Influence of addition of cobalt oxide on microstructure and electrochemical capacitive performance of nickel oxide

Ni–Co oxide nanocomposite was prepared by thermal decomposition of the precursor obtained via a new method—coordination homogeneous coprecipitation method. The synthesized sample was characterized physically by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microcopy, energy dispersive spectrum, transmission electron microscope, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement, respectively. Electrochemical characterization of Ni–Co oxide electrode was examined by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance measurements in 6-mol L⁻¹ KOH aqueous solution electrolyte. The results indicated that the addition of cobalt oxide not only changed the morphology of NiO but also enhance its electrochemical capacitance value. A specific capacitance value of 306 F g⁻¹ of Ni–Co oxide nanocomposite with n _Co = 0.5 (n _Co is the mole fraction of Co with respect to the sum of Co and Ni) was measured at the current density of 0.2 A g⁻¹, nearly 1.5 times greater than that of pure NiO electrode. Lower resistance and better rate capability can also be observed.     

MoO3基纳米复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

以MoO3为基体,分别用超声分散法与碳纳米管(CNTs),化学原位聚合法与聚吡咯(PPy)复合,制备了MoO3/CNTs,MoO3/PPy和MoO3/CNTs/PPy纳米复合材料。利用XRD、SEM、TEM对复合材料进行物性表征,在1 mol·dm-3的HCl溶液中对MoO3,MoO3/CNTs,MoO3/PPy和MoO3/CNTs/PPy四个样品进行电化学测试。结果表明,复合材料的比容量均高于MoO3,其中,由于MoO3/PPy特殊的一维核壳结构使其具有较高的比表面积,相比较其他复合材料而言,有更好的电化学活性。该材料的最大比电容为450.8F·g-1。     

The electrochemical preparation of organo nickel and palladium halides

The electrochemical oxidation of a nickel or palladium anode in the presence of certain organic halides yields the unstable RMX species, which can be stabilised by both mono and bidentate phosphorus(III) ligands. Cyanide compounds of the general formula RNiCN.L₂ can also be synthesised. The advantages of the method are outlined.     

电化学合成镍配合物的研究

采用金属镍为“牺牲”阳极，首次在无隔膜电解槽中，电化学溶解金属镍一步 制备了纳米NiO前驱体Ni(Oet)2,Ni(Obu)2,Ni(Oet)2(acac)2，Ni(Obu)2(acac)2 [acac为乙酰丙酮基].产物通过红外光谱（FT-IR）、拉曼光谱（Raman spectrum） 进行表征。同时讨论了影响电合成镍醇盐及其配合物的关键因素。实验表明，防止 阳极钝化，温度控制在30-40℃，采用有机胺溴化物为导电盐，可以提高电合成效 率。     

Electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and its electrochemical capacitive performance

A convenient method for the production of graphene is developed using the electrochemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) in solution without assembling it onto the electrode. The samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the number of oxygen functional groups can be significantly decreased. The electrochemical capacitance of the prepared graphene after 8 h of reduction is 158.5 F g^?1 at 0.5 A g^?1, much higher than that of GO and carbon nanotubes. The mechanism for this reaction is also proposed in this paper.     

掺铜五氧化二钒的制备及电化学性能研究

锂离子电池由于具有比能量和放电电压高,自放电小,无记忆效应和循环稳定性好等特性已被广泛应用于手机电池,笔记本电脑,电动玩具,电动自行车等许多领域[1,2].     

A facile preparation and electrochemical properties of nickel based compound-graphene sheet composites for supercapacitors

Composites of a nickel based compound incorporated with graphene sheets(NiBC-GS) are prepared by a simple flocculation,using hydrazine hydrate as flocculant and reductant,from a homogeneous intermixture of nickel dichloride and graphene oxide dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide.Morphology,microstructure and thermal stability of the obtained products were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis.Furthermore,the electrochemical properties of NiBC-GS,as electrode materials for supercapacitors,were studied by cyclic voUammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge in 2 mol L~(-1) KOH solution.It was determined that for NiBC-GS annealed at 250 ℃.a high specific capacitance of 2394 Fg~(-1) was achieved at a current density of 1 Ag~(-1),with 78%of the value(i.e.,1864 Fg~(-1)) retained after 5000 times of repeated galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling.The high specific capacitance and available charge/discharge stability indicate the synthesized NiBC-GS250 composite is a good candidate as a novel electrode material for supercapacitors.     

