碳团簇的结构及其演进

碳团簇是一种新型的碳材料,自20世纪80年代被发现以来,就以其独特的结构和优越的性能而在科学界掀起了研究狂潮。碳团簇的范畴非常广泛,小到气相中的单个碳原子,大到富勒烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米锥、石墨烯等都可以看作是碳团簇的存在形式。研究碳团簇的结构及其演进,解开碳团簇形成机理之谜,对开拓新型碳团簇材料的结构和应用都具有重要意义。本文对碳团簇的结构及其演进过程进行了回顾,并概述了目前碳团簇的合成方法、碳团簇结构的表征手段以及碳团簇演进的研究现状。     

中介尺度Au纳米团簇熔化的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟技术，研究了原子个数为16～8628的 Au纳米团簇的熔化过程.采用 Johnson的EAM (embedded atom method) 模型,模拟结果表明，金属纳米团簇存在一中介尺度区域.对Au纳米团簇而言，当原子个数N >456时，团簇的热力学性质与团簇尺寸呈线性关系，熔化首先从表面开始，逐步向中心区域推进，且满足Tmb－Tmc(N)＝aN(－1/3)的关系.另外，计算了中介区域的团簇的尺寸、熔化温度、表面能、熵、焓等热力学量以及均方根位移（RMSD）等动力学量，为研究纳米团簇提供定量数据.     

碳/磷二元团簇的激光溅射产生、光解及结构研究

在串级飞行时间质谱仪上用５３２ｎｍ激光溅射碳／磷混合样品,所得团簇分为两类：碳／磷二元团簇离子和纯碳团簇离子的相对强度随样品中磷含量的增加而变强,说明磷对纯碳团簇离子的形成具有重要作用,而在所形成的碳／磷二元团簇中,正离子主要有ＣｎＰ＾＋２（０〈ｎ〈３０）,ＣｎＰ＾＋３（０〈ｎ〈２２）两类,而负离子则较多,有ＣｎＰ＾－（０〈ｎ〈２０）,ＣｎＰ＾－２（０〈ｎ〈３０）,ＣｎＰ＾－３（ｎ为２－３０间的偶     

金团簇的荧光性质及其生物应用

金纳米团簇作为一类新型纳米材料具有独特的光学特性。当金纳米团簇颗粒的尺寸小到与电子的费米波长（〈1nm）相当时,由于量子尺寸效应,金颗粒会受激发射出荧光。作为一种新型荧光材料,金纳米团簇具有发光颜色随团簇尺寸可调、荧光不易猝灭等许多优势。本文主要综述了金纳米团簇的荧光性质及其在生物标记、生物成像以及生物检测等方面的应用...     

基于硫化镉纳米团簇标记DNA电化学传感的研究

合成了表面具有自由羧基的硫化镉纳米团簇，以乙基-（3-二甲基丙基）碳二 亚胺盐酸盐为偶联活化剂，将其标记于人工合成的5'端氨基修饰的寡聚核苷酸片段 上，制备成CdS纳米团簇标记DNA探针，该寡聚核苷酸片段与大肠杆菌肠毒素基因相 关。在一定的条件下，使基与固定晨玻碳电极表面的待测DNA序列进行杂交反应， 利用阳极溶出示差脉冲伏安法（ASDPV）间接测定Cd的量，实现对互补、非互补 DNA片段的识别和电化学检测，从而对大肠杆菌肠毒素基因片段识别和检测。     

导电聚合物电极的电沉积及其对甲基橙的降解性能

采用单极脉冲法制备聚3,4 乙烯二氧噻吩/碳纸（PEDOT/CP）和聚苯胺/碳纸（PANI/CP）电极,其结构和表面形貌经傅里叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征。以甲基橙（MO）溶液模拟有机废水,利用紫外可见光谱研究了聚合物对MO的降解。结果表明：PEDOT/CP均匀包覆在碳纤维表面,表面呈现梭型纳米颗粒,而PANI呈纳米团簇状分布在碳纤维多孔结构内;PEDOT/CP的结构利于电子传输,对MO的催化活性较高,降解电位为1.5 V时,MO初始浓度为3 mg·L^-1, KCl浓度为0.1 mol·L^-1,降解30 min,降解效果最优。     

原子数精确的金属纳米团簇在电催化领域的应用研究进展

金属纳米团簇(MNCs)是由几个到数百个金属原子组成,其尺寸一般小于2nm.金属纳米团簇在许多催化反应中表现出高的催化活性和选择性,这与金属纳米团簇具有高的比表面积、较多暴露的活性原子,以及与金属纳米粒子(MNPs)不同的电子结构有关.金属纳米团簇确定的组成和结构使其成为一种新型模型催化剂,对纳米团簇的催化性能研究有利...     

