The Microstructure and Swelling Properties of Poly Acrylic Acid-Acrylamide Grafted Starch Hydrogels

Starch grafted acrylic acid-acrylamide hydrogel was synthesized using an aqueous solution polymerization method. The microstructures of the vacuum-dried hydrogel (VDH) and vacuum-freeze-dried hydrogel (VFDH) were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and biomicroscopy. The water-absorption rate of the hydrogel was tested. The results showed that the microstructure of the two kinds of dried hydrogels exhibited significant differences. Before absorbing water, VDH had a relatively dense surface whereas the surface of VFDH had a clear macroporous structure. After absorbing water, a three-dimensional network structure was clearly visible in VDH. Many interlaced and free filaments occupied the space between the main skeleton and channels. The holes formed by vacuum-freeze-drying had the effect of squeezing the surrounding network structure, which had an impact on the water-absorption rate and water absorbency of the hydrogel.     

Synthesis and Properties of Tannic Acid-Based Hydrogels

Hydrogels were synthesized by using tannic acid (TA) as a chemical cross-linker for the copolymer of allylglycidyl ether and acrylamide. The swelling ratio of the hydrogels increased with increasing amount of TA and decreased with increasing amounts of allylglycidyl ether. The hydrogels exhibited pH sensitivity; the swelling ratio increased with pH. Adsorption experiments of the hydrogel for Cu (II) ions suggested that the hydrogels can be used as an adsorbent for removal of Cu (II) heavy metal ions from dilute aqueous solutions.     

Rheological Properties and Microstructures of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Blend Hydrogels

A simple in-situ method was introduced to prepare hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(acrylic acid) (HEC/PAA) blend hydrogels by forming an interpenetrating network (IPN). Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) were improved dramatically compared to HEC. To prove that hydrogen bonds and chemical crosslinking played major roles in improving the hydrogel strength and toughening, and to optimize the components of HEC/PAA blend hydrogels, a series of blend hydrogels with different ratios of HEC to PAA were designed and the corresponding Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological tests, and swelling properties were compared. Crosslinked HEC/PAA blend hydrogel (mol/mol = 1:1) showed the best properties appropriate for opening up biomedical applications of the hydrogel.     

The Thermal Stability and Rheological Properties of Alkylated Carboxymethyl Starch

Several alkylated carboxymethyl starches (CMS) with different alkyl chain lengths were prepared. The influence of the number of alkyls on the thermal stability and rheological properties, such as thickening properties, salt-tolerance, temperature sensitivity and time-dependent rheological behavior, are discussed. The initial decomposition temperature (IDT) of alkylated CMS reached 263°C ～293°C which, as compared to the IDT for CMS itself (230°C), indicated that the thermal stability of CMS was improved after being alkylated. The solution viscosities of the alkylated carboxymethyl starch increased with the increasing of alkyl length. With the alkyl chain length increasing from C₂ to C₈, the viscosity increased from 400 mPa·s to 38000 mPa·s. The weak hydrophobic aggregation of the alkyl groups did not improve the shear-resistance and relative hysteresis area. But the temperature sensitivity of alkylated CMS was improved as the chain length of the alkyl groups increased, as the activation energy (E_a) value decreased from 2.082 kJ·mol^?1 to 0.077 kJ·mol^?1; Improving the rigidity of the molecular chains and reducing the network structure of the hydrophobic contribution to the viscosity of the solution are benefits for improving the salt-tolerance and shear-resistance of the aqueous solution.     

Study on the Dynamic Rheometry and Swelling Properties of the Polyacrylamide/Laponite Nanocomposite Hydrogels in Electrolyte Media