The preparation of PANI/CA composite electrode material for supercapacitors and its electrochemical performance

Polyaniline (PANI)/carbon aerogel (CA) composite electrode materials were prepared by chemical oxidation polymerization. The morphology of PANI/CA composite was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that PANI was uniformly deposited onto the surface of porous CA and filled big inner pores of the CA. Electrochemical performance of the composite electrode was studied by cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. The results indicated that the PANI/CA composite electrode had much better electrochemical performance, high reversibility, and high charge/discharge properties than CA. Moreover, the results based on cyclic voltammograms showed that the composite material has a high specific capacitance of 710.7 F g⁻¹, while the capacitance of CA electrode was only 143.8 F g⁻¹. Besides, the supercapacitor using the PANI/CA composite as electrode active material showed a stable cycle life in the potential range of −0.2–0.8 V.     

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous nickel oxide for electrochemical capacitor

A mesoporous electrochemical active material NiO with face center cubic structure has been synthesized using supramolecular as template and urea as hydrolysis-controlling agent. The synthesized product was characterized physically by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller-specific surface area measurement. Electrochemical characterization was performed using cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry in 6 mol/l KOH aqueous solution electrolyte. A specific capacitance of approximately 327 F/g was obtained by annealing the sample at 350 °C. To get a better understanding of the effect of supramolecular template on improving the structure property and electrochemical performance, a compared experiment was also carried out in this work.     

Inorganic electrochromic materials based on tungsten oxide and nickel oxide nanostructures

Electrochromic devices, which dynamically change color under applied potentials, are widely studied for use in energy-efficient smart windows. The operation of electrochromic materials and devices involves the gain or loss of electrons and simultaneous insertion/extraction of ions with opposite charges to balance the internal electric fields. The performance is therefore limited by kinetics of charge transport in the electrochromic materials as well as ion migration in the electrolyte, materials and at their interfaces. Nanostructured electrochromic materials have an extremely short charge transport distance facilitating charge transport in electrochromic devices and large specific surface area for interaction with electrolytes, and thus may provide fast charge and ions transport, high electrochemical activities and remarkable enhancement of electrochromic properties. The recent progress in application of nanostructures, including nanoparticles, 1D and 2D nanostructures, in metal oxide electrochromic materials and devices is reviewed. A perspective on the development trends in electrochromic materials and devices is also proposed.     

The effects of preparation temperature on microstructure and electrochemical performance of calcium carbide-derived carbon

Calcium carbide-derived carbons (CCDCs) produced by chlorination of CaC₂ at various temperatures (400–800 °C) possess highly controllable microstructure and porosity, allowing them to serve as excellent electrode materials for the application of supercapacitor. This paper focused on the effect of pore size and specific surface area (SSA) of CCDC on its electrochemical behavior. Microstructure and micropore characteristics of CCDC were characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that SSA and average pore size increased with the increase of synthesis temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C, and then decreased when temperature reached to 800 °C. Meanwhile, a correlation between specific capacitance and SSA of micropores (less than 2 nm in diameter) has been studied. It has been found that the supercapacitor using the CCDC prepared at 600 °C as electrode material in 6 M KOH showed the maximum specific capacitance and energy density (53.61 F g^?1 and 7.08 W h kg^?1), outstanding rate capability, lower IR drop and 96 % retention of initial capacity over 5,000 cycles.     

有序中孔炭的制备及电性能研究

采用微湿含浸法制备了一系列具有不同比表面积和孔径分布的超级电容器有序中孔炭材料,同时采用Al-SBA-15为模板剂制得具有六方排列的空心炭管CMK-5.所制得的有序中孔炭的BET比表面积随糠醇加入量的增加而减小.电化学性能测试结果表明,在1mA·cm-2的充放电电流密度下各中孔炭材料比电容的大小顺序与其BET比表面积的大小顺序相一致.在所有样品中AlSC-0.8由于具有最大的比表面积,因此其比电容最大,达87.8F·g-1.倍率性能测试结果表明,具有CMK-3结构的SC-2.0的倍率性能最好,在50mA·cm-2的放电电流密度下其放电比电容接近AlSC-0.8有序中孔炭的水平.     

负载型磷化镍催化剂的溶剂热法制备及其加氢脱硫性能

以廉价的三苯基膦(PPh₃)为磷源,以三正辛胺(TOA)为液相反应体系,溶剂热法制备了负载型Ni₂P/MCM-41催化剂,并采用XRD、BET、CO吸附、XPS和TEM等手段对制备得到的催化剂进行了表征。该方法的合成温度为330 ℃,反应在常压下进行,比程序升温还原法(H₂-TPR)所需的还原温度至少低300 ℃,比传统的溶剂热法合成原料更廉价。以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型化合物,比较了所制备的Ni₂P/MCM-41催化剂与H₂-TPR法制备的催化剂结构以及加氢脱硫(HDS)性能。结果表明,溶剂热法能够降低催化剂表面上P物种的集聚,从而得到较大比表面积的Ni₂P催化剂(690 m²/g);促进小尺寸、高度分散的Ni₂P活性相的生成;制得的催化剂的HDS活性明显高于H₂-TPR法催化剂,在反应温度340 ℃,质量空速2.0 h^-1,H₂/油=500(体积比),3.0 MPa的条件下,Ni₂P/M41-R催化剂DBT转化率达到96.8%,较H₂-TPR法高10.6%。     

Synthesis,characterization, and preparation of nickel nanoparticles decorated electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for electrochemical sensing of diclofenac

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - In this work, nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) and graphene oxide (GO) were synthesized and characterized independently using spectroscopic and microscopic...     