硫醇保护的金纳米粒子与三苯基膦的独特反应性

<正>金纳米团簇是一类重要的簇状化合物。早期的研究表明,膦对金纳米团簇具有保护作用~1,但是这类团簇稳定性较差,限制了很多科学研究和实际应用。近年来人们把目光转向了相对较稳定的硫醇保护的金纳米团簇,并取得了极大进展~(2,3)。配体交换法~(4–7)是当今合成新团簇的一种主要方法。由于硫醇比膦化合物更容易吸附在金纳米团     

双金属纳米团簇内核的调控及对光学/电化学能隙的影响

<正>近年来原子精确的金属纳米团簇引起广泛关注,对其结构的调控也成为研究热点~(1–10)。金属纳米团簇结构的调控至少可从三个方面入手:团簇整体结构、团簇局部结构、团簇在晶体中的排列结构。着眼于团簇的组成不变而改变结构,可获得金属纳米团簇的构造同分异构体~1;着眼于团簇在晶体中的排列结构调控,近来一种新的最密排列方式6HLH排列被发现~2。由于金属纳米团簇可     

聚甲基丙烯酸(N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺)酯的簇聚诱导发光研究

不含普通发光单元的非典型生色团发光化合物因其基础研究重要性和广泛的应用前景引起了人们的极大兴趣.其中许多化合物还具有独特的聚集诱导发光（Aggregation-induced emission,AIE）特性.然而其发光机理仍然存在争议.在此前的研究中,提出了簇聚诱导发光（clustering-triggered emission,CTE）机理,即非典型生色团的簇聚和电子共享来解释这些体系的发光和AIE现象.为进一步验证这一假说,设计合成了不含传统生色团的聚甲基丙烯酸（N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺）酯（PNHSMA）.其稀溶液基本不发光,但浓溶液,纳米聚集体,固体粉末均发射蓝光,呈现出AIE性质.通过与其单体甲基丙烯酸（N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺）酯（NHSMA）的发光行为对比及单体单晶结构解析,利用CTE机理很好地解释了其光物理行为.     

The electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide and ethanol on supported Pt nanoparticles: the influence of the support and catalyst microstructure

The sluggish kinetics of ethanol oxidation on Pt-based electrodes is one of the major drawbacks to its use as a liquid fuel in direct ethanol fuel cells, and considerable efforts have been made to improve the reaction kinetics. Herein, we report an investigation on the effect of the Pt microstructure (well-dispersed versus agglomerated nanoparticles) and the catalyst support (carbon Vulcan, SnO₂, and RuO₂) on the rate of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol and its major adsorbed intermediate, namely, carbon monoxide. By using several structural characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, along with potentiodynamic and potentiostatic electrochemical experiments, we show that by altering both the Pt microstructure and the support, the rate of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol can be improved up to a factor of 12 times compared to well-dispersed carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles. As a result of a combined effect, the interaction of Pt agglomerates with SnO₂ yielded the highest current densities among all materials studied. The differences in the activity are discussed in terms of structural and electronic properties as well as by mass transport effects, providing valuable insights to the development of more active materials.     

