基于瞬态光栅频率分辨光学开关法测量飞秒脉冲的研究

超宽光谱的飞秒脉冲测量一直是超快激光领域的重要研究方向之一.常规的飞秒脉冲自相关方法是通过测量自相关倍频信号来获得,而倍频信号具有波长选择性,不同中心波长的飞秒脉冲测量需要更换不同的倍频晶体,十分不方便.因此,提出了一种改进型的瞬态光栅频率分辨光学开关(TG-FROG)方法用于测量飞秒脉冲.该方法结合四波混频和频率分辨光学开关方法,其基本过程是将待测脉冲分为三束,其中两束脉冲经过精密的延时控制并聚焦在光学介质上达到时空重合,利用三阶非线性效应产生稳定的瞬态光栅作为开关光;另一束脉冲作为探测光与产生的瞬态光栅进行相互作用产生一个信号光,使用光谱仪对该信号光的光谱与延迟时间进行测量,并通过反演迭代算法处理而获取待测飞秒脉冲的光谱与电场信息.该方法只需要待测光的功率密度达到三阶非线性效应就可以实现测量,因此可以应用于任意中心波长的飞秒脉冲测量.利用该方法对中心波长分别为800 nm, 400 nm的飞秒脉冲,以及超连续亚10 fs的周期量级超宽光谱飞秒脉冲进行了测量,并与常规的干涉自相关仪器测量结果进行了比较,所得测量结果基本一致.实验结果表明,建立的基于TG-FROG方法对不同中心波长,不同脉冲宽度的飞秒脉冲测量是十分有效的.     

基于单模光纤的交叉相位调制型频率分辨光学开关超短脉冲测量

利用单模光纤中的光弹效应和交叉相位调制(XPM)效应,提出了一种频率分辨光学开关法测量超短脉冲的新方案.在本方案中,单模光纤的前一部分产生可变延迟,后一部分作为非线性介质产生非线性效应.该方案只需一根单模光纤,无须复杂的光路校准,结构简单,损耗低;光纤中的XPM效应易发生,无须相位匹配.对提出的方案进行了数值模拟,采用基于矩阵的主元素广义投影算法,恢复出待测脉冲的幅度和相位信息,并研究了光纤长度和待测超短脉冲的脉冲宽度对测量结果的影响.结果表明:测量准确度随着光纤长度的增加而提高,选取长度为2 km的光纤,就可以实现对超短脉冲的准确测量;本文方案适用于脉冲宽度不小于80 fs的超短光脉冲的测量.     

大口径KDP晶体折射率非均匀性检测

KDP晶体的折射率不均匀性将导致光束的空间分布存在不同程度的相位失配,从而使得三倍频系统的转换效率下降。为了得到KDP晶体折射率非均匀性的高精度检测结果,基于正交偏振干涉法,采用ZYGO MST大口径干涉仪,测量得到了大口径KDP晶体折射率非均匀性分布,其测量精度达到10-7,并通过实验研究了晶体面形对测量结果的影响。对晶体e光折射率非均匀性的高精度检测,为大口径晶体材料生长工艺、加工工艺等改进和提高提供了定量的检测依据。     

波前扰动产生空间暗光孤子及孤子演化的实验研究

报道实验上观测到用波前扰动的空间光暗孤子的产生及演化规律，实验测量表明，首先，产生的空间暗孤子的空间轮廓是双曲正割型的函数，这与逆散射理论上的空间暗孤子解是一致的其次，观测了空间暗光孤子在自散焦介质中的演化过程，实验结果与非线性薛定谔方程计算机数值模拟的结果是一致的，结果表明，空间暗光子随着光束传输过程逐渐演化并在演化过程中逐渐形成了多个孤子对；最后，测量了不同细丝宽度，非线性系数与光强子空间暗孤     

激光三角测量中物面反射光斑重心偏移的修正

在进行激光(单)三角测量时,投影光束轴线的偏摆或投影光束在物面反射率不均匀处反射光斑重心的偏移会造成物面轮廓高度的测量误差。提出了采用双三角光路修正投影光束轴线偏摆和投影反射光斑重心偏移的方法,推导了修正公式;通过对物面反射率突变处轮廓高度的测量实验,验证了修正方法及公式的正确性;对灰度条模板表面轮廓进行双三角测量,轮廓高度均方根偏差小于0.07 mm。     

高阶贝塞尔脉冲光束通过色散光阑透镜的传输特性

研究了高阶贝塞尔脉冲光束通过色散光阑透镜的光谱和时间空间特性.结果表明:脉冲光束在几何焦面上会出现光谱开关,透镜色散使产生光谱开关的临界位置向z轴移动;透镜一阶色散使几何焦面上峰值光强减小,并使脉冲波形产生显著时间移动和展宽,而二阶和高阶色散的影响较小.此外,光束阶数n和空间参量α也会影响横向光强分布.     