Polyacrylamide/laponite/chromium triacetate nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels were prepared by incorporation of the laponite nanoparticles in partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide followed by cross-linking of their aqueous solutions with chromium triacetate. Influence of nanoparticle, cross-linker, polymer concentrations, and gelation media (water) temperature, salinity, and rheometer frequency on the viscoelastic behavior of the NC hydrogels were studied by probing the network properties. In addition, swelling behaviors of these NC gels in tap and oil reservoir water were evaluated. According to dynamic rheometry of the gelation process, the limiting storage modulus of the NC gels increased with increasing laponite content. The addition of laponite into the polyacrylamide gelling system increased their viscous properties more strongly than the elastic properties. The ultimate elastic modulus of the NC gels increased with increasing water salinity and temperature. Increasing rheometer frequency during gelation retarded the sol–gel transition and decreased the ultimate elastic modulus. The equilibrium swelling ratio of the NC hydrogels in tap water decreased with increasing laponite content. The salt sensitivity of the NC gels in oil reservoir water slightly decreased with increasing laponite content. These results suggest the superiority of the hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)/chromium acetate/laponite NC hydrogels for water shut-off applications in oil reservoirs as compared with unfilled HPAM gels.     

Adsorption of Hydrogels Based on Cellulose for Cu(II) and Ni(II): Behaviors and Mechanisms

Hydrogels based on cellulose-graft-poly (acrylic acid) copolymers (C-g-AA) were synthesized by graft copolymerization in a phosphoric acid solvent. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra confirmed the structure of the C-g-AA. The adsorption behaviors of the hydrogels for Cu(II) and Ni(II) were investigated. The results showed that their adsorption capacity increased as the initial concentrations of metal ions and the pH value of the solution increased. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were employed to analyze the data from batch adsorption experiments. The results indicated that there were very good correlation coefficients for their linearized equations. The maximum adsorption amounts of the hydrogels for the metal ions, based on the Langmuir model, were 182 and 200 mg/g for Cu(II) and Ni(II), respectively. When the initial concentration of metal ions was 1000 mg/g the actual adsorption amounts of the hydrogels for Cu(II) and Ni(II) were 181 and 183 mg/g, respectively.     

动态高压微射流改性可溶性大豆多糖对大米淀粉理化性质的影响

为考察改性可溶性大豆多糖(MSSPS)对大米淀粉(RS)理化性质的影响,采用动态高压微射流技术,分别在80、120、170MPa的改性压力下,对可溶性大豆多糖(SSPS)进行了改性,得到了MSSPS。向多组RS中分别添加不同质量分数(5.0%,7.5%,10.0%和20.0%)的MSSPS和SSPS,研究其理化性质。结果表明:与SSPS组相比,MSSPS组RS的膨胀力、溶解度和透明度均有所提高;多糖改性压力对RS溶解度和透明度的影响尤为明显,当压力达到120MPa后,溶解度显著提高(P0.05),改性压力为170MPa、质量分数为5.0%的MSSPS组,RS透明度可达6.1%,提高近33%;析水率和凝胶硬度则随着添加量和改性压力的增大而显著下降(P0.05),表明MSSPS能显著提高RS的冻融稳定性,及改善储藏过程中RS的硬化等质构品质。用扫描电镜观察添加MSSPS前、后,4℃下老化7d的RS冻干样品,显示其结构变化为:中空腔壁变薄,空腔变大,类似蜂窝状的结构增多,故从微观结构上证明了MSSPS能降低RS析水率,提高冻融稳定性。研究结果表明:MSSPS对RS理化性质有显著影响,可通过提高冻融稳定性、透明度等,改善淀粉的外观、可接受度和质构品质。     

Gelation and Swelling Behavior of Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels Based on Polyacrylamide and Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Novel semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (semi-IPN) hydrogels based on partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (HPAM) and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) were prepared by solution crosslinking using chromium triacetate. Effects of PVA content on the gelation process and swelling behavior in tap water and different electrolyte solutions were investigated. Study of the gelation behavior using dynamic rheometery showed that the limiting storage modulus of the semi-IPN gels decreased with increasing PVA content. It was also found that increasing the PVA content increases the loss factor, indicating that the viscous properties of this gelling system increase more strongly than the elastic properties. The swelling ratio of the semi-IPN gels in tap water decreased as the concentration of the PVA increased. However, the semi-IPN gels showed lower salt sensitivity factor in synthetic oil reservoir water as compared with HPAM gels. Therefore, they are potentially good candidates for enhanced oil recovery applications.     

