滤纸在实验中的妙用

滤纸的表面有无数小孔可供液体粒子通过,而体积较大的固体粒子则不能通过。这种性质容许混合在一起的液态及固态物质分离。因此,滤纸是化学实验中常见的用于过滤的一种工具。近年来,随着“微型实验”、“绿色化学”等环保的实验教学方法、理念的提出,滤纸也常被用来作为实验的载体(实验是在滤纸上进行的)。     

国产滤纸应用于固体基质室温燐光法可行性的考察

本文首次考察了国产滤纸应用于固体表面室温燐光法(SS-RTP)的可行性。研究了国产滤纸的RTP背景,温度及重原子对滤纸RTP背景的影响,观察了滤纸经用DTPA和二氧六圜化学处理后背景值的降低情况,以及在应用国产滤纸作基质潮定吩噻嗪的研究中对方法精密度的影响。还与Whatman №41及S & S两种国外滤纸产品做了比较。实验表明,国产滤纸用于SS-RTP技术是可行的。     

关于骨炭吸色的实验

在高初中化学教学里,都有“炭”这一节,老师们教这一节课时,都会演示骨炭吸色的演示,一般老师的做法都是在石蕊溶液里加入骨炭,振荡後加热,然後用滤纸过滤,这样做,不错,可以得到无色的液体,我觉得这样做还有些欠妥的地方,同学们曾这样怀疑石蕊色素和骨炭的黑色同被滤纸滤去了。所以我做这一演示,是先把石蕊液用滤纸过滤,结果滤纸不能滤去色素,然後再依上法加入骨炭後过滤,结果得     

滤纸上的氧化还原反应实验

在中学化学实验教学中,一般用试管实验验证元素及其化合物的性质.该方法实验现象明显,操作简单,但试剂用量大导致实验成本高并加重了环境污染.广大的化学教育工作者提出了"点滴板实验"、" 微型实验" 等简单、高效、环保的新方法[1~6] .笔者以氧化还原反应为例,介绍了一种类似的新方法——滤纸实验（以滤纸为载体,在滤纸上即可完成的实验）.该方法不仅操作简单,实验现象明显,而且环保、经济.     

X-射线荧光光谱滤纸片法测定食油中的磷

本文介绍了用X射线荧光光谱滤纸片法测定食油中磷的方法。这种方法制样简单,植物油不经过任何化学处理就可直接测定,分析速度快,测量数据可靠,结果令人满意。     

超疏水滤纸的制备与应用

对SiO2纳米粒子进行硅烷化改性,再将其修饰到滤纸上,制备出静态水接触角＞150°的超疏水滤纸,对制备条件进行了优化。 用热重分析及扫描电子显微镜对超疏水滤纸表征后发现,二氧化硅纳米粒子在滤纸纤维表面形成一层包裹层,即纳米级粗糙结构,这种结构对滤纸的疏水性具有关键作用。 对滤纸的油水分离性能进行了研究,发现其对非均相体系和高粘度油水混合物具有很好的分离效果。     

小晶粒转化为大晶粒的热力学本质

在实验室里,我们常用过滤的方法来分离沉淀和溶液,但如果沉淀的晶粒细小,以致能穿过滤纸,这时操作就比较困难。为便于过滤,通常采取静置的方法,使小晶粒转化为大晶粒后再过滤,这是化学工作者熟知的。     

国产滤纸室温燐光背景的考察和降低背景方法的研究

固体基质室温燐光法(SS-RTP)的检出限依赖于固体基质的RTP背景的高低。本文考察了七种国产滤纸在重原子存在时和不存在时的RTP背景。研究了各种降低滤纸背景的处理方法。研究结果表明,采用NaOH、β-环糊精、EDTA、乙醇和丙酮浸泡或煮沸滤纸,都能不同程度的降低滤纸背景,最大降低率为88％。KI、NaAc、Pb(Ac)_2、TlNO_3和Cscl等重原子可使滤纸背景有较大幅度的增强,而经处理的滤纸,RTP背景较未处理滤纸背景降低一倍以上,最大可降低94.5％。用NaOH溶液处理滤纸,不仅能有效地降低背景,而且能提高分析物的RTP信号。研究表明纤维素伴生物质——木素,可能是产生燐光背景的杂质之一。     

两则有机化学实验的微型化设计

笔者认为全日制普通高级中学(必修加选修)<化学>第二册(人民教育出版社2003年8月第1版),关于"淀粉的水解"和"纤维素的水解"演示和学生分组实验存在一些不足.如滤纸容易炭化或没能掌握好水解时间,结果很容易使实验失败或者成功也很费时等等.     

用内渗水滤纸上点滴反应开展中学化学实验

内渗水滤纸是一种表层由疏水毛细管(滤纸毛细管壁被一层疏水材料覆盖、并且有疏水作用的毛细管)组成而内层仍有滤纸毛细管(以下分别简称疏水表层和内层)的特制滤纸。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。