CeO_2表面分散态WO_3的氨选择性催化还原性能（英文）

铈基材料在氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物(NH_3-SCR)的研究中备受关注,亦被认为是潜在的新型环境友好型催化剂.CeO_2具有独特的氧化还原性能和优良的储释氧性能,易与其它金属氧化物发生协同催化而有利于提高催化剂的催化反应性能,而WO_3可以改善催化剂的表面酸性.研究亦报道了WO_3可以改善CeO_2的NH_3-SCR反应的高温活性和N2选择性,其原因在于WO_3增加了铈基催化剂NH_3的吸附性能且抑制了NH_3非选择性氧化成NOx.我们采用浸渍法制备了一系列负载型WO_3/CeO_2催化剂,并利用XRD,Raman,XPS,H2-TPR,NH_3-TPD和in situ DRIFT对其理化性质进行了表征,系统研究了WO_3负载量对WO_3/CeO_2催化剂NH_3-SCR催化性能的影响,主要研究的内容包括:(1)WO_3/CeO_2催化剂中WO_3的状态与催化性能之间的关系;(2)WO_3负载量对WO_3/CeO_2催化剂的NH_3和NO吸附行为的影响.NH_3-SCR反应测试表明WO_3负载量对WO_3/CeO_2催化剂有显著影响,优化的WO_3/CeO_2催化剂在200–450°C具有良好的脱硝性能,且在300°C通入SO2+H2O条件下依然保持优异的催化活性.XPS和H2-TPR结果表明,WO_3分散在CeO_2表面抑制了CeO_2表面活性氧和表面晶格氧的氧化能力,这导致催化剂对NO的氧化以及对硝酸盐的吸附性能相比于纯CeO_2显著降低,同时,in situ DRIFT也证实,随着WO_3负载量的增加,WO_3/CeO_2催化剂表面吸附硝酸盐能力下降.因此,我们认为,由于低活性的晶相WO_3覆盖在催化剂表面,阻碍了催化剂的表面活性位,降低了催化剂的氧化还原能力和表面酸量,从而晶相WO_3抑制了WO_3/CeO_2催化剂的催化活性.同时,我们发现在70°C下采用氨水可以洗掉WO_3/CeO_2催化剂中的晶相WO_3,且洗涤后的样品催化活性有所提升,这进一步验证了晶相WO_3对催化活性的抑制作用.In situ DRIFT结果表明WO_3/CeO_2催化剂上NH_3-SCR反应是通过Eley-Rideal机理进行,即吸附NH_3物种与气相NO之间发生反应.随着WO_3负载量的增加,WO_3/CeO_2催化剂中NH_3的吸附能力先增强后减弱,而NO吸附能力持续减弱,这有利于表面酸位在反应过程中不被硝酸盐阻碍,当WO_3负载量在分散容量附近时,这种吸附特性的效果发挥到最大,从而最大限度地促进NH_3-SCR反应按照Eley-Rideal机理顺利进行.     

差热-色谱联用法测吸附热——吡啶在γ-Al_2O_3及NaX沸石上吸附热研究

测量和研究吸附热对探讨多相催化过程及固体催化剂表面活性中心、结构和吸附特性等均有重要意义。本文参照Richardson及杨梦彦的方法,将差热技术与色谱技术相结合,建立了适于测定气-固不可逆吸附的微分吸附热的量热系统。用它测定了吡啶在γ-Al_2O_3及分子筛NaX沸石上的微分吸附热并初步探讨了它们的表面酸性。 1 实验     

氢型丝光沸石的氨吸附特性与催化活性的关系

采用氨吸附-差热技术、红外光谱对氢型丝光沸石(HM)在不同温度氨吸附性质进行了研究,得到氨的可逆吸附与不可逆吸附的相对量及其随温度的变化。在接近甲苯岐化反应实际进行的条件下,测定了HM上吸附氨的红外光谱和催化活性。实验结果表明氨在L酸中心上的吸附是可逆的,在B酸上的吸附是不可逆的,从而证实了B酸是甲苯岐化反应的催化活性中心。在我们实验条件下,L酸中心似乎对岐化反应没有直接的作用。     

测定固体催化剂表面酸碱分布新方法的研究

酸碱催化是一类很重要的催化反应,酸碱强度分布和酸碱反应类型之间有着对应关系,因此,对表面酸碱的测定具有重要的意义。 固体表面酸碱的测定方法很多,常用的是Hammett指示剂酸碱滴定法,但这种方法不能用于测定有色催化剂,神保等研究的Al_2O_3和硅铝上苯酚的升温脱附曲线表明,Al_2O_3上有较强的碱性吸附点。Webb用HF-Al_2O_3吸附NH_3后再脱附并计算表面吸附的NH_3量,认为表面吸附的NH_3多,则表面酸也强,Shirasaki在SiO_2-Al_2O_3上吸附吡啶等气体后,以吸附量x对da/dx(s为吸附热)作图,得到酸碱分布图,Zetllemoyey用吸附热对吸附量的倒数作     