Preparation and Properties of Polyurethane Hydrogels Based on Hexamethylene Diisocyanate/Polycaprolactone-Polyethylene Glycol

Hydrogels are considered an optimum material for controlled release drug systems and tissue engineering scaffolds since they are tri-dimensional networks. In this work hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used to prepare polyurethane prepolymers using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a chain-extender. Then the prepolymer was used to fabricate the HMDI/PCL-PEG/DEG polyurethane hydrogels by free radical polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a cross-linking agent. The influences of the ratio of polyol on the contact angle, swelling ratio, morphology and cytotoxicity in-vitro of the HMDI/PCL-PEG/DEG polyurethane hydrogel were investigated. The biological behavior of the polyurethane hydrogels was analyzed by studying the cell behavior using the standard biological MTT (3–4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) test. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra results showed that the polyurethane hydrogels were successfully synthesized. The change of the molar the ratio of the polyhydric alcohols (PEG and PCL) played important roles in the swelling degree, the contact angle and the pore size. The HMDI/PCL-PEG/DEG polyurethane hydrogel (PCL/PEG = 1:3) was hydrophilic with many more large pores while the polyurethane hydrogel with PCL/PEG = 3:1 had a dense structure. The fibroblastic cell proliferation improved with decreasing relative PEG content; however, there were insignificant differences (P > 0.05) on all days of observation of the samples with various PEG contents compared with the negative control group. The MTT assays revealed that the cells were able to grow and proliferate quite quickly in the extracts of the HMDI/PCL-PEG/DEG polyurethane hydrogels as well as the extract of the negative control.     

Synthesis and Characterization of pH- and Temperature-sensitive Hydrogels of Poly (Styrene-alt-Maleic Anhydride)-co-Pluronic for Drug Release

A pH- and temperature-sensitive hydrogel of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) -co-Pluronic P123 (PSMA-P123) was prepared by the reaction of anhydride groups (MA) on PSMA with the hydroxyl groups on Pluronic (triblock polyethylene oxide-co-polypropylene oxide-co-polyethylene oxide, HO(CH₂CH₂O)₂₀(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)₇₀ (CH₂CH₂O)₂₀OH). The effect of proportions between PMSA and P123 on the gel fraction was determined. The effects of pH value and temperature on swelling ratio of the hydrogels were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the hydrogels. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to characterize the thermo-sensitivity of the hydrogel. The drug-release behavior of the hydrogels was investigated by using chloromycetin as a model drug. The effect of temperature and pH on the release of chloromycetin from the hydrogels was studied. These results showed that PSMA-P123 hydrogels, being pH- and temperature-sensitive and reversible, appeared to be of potential for biomedical materials, especially for drug release applications.     

Synthesis,Properties, and Applications of 2-D Materials: A Comprehensive Review

Recent advances in atomically thin two-dimensional (2-D) materials have led to a variety of promising future technologies for post-CMOS nanoelectronics and energy generation. This review is an attempt to thoroughly illustrate the current status and future prospects for 2-D materials other than graphene (e.g., BN nanosheets, MoS₂, NbSe₂, WS₂, etc.), which have already been contemplated for both low-end and high-end technological applications. An overview of the different synthesis techniques for 2-D materials is presented here, with an exploration of the potential for developing methods of controllable large scale synthesis. Furthermore, we summarize the underlying theories which correlate the structural and physical properties of 2-D materials with their state-of-the-art applications. Finally, we show that utilizing the unprecedented properties arising from these materials would lead to innovative devices. Such devices would significantly reduce both device dimensions and power consumption, as necessary for the creation of tomorrow's sustainable technology.     