高阶贝塞尔脉冲光束通过色散光阑透镜的传输特性*

研究了高阶贝塞尔脉冲光束通过色散光阑透镜的光谱和时间空间特性.结果表明:脉冲光束在几何焦面上会出现光谱开关,透镜色散使产生光谱开关的临界位置向z轴移动|透镜一阶色散使几何焦面上峰值光强减小,并使脉冲波形产生显著时间移动和展宽,而二阶和高阶色散的影响较小.此外,光束阶数n和空间参量α也会影响横向光强分布.     

光锥角对窄带滤光片透射率的影响及补偿方法

全介质膜窄带滤光片因具有优良的光学性能、较强的工艺性和空间环境适应性被广泛应用于空间多光谱遥感仪器中,但锥光束入射导致的中心波长漂移问题严重影响此类窄带滤光片的光谱选择性能。为了研究光锥角对窄带滤光片透射率特性的影响,设计了非规整型全介质膜窄带滤光片,分析了高斯光束倾斜入射窄带滤光片导致透射率的变化,建立了非均匀照度下锥光束正入射时窄带滤光片等效透射率的求解模型,定量求解了等效透射率及中心波长漂移量,并对理论模型进行了实验验证。结果表明,锥光束正入射对窄带滤光片透射率的影响主要表现为中心波长的蓝移;在镀膜工艺相对稳定的基础上,理论模型的等效透射率预测精度优于中心波长的0.15%。所以,可以使用等效透射率求解模型定量计算锥光束正入射导致窄带滤光片透射率的变化,并利用中心波长漂移量修正后的设计数据指导滤光片镀膜,进而实现窄带滤光片的高精度光谱选择,这为解决介质膜窄带滤光片因锥光束入射导致的中心波长漂移问题提供了新的技术途径。     

飞秒激光脉冲的谐波频率分辨光学开关法测量研究

建立了一台谐波频率分辨光学开关法(FROG)飞秒脉冲测量装置，利用该装置进行了掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光脉冲的测量研究.在二次谐波自相关测得的时域和频域信号基础上，结合对信号光强度分布的计算机迭代处理，得到了有关飞秒激光电场、光谱及其相位的信息，所得脉宽与干涉测量的结果基本一致. 关键词： 频率分辨光学开关法(FROG) 迭代计算 飞秒激光 自相关     

基于同心环带型渐变衰减片高斯光束匀化研究

中心波长为1064nm的激光光束,经准直扩束光学系统后,其光强仍呈类高斯分布。为了对其进行整形匀化研究,根据光阑法与激光光强分布曲线设计一种渐变衰减片,衰减片结构由若干遮光环与透光环组成,对激光光束进行物理遮拦,达到了降低该激光能量不均匀性的目的。利用MATLAB计算各遮光环带的半径,利用Zemax模拟衰减片作用于激光时的非相干辐照度结果,仿真结果表明,衰减片能够降低激光的能量不均匀性。在改进的扩束系统中加入衰减片,测得激光能量不均匀性为9.31%。测量结果表明,基于光阑法设计的同心环带型渐变衰减片对降低激光能量不均匀性有效,具有一定的工程参考意义。     

Numerical analysis of spatial distortions in a single-grating chirped pulse amplification system

A numerical study of spatial distortions of a laser beam after propagation through an optical single-grating chirp pulse amplification (CPA) system was developed. This study is based on numerical simulation using the ray-tracing model from Rayica module of MATHEMATICA and it relates the behavior of the aberrated beam in terms of spatial distortions (eg. spatial chirp and pulse front tilt) in case of grating incident angle variation. The results are relevant for different applications which use CPA systems with needs of high quality laser beam profile.     

Versatile single-shot background-free pulse duration measurement technique,for pulses of subnanosecond to picosecond duration

An extension of the noncollinear second-harmonic generation technique for pulse autocorrelation measurements is described. A diffraction grating is used to produce a tailored, expanded beam, with a differential time delay along its expanded axis. When this beam is combined with an inverted replica of itself at the frequency-doubling crystal, the monitored spatial profile of the generated second-harmonic beam gives directly the duration of the incident laser pulse. A time resolution of better than 1 ps is obtained at 500 nm, and a total measurement range of∼80 ps. The optical system here described enables the extension of the measurement range in a simple manner.     

Pulse collapse and blue-shifted enhanced supercontinuumin photonic crystal fiber

The blue-shifted supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber pumped by high peak power femtosecond pulses with wavelength located in the anomalous dispersion region is investigated experimentally and numerically. The formation of a blue-shifted enhanced supercontinuum due to the pulse collapse is demonstrated. The process of the pulse collapse is measured by using the grating-eliminated no-nonsense observation of ultrafast incident laser light e-fields technique (GRENOUILLE). Numerical simulations in spectral and temporal domains are conducted. The data from numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. Our experimental results and numerical simulations show that the pulse collapse is the determining factor in the generation of blue-shifted supercontinuum.     

