of the charge heating on the furnace wall emissivity, the importance of emissivity wavelength dependence and significant differences of the emissivity effect in electrical and gas heated furnaces are shown. The possible consequences and practical benefits are also discussed in this paper.     

Monte Carlo uncertainty simulation of surface emissivity at ambient temperature obtained by dual spectral infrared radiometry

The Monte Carlo statistical method was used to estimate the uncertainty of the emissivity, obtained by dual spectral infrared radiometry, of gray surfaces at ambient temperature. A large number of simulations were carried out, by selecting a wide range of values from parameters that directly affect the resulting emissivity: the emissivity of the target surface, the background temperature of the surrounding surfaces, the maximum error of the detectors, and the width and spectral location of the bands of the detectors.In summary, the level of uncertainty grows very quickly as the background temperature approximates the target surface. In terms of the spectral characteristics of the detectors, it was found that narrow bands, far apart from each other, and short wavelength bands provide the lowest uncertainty from all simulated emissivity values.     

Calculation of combined conduction-radiation heat transfer reduction using thick concentric spheres with temperature-dependent emissivity as radiation shields

In this study, the rate of conduction-radiation heat transfer between two thick concentric spheres is analytically investigated because of the ever-increasing importance of radiation shield applications. The heat transfer rate, the percentage of reduction in heat transfer, temperature and emissivity of surfaces are calculated when one and two thick radiation shields are placed between two thick spheres. The calculations show that the use of a radiation shield with a lower emissivity is better than two radiation shields with a higher emissivity to reduce the heat transfer rate. In addition, optimal combinations of radiation shields with different materials are proposed.     

漫反射各向异性散射介质内的温度热流场

本文采用射线踪迹结合节点分析法和谱带模型,研究了漫反射不透明边界下吸收、发射、各向异性散射介质内的热辐射传递过程。考虑介质辐射能的入射和散射方向,导出漫反射、不透明边界、各向异性散射介质的辐射传递系数。在辐射平衡的情况下,考察了表面发射率和散射反照率对介质内辐射热流和温度场的影响。研究表明,介质不透明边界处存在温度跃迁现象,而且,内界面发射率越大,相应界面温度跃迁越小。     

Infrared temperature measurement with automatic correction of the influence of emissivity

Multispectral infrared (3–13 μm) radiance measurement of an object in 10 narrow spectral bands is performed. Via a balancing calculation the measured data lead to the temperature of the object, its spectral emissivity and the temperature of the object's environment. Also temperatures below 973 K of highly reflecting surfaces (emissivity 0.03⩽ ϵ ⩽ 0.2) can be determined.     

Optimal wavelengths obtained from laws analogous to the Wien’s law for monospectral and bispectral methods,and general methodology for multispectral temperature measurements taking into account global transfer function including non-uniform emissivity of surfaces

In this paper, it is shown how to select the optimal wavelengths minimizing the relative error and the standard deviation of the temperature. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimal wavelengths in mono-spectral and bi-spectral methods (for a Planck’s law) can be determined by laws analogous to the displacement Wien’s law. The simplicity of these laws can thus allow real-time selection of optimal wavelengths for a control/optimization of industrial processes, for example. A more general methodology to obtain the optimal wavelengths selection in a multi-spectral method (taking into account the spectral variations of the global transfer function including the emissivity variations) for temperature measurement of surfaces exhibiting non-uniform emissivity, is also presented. This latter can then find an interest in glass furnaces temperature measurement with spatiotemporal non-uniformities of emissivity, the control of biomass pyrolysis, the surface temperature measurement of buildings or heating devices, for example. The goal consists of minimizing the standard deviation of the estimated temperature (optimal design experiment). For the multi-spectral method, two cases will be treated: optimal global and optimal constrained wavelengths selection (to the spectral range of the detector, for example). The estimated temperature results obtained by different models and for different number of parameters and wavelengths are compared. These different points are treated from theoretical, numerical and experimental points of view.     

Investigation of the effects of Ni-based alloy K465 on the normal spectral emissivity during oxidation

The normal spectral emissivity of Ni-based alloy K465 during oxidation is experimentally measured at 810, 914 and 998 °C for 12 h in air over the wavelength from 1.3 to 2.4 μm. The combined standard uncertainty of the normal spectral emissivity is less than 3%. The oscillations of the emissivity and the effects of oxidation temperature, heating time and wavelength on the emissivity are investigated. The oscillations of the emissivity are formed by the interference effect between the radiation from the surfaces of the substrate and the oxidation film. The oscillation extremums of the emissivity shift towards larger wavelengths as the oxidation process proceeds. The results show that the normal spectral emissivity increases as the temperature increases at the initial time. The normal spectral emissivity decreases as wavelength increases except for the occurrence of the oscillations of the emissivity. The normal spectral emissivity increases rapidly at the initial heating time, and the change of emissivity becomes slow when the oxidation tends to be saturated gradually. Besides, the emissivity fitting models versus heating time and wavelength are established, which fit the experimental results very well. The emissivity relative errors of the fitting models are less than 4%.     

Multi-spectral temperature measurement method for gas turbine blade

One of the basic methods to improve both the thermal efficiency and power output of a gas turbine is to increase the firing temperature. However, gas turbine blades are easily damaged in harsh high-temperature and high-pressure environments. Therefore, ensuring that the blade temperature remains within the design limits is very important. There are unsolved problems in blade temperature measurement, relating to the emissivity of the blade surface, influences of the combustion gases, and reflections of radiant energy from the surroundings. In this study, the emissivity of blade surfaces has been measured, with errors reduced by a fitting method, influences of the combustion gases have been calculated for different operational conditions, and a reflection model has been built. An iterative computing method is proposed for calculating blade temperatures, and the experimental results show that this method has high precision.     

基于牛顿迭代法高温光谱温度和发射率的反演研究

针对基于光谱数据进行温度与发射率分离过程中存在的n个方程包含n+1个未知数这一欠定问题,提出利用牛顿迭代法来实现材料表面真温及发射率的反演计算,通过给定温度和发射率初值,利用泰勒级数的线性项建立迭代公式,通过迭代得到温度和发射率的近似解。分别利用理论热辐射谱和腔黑体的实验数据进行验证,结果表明,任意给定温度和发射率初值均可获得与真实温度接近的计算温度值,相对误差小于0.09。发射率反演结果与真实发射率线形一致,当温度和发射率初值越接近真实温度和发射率时,发射率反演结果越精确。该方法消除了发射率假定模型限制,有望应用于高温及超高温下各种材料真实温度和光谱发射率研究。