乳胶附聚型阴离子交换固定相的制备及表征

以烯丙基缩水甘油醚（AGE）为乳胶聚合单体,制备了一种乳胶附聚型阴离子交换固定相。通过无皂化乳液聚合法,以AGE和苯乙烯（ST）为共聚单体制备AGE-ST共聚乳胶。将该乳胶季铵化后附聚在磺化的聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯（PS-DVB）微球表面,制备一种乳胶附聚型阴离子交换色谱固定相。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和元素分析（EA）等对该乳胶附聚型阴离子交换色谱固定相的理化性质进行表征,结果显示季铵化的AGE-ST共聚乳胶成功附聚在磺化的PS-DVB微球表面,并通过分离常规阴离子和有机酸对制得的阴离子交换剂的色谱性能进行评价。AGE以其良好的pH耐受性和活泼的反应活性为离子交换色谱固定相的制备提供一个新的选择。     

Influence of MWCNT morphology on dispersion and thermal properties of polyethylene nanocomposites

In this study a series of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/Polyethylene (PE) composites with different kinds and several concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated. The morphology and degree of dispersion of the fillers in the polymer matrix at different length scales was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both individual and agglomerated MWCNTs were evident but a good dispersion was observed for some of them. TGA measurements were performed on nanocomposites in order to understand if CNTs affect the stabilization mechanism during thermal and oxidative degradation. The analysis demonstrates that MWCNTs presence slightly delays thermal volatilisation (15-20 °C) without modification of thermal degradation mechanism. In contrast, thermal oxidative degradation in air is delayed up to about 100 °C dependently from MWCNTs concentration, in the range used here (0.1-2.0 wt%), and degree of dispersion. The stabilization is due to the formation of a thin protective layer of entangled MWCNTs kept together by carbon char generated on the surface of the nanocomposites as shown by SEM images taken on degradation residues.     

Light extinction at agglomerates of spheres--a practical test on the submicroscale

Today's theories applied to the inversion of measurement data from optical measurement devices are restricted to single spherical particles. However, particles formed in industrial processes such as precipitation and crystallization are often nonspherical or agglomerates. Theoretical approaches to describe the optical behavior of such particle systems have already been proposed. The verification of these theories has mostly been done using microwave scattering experiments with agglomerates in the millimeter range. This paper provides a first but surely not all-embracing practical test for a general extension of the Mie theory to agglomerates of submicroscale spheres. For the sake of simplicity and from practical viewpoints of online-sensor development only light extinction of an agglomerated suspension has been examined. The required rigid agglomerates have been produced using a spray-drying method that generates particles with a much higher mechanical stability than can be obtained by the usual procedures. Subsequent fractionation of the suspension delivers systems with only a limited number of agglomerate configurations. Extinction measurements at multiple wavelengths using dynamic extinction spectroscopy have been conducted to determine the extinction cross section of the agglomerated dispersions. These data are compared with computations of agglomerates scattering.     

First field application of a thermal desorption resonance-enhanced multiphoton-ionisation single particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the on-line detection of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The on-line analysis of single aerosol particles with mass spectrometrical methods is an important tool for the investigation of aerosols. Often, a single laser pulse is used for one-step laser desorption/ionisation of aerosol particles. Resulting ions are detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. With this method, the detection of inorganic compounds is possible. The detection of more fragile organic compounds and carbon clusters can be accomplished by separating the desorption and the ionisation in two steps, e.g. by using two laser pulses. A further method is, using a heated metal surface for thermal desorption of aerosol particles. If an ultraviolet laser is used for ionisation, a selective ionisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkylated PAH is possible via a resonance-enhanced multiphoton-ionisation process. Laser velocimetry allows individual laser triggering for single particles and additionally delivers information on aerodynamic particle diameters. It was shown that particles deriving from different combustion sources can be differentiated according to their PAH patterns. For example, retene, a C₄-alkylated phenanthrene derivative, is a marker for the combustion of coniferous wood. In this paper, the first field application of a thermal desorption resonance-enhanced multiphoton-ionisation single particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer during a measurement campaign in Augsburg, Germany in winter 2010 is presented. Larger PAH-containing particles (i.e. with aerodynamic diameters larger than 1 μm), which are suspected to be originated by re-suspension processes of agglomerated material, were in the focus of the investigation. Due to the low concentration of these particles, an on-line virtual impactor enrichment system was used. The detection of particle-bound PAH in ambient particles in this larger size region was possible and in addition, retene could be detected on several particles, which allows to identify wood combustion as generic source of these particles. The observed diurnal distribution of these larger particles, however, support the origin by traffic induced re-suspension of sedimented/agglomerated material.     