商业V_2O_5- WO_3/TiO_2催化剂重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn)中毒机理研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同含量重金属(Pb, Cu和Zn)中毒商业V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂,并对催化活性进行评估,重金属可明显导致催化活性降低.随着重金属浓度的增加,催化剂的失活程度加剧,而Cu和Zn的中毒效应低于Pb.结合XRD、 BET、 SEM、 NO-TPD、 NH_3-TPD、 H_2-TPR和in situ DRIFTS等方法对重金属中毒前后催化剂的理化性质进行分析.分析结果表明,失活是由化学和物理中毒的耦合作用引起的.相比于Fresh催化剂,中毒催化剂微孔和中孔有明显堵塞现象, BET比表面积减小,而中毒前后催化剂结晶度几乎没有变化,而中毒催化剂的表面覆盖了一层白色晶体,这可能导致活性位点被占据并阻碍NH_3在催化剂表面的吸附. in situ DRIFTS结果表明,重金属中毒后Br?nsted和Lewis酸位点的强度减弱,尤其是Br?nsted酸位点.此外,随着重金属含量的增加,中毒催化剂表面NO_2吸附量逐渐增加,从而促进N_2O的形成. H_2-TPR结果显示,还原峰的强度随着还原温度的升高而增强,表明重金属导致催化剂中的活性组分更难以参与SCR反应.     

合成云母蒙脱石及其交联物在乙醇氨化反应中的催化行为

用水热法合成了云母蒙脱石,并与羟基铝齐聚物交联,DTA和IR结果表明,由于柱的引进,高温焙烧时层内八面体上羟基脱除变得较为容易。由NH_3-TPD和吡啶吸附测得的表面酸性表明Al-CLS具有较SMM更多的弱酸和强酸中心。催化剂上弱酸中心有利于醇的脱水,而吸附在强酸中心上的NH_3有利于醇的胺化。     

可逆与不可逆吸附氢在合成甲醇反应中的作用

在自行设计和建立的加压动态分析装置上研究了合成甲醇催化剂上氢的吸附和反应行为。结果表明:在反应条件下催化剂上吸附的氢可分为可逆吸附氢和不可逆吸附氢;不可逆吸附氢又可分为能被CO顶替出来的和不能被CO顶替出来的两部分;能被CO顶替出来的不可逆吸附氢对CO的吸附起促进作用,不能被CO顶替出来的不可逆吸附氢是合成甲醇催化剂必不可少的“组分”或称“促进剂”;同时甲醇的生成是可逆吸附氢与一氧化碳作用的结果。     

不同阳离子(NH_4~+,Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+))溴化物对商用SCR催化剂化学中毒影响机制研究（英文）

燃煤飞灰中的碱金属和碱土金属对NH_3-SCR催化剂的活性有显著的影响.近年来,研究者针对碱金属/碱土金属氧化物对SCR催化剂中毒作用开展了大量研究.另一方面,研究普遍认为,含溴化合物对提高SCR催化剂汞氧化性能具有明显促进作用.目前为止,针对碱金属/碱土金属溴化物对SCR催化剂影响的系统研究较少.我们课题组系统研究了不同阳离子的溴化物(NH_4Br,NaBr,KBr和CaBr_2)对商用V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂性能的影响.与未中毒样品相比,KBr中毒后的催化剂(记为L-KBr)上NO_x转化率明显下降,而NaBr和CaBr_2中毒的催化剂(分别记为L-NaBr和L-CaBr)上的SCR活性也有一定程度的降低.另外L-NaBr,L-KBr和L-CaBr催化剂的N_2选择性较差.XPS结果显示,KBr中毒后化学吸附氧(O_α)比例减小;同时,KBr中毒后还原性和表面酸度降低,这些可能是导致L-KBr催化剂的活性和N_2选择性变差的主要原因.对于L-CaBr催化剂,中毒后化学吸附氧O_α比例有所增加,这与H2-TPR结果显示可还原性增强一致.O_2-TPO结果显示,L-CaBr催化剂可氧化性降低,说明CaB_r2中毒还是影响到催化剂表面的氧化还原循环.催化剂CaBr_2中毒后表面被覆盖减少了反应活性位数量,但表面酸性的增强可能会抵消活性位点损失带来的负面影响.NH_3氧化结果显示,NH_3在L-CaBr催化剂表面发生过氧化反应,特别是高温下生成较多N_2O,降低N_2选择性,这可能是高温下L-CaBr催化剂SCR活性和N_2选择性下降的重要原因.CO_2-TPD结果表明,L-KBr和L-CaBr催化剂表面碱性强度增加,可能有助于增加NO_x物种的吸附量.基于以上活性评价和表征分析结果,我们尝试建立了不同溴化物中毒的催化剂表面酸碱性、氧化还原和催化性能之间的关系.     

