等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

纺锤体形LiFePO4锂离子电池正极材料的制备与性能

采用低温溶剂热法合成了LiFePO₄, 并通过热处理方法制备出LiFePO₄/C锂离子电池复合正极材料. 利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱以及恒电流充放电测试等方法对样品进行结构表征和充放电性能测试. 结果表明: 采用丙三醇(甘油)为溶剂, 低温条件下(120 °C)合成的LiFePO₄具有橄榄石型晶体结构, 呈纺锤体形貌, 且具有粒径分布均匀的特点. 热处理后制备的LiFePO₄/C复合正极材料仍呈纺锤体形貌, 且表现出了优良的充放电性能. 室温下以0.1C倍率恒流充放电, LiFePO₄/C的首次放电比容量达到147.2 mAh·g^-1, 50次循环后放电比容量仍然保持在136.3 mAh·g^-1. 当倍率为0.2C、0.5C和1C时, 样品的平均放电比容量分别在130、120和108 mAh·g^-1左右.     

固相-碳热还原法制备高密度LiFePO4/C复合材料及其电化学性能

以无机Fe2O3和有机柠檬酸铁(FeC6H5O7·5H2O)两种价廉的三价铁化合物为铁源, 利用柠檬酸铁中的柠檬酸根为碳源和还原剂, 通过固相-碳热还原法成功制备了高密度LiFePO4/C复合材料. 采用热重与差示扫描量热法研究了反应历程, 并利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪、振实密度测试仪和恒流充放电技术对材料的微观结构和物理化学性能进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 在700 ℃下焙烧制备的材料结晶良好、粒径大小适中, 具有优良的电化学性能和较高的振实密度. 该材料在17 mA·g-1电流密度下充放电可以得到129 mAh·g-1的首次放电比容量, 20周循环后比容量基本无衰减. 其晶粒由纳米颗粒和微米颗粒组成, 呈多峰的粒径分布, 振实密度达1.41 g·cm-3.     

Characterization and Electrochemical Performance of ZnO Modified LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

To improve the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode materials, the ZnO modified LiFePO4/C cathode materials are synthesized by a two-step process including solid state synthesis method and precipitation method. The structures and compositions of ZnO modified LiFePO4/C cathode materials are characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, which indicates that the existence of ZnOhas little or no effect on the crystal structure, particles size and morphology of LiFePO4. The electrochemical performances are also characterized and analyzed with charge-discharge test, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the existence of ZnO improves the specific capability and lithium ion diffusion rate of LiFePO4 cathode materials and reduces the charge transfer resistance of cell, and the one with 3 wt% ZnO exhibits the best electrochemical performance.     

机械活化辅助多元醇法合成锂离子正极材料LiFePO4

以LiH2PO4和还原铁粉为原料,通过机械液相活化法获得了棒状形貌的[Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O+Li3PO4]前驱体,然后在三甘醇(TEG)介质中采用多元醇工艺制备了LiFePO4材料.为提高其电导率,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为碳源,对纯相LiFePO4进行碳包覆改性.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、恒电流充放电和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等测试方法对制备的材料进行了表征.结果表明:采用机械活化辅助多元醇法可在低温下合成结晶良好的LiFePO4,碳包覆改性的LiFePO4/C材料导电性能得到改善,电荷转移阻抗减小,1C、2C倍率下放电容比量分别为139.8、129.5mAh·g-1,具有良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性.     

掺杂Mo的LiFePO4正极材料的电化学性能

通过固相法以(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O为钼源, 在氮气气氛下合成出掺杂Mo的LiFePO4正极材料. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)和正电子湮没进行结构表征, 通过不同放电倍率研究掺Mo的LiFePO4电化学性能. 结果表明, 掺Mo的LiFePO4呈橄榄石结构, Mo6+同时占据着Fe位及Li位, 提高了LiFePO4的电导率, 1C放电可逆容量为141 mAh·g-1, 表现出良好的电化学性能.     