Pulse collapse and blue-shifted enhanced supercontinuum in a photonic crystal fiber

The blue-shifted supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber pumped by high peak power femtosecond pulses with a wavelength located in the anomalous dispersion region is investigated experimentally and numerically.The formation of a blue-shifted enhanced supercontinuum due to the pulse collapse is demonstrated.The process of the pulse collapse is measured by using the grating-eliminated no-nonsense observation of ultrafast incident laser light e-fields technique(GRENOUILLE).Numerical simulations in spectral and temporal domains are conducted.The data from the numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results.Our experimental results and numerical simulations show that pulse collapse is the determining factor in the generation of a blue-shifted supercontinuum.     

Simultaneous determination of the spatial profile of the laser beam and vibrational-to-translational relaxation time by pulsed photoacoustics

Measuring the vibrational-to-translational relaxation time τ_V-T in gases is one of the applications of pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy. Unfortunately, the spatial profile of the laser beam can significantly influence the accuracy of these measurements. Namely, minor changes in the spatial profile of the laser beam cause significant errors in the τ_V-T measuring. We present a method for simultaneous determination of the spatial profile of the laser beam and vibrational-to-translational relaxation time. It is based on the temporal shape of the photoacoustic pulse and utilizes a mathematical algorithm developed for photoacoustic tomography. PACS 39.30.+w; 82.80.Kq; 07.57.Ty     

Propagation of a filamentary femtosecond laser beam with high intensities at an air-solid interface

The propagation of a filamentary laser beam at an air-glass surface is studied by setting the incident angle satisfying the total reflection condition. The images of the trajectory of the filamentary laser beam inside the sample and the output far-field spatial profiles are measured with varying incident laser pulse energies. Different from the general total reflection, a transmitted laser beam is detected along the propagation direction of the incident laser beam. The energy ratio of the transmitted laser beam depends on the pulse energies of the incident laser beam. The background energy reservoir surrounding the filament core can break the law of total reflection at the air-glass surface, resulting in the regeneration of the transmitted laser beam.     

Time varyingM 2 inQ-switched lasers

Numerical simulations of the pulse build up in aQ-switched laser reveal a considerable change in the beam spatial profile during the pulse evolution, on a nanosecond time scale. Such changes were measured experimentally, and the measured temporal evolution of the beam profile is shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical results. The time evolution of the spatial profile translates into an evolution of the beam quality parameterM ²; for typical experimental conditions, in a Nd:YAG laser utilizing a variable-reflectivity mirror resonator,M ² is very close to a value of 1 at the beginning of the pulse, and increases smoothly throughout the pulse to reach a value of approximately 2 at the pulse trailing edge.     

热图法测量激光强度时空分布的重构理论研究

为了把量热法应用于远场激光强度时空分布测量,研究了基于热像仪靶面温度测量反演入射激光强度时空分布的重构理论。针对背光面两种不同边界条件(对流-辐射热流边界和恒定温度边界)推导出了由靶面温度分布反演激光束时空分布的重构表达式。获得的分析表达式对广泛的材料具有适用性。通过引入广义参量F0=α/L2,分别就F0》1和F0《1情况给出了重构近似表达式,并对满足F0》1条件的回推算法进行了数值模拟验证。数值结果表明,两种背光面边界条件下回推得到的激光束时空分布与原始激光束达到了很好的一致,但存在一与靶材傅里叶数相关的最小起始回推时间τ0。成果可用于强激光远场参量测量设备的研制。     

Measurement of sensitivities for the thermal recording of laser beams

A simple technique for determining the energy sensitivities for the thermographic recording of laser beams is described. The principle behind this technique is that, if a laser beam with a known spatial distribution such as a Gaussian profile is used for imaging, the radius of the thermal image formed depends uniquely on the intensity of the impinging beam. Thus by measuring the radii of the images produced for different incident beam intensities the minimum intensity necessary (that is, the threshold) for thermographic imaging is found. The diameter of the laser beam can also be found from this measurement. A simple analysis based on the temperature distribution in the laser heated material shows that there is an inverse square root dependence on pulse duration or period of exposure for the energy fluence of the laser beam required, both for the threshold and the subsequent increase in the size of the recording. It has also been shown that except for low intensity, long duration exposure on very low conductivity materials, heat losses are not very significant.     

展宽压缩器的谱透过率对短脉冲时间特性的影响

为了考察短脉冲激光装置中展宽压缩器的谱透过率对输出脉冲时间特性的影响,通过解析推导得到了激光脉冲通过平行光栅对的谱透过率表达式。结果表明:谱透过率不仅与光栅尺寸及光栅线密度有关,还与光束口径、入射角、光栅间距等参数有关;通常情况下展宽器的截止带通较小,对脉冲的信噪比有较大的影响;而压缩器中由于光束口径很大,有很宽的渐变透过率带通,对压缩后的脉宽及信噪比有利。目前常见的短脉冲激光系统中,限制输出脉冲信噪比的往往是展宽器而非压缩器。