Development and validation of a mechanistic model for the release of embelin from a polycaprolactone matrix

Embelin is a natural agent with antimicrobial, antifungal and analgesic activities. This work presents a mechanistic model for the release of embelin from a polycaprolactone matrix. Based on the results of embelin release experiments and Raman microscopy measurements, the model assumes a dual dispersion of the embelin: agglomerated and dispersed. Embelin release mechanism combines the effects of the liquid migration into the matrix, the drug diffusion, and the drug dissolution within the wetted matrix. The model is formulated in terms of four partial differential equations that account for the mass balances of dispersed, agglomerated, and dissolved embelin, and aqueous solution. Model predictions show that the release mechanism involves three stages: a burst stage, in which dispersed embelin is rapidly released; a transition stage, in which dispersed and agglomerated embelin are simultaneously released; and, once the dispersed embelin depletion, a stable release stage until the agglomerated embelin exhausts.     

Contact angles of colloid silica and gold particles at air-water and oil-water interfaces determined with the gel trapping technique

We have used the recently developed gel trapping technique (GTT) to determine the three-phase contact angles of submicrometer silica particles partially coated with octadecyl groups. The particles were spread at air-water and decane-water surfaces, and the aqueous phase was subsequently gelled with a nonadsorbing polysaccharide. The particles trapped at the surface of the aqueous gel were lifted by molding with curable poly(dimethylsiloxane) and imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the particle contact line diameter which allows their contact angle at the original air-water or oil-water interface to be estimated. We report for the first time the use of the GTT for characterizing the contact angle of individual submicrometer particles adsorbed at liquid interfaces. The SEM images also reveal the structure of the particle monolayer at the interface and the structure of adsorbed particle aggregates. We have also determined the contact angles of agglomerated gold powder microparticles at the air-water and the decane-water interfaces. It was found that agglomerated gold particles demonstrate considerably higher contact angles than those on flat gold-coated surfaces.     

Mg的添加对PtNa/Sn-ZSM-5催化丙烷脱氢反应性能的影响

通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附、透射电镜(TEM)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和O2程序升温氧化(O2-TPO)等多种表征手段及催化反应性能评价,研究了镁助剂的添加对PtNa/Sn-ZSM-5催化丙烷脱氢反应性能的影响.结果表明:适量Mg的添加(0.3%和0.5%,质量分数)能促进催化剂表面金属粒子的分散,减少反应过程中积碳的产生.Mg的引入能有效抑制催化剂中Sn组分的还原,使更多量的Sn组分以氧化态形式存在,有利于丙烷脱氢反应的进行.但是,过量Mg的加入导致催化剂表面金属颗粒易于发生团聚,高温下Sn组分易于被还原,不利于反应的进行.在本实验中,0.5%Mg加入后PtNa/Sn-ZSM-5催化剂显示出最佳的反应性能,反应7h后,丙烷转化率仍然高达38.7%,对应的丙烯选择性能够维持在95%以上.     

UV Raman spectroscopic study on TiO2. I. Phase transformation at the surface and in the bulk

Phase transformation of TiO2 from anatase to rutile is studied by UV Raman spectroscopy excited by 325 and 244 nm lasers, visible Raman spectroscopy excited by 532 nm laser, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV Raman spectroscopy is found to be more sensitive to the surface region of TiO2 than visible Raman spectroscopy and XRD because TiO2 strongly absorbs UV light. The anatase phase is detected by UV Raman spectroscopy for the sample calcined at higher temperatures than when it is detected by visible Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The inconsistency in the results from the above three techniques suggests that the anatase phase of TiO2 at the surface region can remain at relatively higher calcination temperatures than that in the bulk during the phase transformation. The TEM results show that small particles agglomerate into big particles when the TiO2 sample is calcined at elevated temperatures and the agglomeration of the TiO2 particles is along with the phase transformation from anatase to rutile. It is suggested that the rutile phase starts to form at the interfaces between the anatase particles in the agglomerated TiO2 particles; namely, the anatase phase in the inner region of the agglomerated TiO2 particles turns out to change into the rutile phase more easily than that in the outer surface region of the agglomerated TiO2 particles. When the anatase particles of TiO2 are covered with highly dispersed La2O3, the phase transformation in both the bulk and surface regions is significantly retarded, owing to avoiding direct contact of the anatase particles and occupying the surface defect sites of the anatase particles by La2O3.