Preparation and Properties of Polyurethane Hydrogels Based on Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate/Polycaprolactone-Polyethylene Glycol

Polyurethane (PU) hydrogel is an important biomedical material for drug controlled release systems, wound dressings and medical bandages. Three series of polyurethane prepolymers based on methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), using diethylene glycol (DEG), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) or dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), as the chain-extender, were prepared. Then the polyurethane hydrogels were obtained from the prepolymers, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a cross-linking agent, by free radical polymerization. The influences of the types of chain-extenders and polyols on the contact angle, swelling ratio and morphology of the polyurethane hydrogels were investigated. The effect of the variety of the chain-extenders in the PU hydrogel on the drug release behavior was also studied. The FT-IR results showed that the PU hydrogels were successfully synthesized. The introduction of PEG improved the hydrophilicity of the PU hydrogels. The MDI/PCL-PEG/DEG hydrogel was hydrophobic, and there were small micropores on its surface; while the MDI/PCL-PEG/DMPA and MDI/PCL-PEG/MDEA hydrogels had high hydrophilicity and a micropouous structure on their surface due to the existence of carboxyl and tertiary amino functional groups. The change of chain-extenders had no significant effect on the cumulative drug release of chloramphenicol from the PU hydrogels. However, the introduction of PEG increased the drug release rate. The chloramphenicol release kinetics from the MDI/PCL-PEG hydrogels indicated non-Fickian diffusion.     

An Investigation of the Effect of Semi-Acetal Formation on the Properties of Dialdehyde Starch and its Thermoplastic Blend with Glycerol

Dialdehyde sweet potato starch (DASS) with various aldehyde contents was prepared and the properties analyzed in terms of solubility, intrinsic viscosity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated that when the aldehyede content of DASS was increased from 20% to 95%, the solubility, molecular weight, crystallizability, and thermal stability decreased. Thermoplastic DASS (TPDASS) was prepared by adding glycerol as a plasticizer; the thermal, rheological, hydrophobic, and tensile properties of TPDASS were investigated. The results indicated that, for the same glycerol content, with the increase of aldehyde content, the moisture adsorption decreased, while the shear viscosity, glass transition temperature, and tensile properties of TPDASS increased significantly. The effects were attributed to the introduction of aldehyde groups reducing the hydrogen bonds and decreasing the hydrophility of the starch. Moreover, the aldehyde and hydroxyl groups of DASS favored a semi-acetal formation with higher aldehyde content and cross-linking of DASS occurred with the increase of aldehyde content. In summary, compared to starch, the thermoplastic properties and hydrophobicity of DASS was improved. In the presence of water (10 wt%), the tensile strength of TPDASS with 95% aldehyde content (TPDASS95) moderately decreased, from 16.7 MPa to 14.0 MPa, when the glycerol content increased from 10% to 30%. The TPDASS with improved properties will find their applications in preparing biodegradable plastics.     

水分对高静压处理不同类型淀粉微观结构的影响

利用高静压(HHP)作为物理变性方法处理糯玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉,考察水分含量对不同类型淀粉的糊化及重结晶的影响。用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观测HHP处理后淀粉颗粒的形态变化,利用激光粒度分析仪记录淀粉颗粒的粒度分布及变化规律,结合X射线衍射曲线及低场核磁共振图谱,分析淀粉颗粒内水分的结合方式及程度。结果表明:当粉水比(淀粉质量和水质量之比)为3/10~5/10时,在HHP处理下,两种淀粉均发生结晶解体和溶胀现象。糯玉米淀粉的重结晶程度顺序为4/10粉水比3/10粉水比5/10粉水比;木薯淀粉颗粒结晶结构完全消失,结晶破坏的程度是3/10粉水比4/10粉水比5/10粉水比。随着水分含量增大,糯玉米淀粉及木薯淀粉的粒度逐渐增大。干燥后淀粉中的水分主要以结合水的形式存在,且水分参与结晶结构的形成。     

近红外光谱的水稻抗性淀粉含量测定研究

用化学法测定水稻抗性淀粉含量耗时长、成本高,为此,探索了基于近红外光谱技术(NIRS)的水稻抗性淀粉含量测定新途径。首先,采集了62份抗性淀粉含量差异较大的水稻的光谱数据,将光谱数据和已测定的化学值数据导入化学计量学软件,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了抗性淀粉含量的近红外定标模型,对不同预处理得到的预测模型进行了内部验证和外部验证。结果如下：内部交叉验证方面,未处理、MSC+1thD预处理、1thD +SNV预处理的决定系数(R2)分别为0.920 2,0.967 0,0.976 7,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为1.533 7,1.011 2,0.837 1。外部验证方面,未处理、MSC+1thD预处理和1thD +SNV预处理的决定系数(R2)分别为0.805,0.976,0.992,绝对误差平均值分别为1.456,0.818,0.515,预测值和化学值之间没有显著差异(Turkey法多重比较),说明以近红外光谱分析法代替化学测定法是有可能的。在不同预处理方法之中,1thD+SNV的预处理方法无论内部验证还是外部验证都具有较高的决定系数和较低的误差值,定标模型精度更高,误差更小。     