用脉冲色谱法研究Pd-V2O5体系催化剂的吸附作用

本文用脉冲色谱法测定了Pd-V氧化物体系催化剂对乙烯、氧和二氧化碳的吸附作用。指出在接近反应温度下(80-100°C),Pd-V氧化物体系的催化剂对乙烯有可逆与不可逆两种吸附作用,而单独的PdO和V₂O₅以及载体SiO₂则只有可逆吸附作用。测定了不同温度下可逆吸附等温线,计算了吸附热,考查了不可逆吸附与催化剂中Pd含量之间的关系,指出在Pd-V氧化物催化剂上,乙烯的不可逆吸附量与催化氧化活性一样,是与Pd含量有关的。测定了预吸附氧有利于乙烯的不可逆吸附,而CO₂则不能牢固的吸附在催化剂表面上。     

中温商业SCR催化剂碱和碱土中毒特性研究

在实验室条件下对选择性催化还原(SCR)商业催化剂的碱(K)和碱土(Ca)中毒进行了模拟,并采用液氮吸附、扫描电镜、能谱分析、NH_3-程序升温脱附、H_2-程序升温还原等方法对催化剂中毒前后的物理化学性质变化进行了表征。结果表明,K和Ca的中毒没有破坏商业中温SCR催化剂孔的基本结构,但K和Ca的中毒使催化剂的比表面积和孔容减小。K和Ca的中毒在一定程度上改变了催化剂表面钒的价态,导致了钒的还原能力减弱,同时降低催化剂表面化学吸附氧。钾中毒和钙中毒使催化剂的表面酸量降低。钾和钙中毒造成中温SCR催化剂的脱硝活性降低,并且Ca中毒造成的催化剂活性降低要明显高于K中毒。     

Influence of the solid-state modification of MCM-22 with Cs on toluene disproportionation

The catalytic performance of MCM-22 modified with Cs to different extents by Solid-State Ion Exchange has been investigated in toluene disproportionation. It was suggested that protons on the external surface were preferentially replaced by Cs cations. It was observed that the Cs modifications did not provide improved p-xylene selectivity at conversions close to that of the H-form. The remaining unaffected proton sites in the 10 MR channels are considered as responsible for secondary xylene isomerization proceeding upon toluene disproportionation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Vapors on Activated Carbons Obtained from Vegetable Raw Materials

The equilibrium adsorption of vapors of benzene, toluene, o-xylene, and gasoline in the temperature range 25-100°C and adsorbate content of 0.01-1.80 vol % on activated carbons obtained from plum stones and shells of peanut, walnut, and coconut was studied. The effect of temperature on the adsorption properties of the absorbents were analyzed. The isosteric heats of adsorption were calculated.     

Catalytic properties of zeolites MCM-22 and NU-87 in disproportionation of toluene

The catalytic properties of MCM-22 and NU-87 were investigated for the disproportionation of toluene to produce benzene and xylene, and the results were compared with those obtained over mordenite, beta and ZSM-5. It turns out that dealumination of MCM-22 removes selectively the acid sites from the external surface and thus suppresses the secondary isomerization of p-xylene, enhancing the para-selectivity. This indicates that the dealuminated MCM-22 is a promising catalyst for the selective formation of p-xylene from toluene disproportionation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study on adsorption kinetic of aromatic hydrocarbons onto activated carbon in gaseous flow method

The adsorption behavior of benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene onto activated carbon was investigated using the flow method. The removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase was estimated based on the adsorption kinetic constants and the saturated amount of aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the activated carbon. The saturated amount of benzene and toluene adsorbed was greater than that of xylene adsorbed because the molecular sizes of benzene and toluene are smaller than that of xylene. The adsorption kinetic constant increased in the order of xylene, toluene, and benzene. Those of the three xylene isomers were similar. These results indicated that the adsorption rate of benzene by the activated carbon was the fastest and the kinetic constant depended upon the different between the boiling point and the melting point and the molecular size of the aromatic hydrocarbons.     