A new electrochemical method of preparation of olefins

Olefins were synthesized from a dialkyl phosphite, organyl halide, and carbonyl compound in conditions of cathode electrolysis. The phosphonate anion generated is a key intermediate and one-pot realization of successive Michaelis-Becker and Wittig-Horner reactions thus take place during electrolysis.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1151–1155, May, 1991.     

Preparation and characterization of palladium/polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide/foamed nickel composite electrode and its electrochemical dechlorination of triclosan

In this study, a new composite electrode of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles dispersed on polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide (PPy-rGO) loaded on foam-nickel was achieved by galvanostatic method. Characterization of structures, morphology and crystallinity of the synthesized materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopes (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results of XPS and XRD demonstrated Pd showed primarily as Pd0. From SEM and TEM results, we had seen that Pd nanoparticles were dispersible well on the composite electrode. Raman spectroscopy was used to show the state of graphene oxide and further demonstrated that PPy and rGO had existed of on the foam Ni matrix. The data of EIS also suggested the charge transfer of the new composite electrode decreased compared to Pd/PPy/foam-Ni and PPy/foam-Ni composite electrodes. The effect of the electropolymerization potential on Pd/PPy-rGO/foam-Ni electrode for removing triclosan (TCS) was examined. It was found that the removal efficiency of TCS on the composite electrode could reach 100% at electropolymerization potential of 0.7 V and reaction time of 100 min.     

High-rate electrochemical performance and structure elucidation of hydrothermally synthesized nickel zincate nanorods

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - For the first time, nanorods of nickel zincate (NiZnO2) have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method and used in supercapacitor electrode fabrication....     

One-pot synthesis of P-toluidine-reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 composite and its electrochemical performance

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - In this paper, a promising electrode material for supercapacitor based on P-toluidine-reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 (GM) composite was successfully...     

The electrochemical performance of ordered mesoporous carbon/nickel compounds composite material for supercapacitor

A series of high performance ordered mesoporous carbon/nickel compounds composites have been synthesized by a combination of incipient wetness impregnation and hydrothermal method for the first time. X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the composites derived at the hydrothermal temperature of 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 275 and 300 °C. The formation of nanosized nickel compounds, fully inside the mesopore system, was confirmed with XRD and TEM. An N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms measurements still revealed mesoporosity for the host/guest compounds. It is noteworthy that an OMC/nickel nitrate hydroxide hydrate composite (OMCN-150) exhibits more excellent performance. Based on the various hydrothermal temperatures of the composite, the capacitance of an OMCN-150 delivering the best electrochemical performance is about 2.4 (5 mV s⁻¹) and 1.5 (50 mV s⁻¹) times of the pristine OMC. The capacitance retention of an OMCN-150 is 96.1%, which indicates that the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor is improved greatly, and represents novel research and significant advances in the field of electrode composite materials for supercapacitor.     

The effect of ‘crystallinity’ and structural disorder on the electrochemical performance of substituted nickel hydroxide electrodes

β_bc-Nickel hydroxide exhibit non-uniform broadening reflections in their PXRD pattern due to the presence of structural disorder. β_bc-Nickel hydroxide electrodes with smaller crystallite size and structural disorder reversibly exchanges 0.9e/Ni. Co/Zn/Ca/Cd-substituted β_bc-nickel hydroxide samples also display non-uniform broadening of reflections in their powder X-ray diffraction patterns with smaller crystallite size and exchanges 0.7–0.8e/Ni. Hydrothermal treatment of β_bc-nickel hydroxide slurry at 170 °C results in an ordering of reflections in their powder X-ray diffraction pattern with an increased crystallite size. Crystalline β-nickel hydroxide electrode reversibly exchanges 0.3–0.4e/Ni. Hydrothermal-treated Co/Zn/Ca/Cd-substituted β_bc-nickel hydroxide slurries at 170 °C display sharp reflections with similar crystallite size and electrochemical activities as that of crystalline β-nickel hydroxide. This clearly demonstrates that partial substitution of Co/Zn/Ca/Cd in the nickel hydroxide matrix does not show any dramatic improvement in their electrochemical activity at 25–30 °C. Structural disordered material with smaller crystallite size delivers electrochemical activity close to theoretical capacity.