NBT-Eu纳米粉体的水热合成及其发光性能研究

采用水热合成法、在不同条件下制备Na0.5Bi0.49Eu0.01Ti O3(NBT-Eu)纳米粉体。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见光谱、透射电子显微镜、荧光光谱对样品进行表征。结果表明,在200℃、碱浓度12 mol·L-1、反应时间24 h、添加剂OP-10用量为0.6 m L时,可以得到纯三方钙钛矿结构的NBT-Eu粉体,该粉体以直径为15~200 nm的纳米棒形式存在。NBT-Eu粉体在458 nm激发下,产生689 nm的荧光,该荧光由Eu3+的5D0→7F4能级跃迁产生。     

Synthesis and Properties of Semicrystalline Copolyimides Based on 4,4′-Diaminodiphenylether and 1,3-Bis(4-aminophenoxy) Benzene

Copolyimides were prepared from 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether (4,4′-ODA), 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy) benzene (TPER), and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) through a three-step imidization process with different monomer compositions. The copolymerization disrupted the molecular regularity and decreased the intermolecular interaction of the polyimide chains. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated the prepared copolyimides showed the same semicrystalline character, but had various crystallinity and crystal forms. The copolymerization also changed the crystal morphologies of the polyimides. With increasing TPER ratio, the copolyimides started to form spherulites and hedrites, which then tended to grow more perfectly as the TPER ratio was further increased. The solubility of the copolyimides and their dependence on the crystallnity and the chain flexibility was investigated. These copolyimides exhibited excellent thermal and thermo-oxidative stability.     

红薯淀粉中添加剂明矾的定性和定量太赫兹时域光谱技术检测

应用太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术对红薯淀粉中的添加剂明矾进行了实验研究,获得了红薯淀粉和明矾的太赫兹时域光谱和频域光谱,通过计算得到二者的吸收系数谱和折射率谱,吸收系数谱显示明矾在太赫兹波段有明显的特征吸收峰,可以用THz-TDS技术对淀粉中的明矾进行特征识别。实验获得了红薯淀粉中掺杂不同百分比(质量分数)明矾的太赫兹时域光谱,计算得到吸收系数谱和折射率谱,发现随着明矾含量的增加吸收峰的幅度下降,折射率逐渐下降,说明THz-TDS技术可以用于淀粉中明矾的定性识别和定量检测。     

高静压对淀粉结构及糊化性质的影响

综述了高静压对淀粉的影响。阐述了高静压的定义及其原理,与高静压的作用直接相关的淀粉结构及其性质。根据文献资料报道对25种以上淀粉的研究表明,高静压不仅对淀粉结构影响明显,包括微观结构、宏观颗粒形态,而且对淀粉糊化过程及性质也有较大的影响。施加的压力、淀粉的种类、处理温度、溶液浓度不同,对淀粉的结构和糊化影响也显著不同。大量的研究表明,高静压对淀粉的处理是有潜力的非热物理变性的手段,通过利用不同的高静压处理手段,得到不同品质的高静压淀粉产品,使淀粉在不同的领域中发挥更大的作用。     

Ba2+离子掺杂CsPbBr3蓝光量子点合成及其光学性能

近年来,全无机卤素钙钛矿CsPbX3(X=Cl,Br,I)因其荧光带宽窄、带隙可调、合成工艺简单以及荧光量子产率(Photoluminescence quantum yield,PLQY)高等优点而被应用于光电器件领域.但相比于PLQY接近于100％的红光与绿光CsPbX3量子点,PLQY低于10％的蓝光量子点光学性能...