流动-差热吸附量热系统Ⅱ. 氢型丝光沸石吸附热的研究

用自行装置的流动-差热吸附量热系统测定了氨、吡啶及芳烃在氢型丝光沸石(HM)上的吸附热。发现氨的吸附热-吸附量曲线上存在拐点, 证实HM表面上存在能量差异较大的两类氨吸附中心。氨中毒的HM对芳烃的吸附热测定结果表明, 不同的吸附区域对氨和芳烃的吸附强度各有不同。     

Adsorption of C7 hydrocarbons on biporous SBA-15 mesoporous silica

In our recent studies (Vinh-Thang, H.; Huang, Q.; Eic, M.; Trong-On, D.; Kaliaguine, S. Langmuir 2005, 21, 2051-2057; Vinh-Thang, H.; Huang, Q.; Eic, M.; Trong-On, D.; Kaliaguine, S. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 2005, in press), a series of synthesized SBA-15 materials were characterized using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K and SEM images. In the present paper, four of them (MMS-1-RT, MMS-1-60, MMS-1-80, and MMS-5-80) were further investigated with regard to their equilibrium characteristics using n-heptane and toluene as sorbates by the standard gravimetric technique. SBA-15 materials proved to have a broad pore size distribution within the micropore/small-mesopore range in the walls of their main mesoporous channels. The adsorption capacities for toluene were found to be higher than for n-heptane. The isosteric heats of adsorption, estimated by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, are also higher for toluene compared to n-heptane. They were found to depend on framework microporosity of the relevant SBA-15 samples. The isosteric heats of adsorption for all sorbates decrease with increased loading and approach the heats of evaporation of the respective sorbate. The adsorption capacities of SBA-15 samples are significantly higher than those of silicalite, i.e., the MFI zeolite silica analogue. In contrast to that, the isosteric heats of adsorption in the mesopore channels of SBA-15 were found to be much smaller. This result also suggests that SBA-15 can potentially be a good candidate for separation of C(7) hydrocarbons.     

On the difficulties of predicting the adsorption of volatile organic compounds at low pressures in microporous solid: the example of ethyl benzene

Adsorption isotherms of toluene and ethyl benzene, at 25 degrees C and 40 degrees C, were determined in two microporous activated carbons and one zeolite. Significant differences were found in the adsorption behavior, at low pressures, between the two vapors on the same adsorbent material. The quantities of adsorbed ethyl benzene at 25 degrees C, in the low-pressure region, were lower than what was observed at 40 degrees C in all the studied adsorbents, contrary to what was found for toluene. This fact was not related to kinetic effects at the two temperatures nor to vapor swelling of the adsorbents structure. Also, there was no molecular sieving since at high pressures the toluene and ethyl benzene occupied the same adsorption space. The differences found in the ethyl benzene adsorption at the two temperatures pose difficulties in the analysis of the adsorption data and, therefore, in the prediction of results. This is discussed in the analysis of the results with the application of the Dubinin-Astakhov equation and in the estimation of the isosteric heats of adsorption. The adsorption potentials of two possible ethyl benzene conformations were estimated for the adsorption in the pores of activated carbon from the Horvath and Kawazoe model, and the values compared with those found experimentally. The results were interpreted in terms of the ethyl benzene conformation effects when the molecule is confined in pores that are about the same size of one of the conformations.     

Molecular simulation study of adsorption and diffusion on silicalite for a benzene/CO2 mixture

The adsorption and diffusion of a binary mixture of supercritical CO2 and benzene on silicalite (MFI-type) have been studied through the grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The adsorption behavior of pure CO2 on silicalite was discussed in detail from the adsorption isotherms, adsorption sites, interaction energies, and isosteric heats of adsorption. For the mixture, the influences of temperature, pressure and composition on the adsorption isotherms have been examined. The adsorption site behavior of the mixture has been analyzed, and benzene molecules get adsorbed preferentially in the more spacious channel intersection positions. These simulation results suggest that SC-CO2 fluid can be used as an efficient desorbent of larger aromatics in the zeolite material. The diffusion characteristic for the benzene/CO2 mixture was studied on the basis of MD simulation. It was found that the large coadsorbed benzene molecule has a pronounced effect on the CO2 diffusion in the mixture, while the mobility of benzene molecules is very small due to geometrical restrictions.     

Diffusion of p-xylene in single and binary systems in zeolites investigated by FTIR spectroscopy

A novel method based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is applied to study sorption and sorption kinetics of p-xylene in ZSM-5-type zeolites as a single component and in a binary-component system, in the presence of benzene under conditions close to those of a catalytic run. From the change of intensities of IR bands characteristic for the adsorbates, diffusivities of p-xylene in the single-component system as well as in the binary-component system are determined at various temperatures and loadings. In comparison with benzene measured as a single component in the same system, the diffusivities of p-xylene are higher by a factor of 2 to 3. This is in agreement with the literature data. In the binary system, the presence of benzene reduces the diffusivities of p-xylene by 30 to 50%. Isotherms, isosteres and isosteric heats of adsorption are determined from the measurements. The isosteric heats of adsorption agree well with the literature data.