大功率LiFePO4/C复合材料的简易合成

本文采用碳热还原法,以廉价的FeCl3.6H2O、LiOH.H2O和NH4H2PO4为原料,以淀粉为还原剂和碳源,经600℃烧结制备了LiFePO4/C复合材料,方法重现性好且易规模化生产.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)测试材料结构,观察材料形貌.结果表明,经600℃烧结10 h所得产物具有纯相的橄榄石型晶体结构,良好的结晶性和规整的球状形貌,粒径为60～100 nm.包覆LiFePO4晶粒的碳层厚度为2 nm左右,碳含量为5%(by mass).材料的振实密度高达1.3 g·cm-3,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量为162 mAh·g-1,在0.5C、1C、2C、5C和10C倍率下首次放电比容量分别为143、135、127、116和105 mAh·g-1,10C倍率下500周期循环,其比容量仍有81 mAh·g-1.     

快离子导体Li3V2(PO4)3包覆LiFePO4的结构和性能

通过机械活化将快离子导体Li3 V2(PO4)3包覆在LiFePO4 表面, 制备了性能优异的复合正极材料9LiFePO4@Li3 V2(PO4)3. 用XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS和电化学测试等手段研究了材料的物理化学性能. 结果表明, 包覆后的材料含有橄榄石结构的LiFePO4、单斜晶系的Li3 V2(PO4)3 和正交晶系的Li3 PO4; LiFePO4颗粒表面包覆了一层Li3 V2(PO4)3, 且部分V3+进入LiFePO4晶格内部, 使其晶格参数减小, 包覆后的LiFePO4的交换电流密度和锂离子扩散系数均提高了1个数量级. 电化学测试结果表明, 包覆后的LiFePO4的倍率性能及循环性能都得到显著改善, 在1C和2C倍率下, 包覆后的LiFePO4的首次放电比容量较包覆前分别提高了34.09%和78.97%, 经150次循环后容量保持率分别提高了27.77%和65.54%; 并且5C时容量为121.379 mA·h/g(包覆前LiFePO4在5C下几乎没有容量), 循环350次后的容量保持率高达94.03%.     

Cu~(2+)掺杂LiFePO_4的制备及其电化学性能

应用固相反应法合成LiFePO4及掺杂Cu2+的LiFePO4,以XRD、XPS表征样品的结构及Fe存在的价态.发现掺杂少量的Cu2+未能改变LiFePO4材料的结构特征以及Fe2+的化学状态,但是Cu2+的掺杂使得LiFePO4材料的晶胞体积变小.充放电测试结果表明少量Cu2+的掺杂能显著地提高LiFePO4材料的大倍率输出能力,LiCu0.02Fe0.98PO4,其1C放电容量可达130 mAh/g以上,较掺杂前提高了20%左右.     

一种新碳源包覆的LiFePO4/C正极材料的合成及性能

以富含植物蛋白的豆浆作为碳源, 以FePO₄·4H₂O和LiOH·H₂O为原料, 采用流变相方法合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO₄/C. X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的表征结果显示, 样品具有良好的结晶性能, 平均粒径约200 nm, 颗粒表面有均匀网络状的碳包覆. 充放电循环研究结果表明: LiFePO₄/C具有稳定的电化学循环性能, LiFePO₄/C正极材料在0.1C倍率下首次放电比容量达到156 mAh·g^-1, 首次充放电效率达到98.7%; 循环40次后, 放电比容量为149 mAh·g^-1, 电池容量保持率在95%以上, 1C倍率下首次放电比容量达到134.7 mAh·g^-1, 显示出较高的电化学容量和优良的循环稳定性.     

LiFePO4的合成及其热分析动力学

在惰性气氛下, 以Li2CO3、FeC2O4·2H2O和NH4H2PO4为原料, 用高温固相方法合成了橄榄石型LiFePO4材料. 利用不同升温速率的热重及差热分析研究了固相合成LiFePO4的反应动力学. 研究表明, LiFePO4的高温固相合成过程可分为三个步骤, 利用Doyle-Ozawa法和Kissinger法分别计算了各个反应阶段的表观活化能. 用Kissinger法确定每个反应阶段的反应级数和频率因子, 并给出了各个阶段的动力学方程. 根据动力学研究的结果, 采用优化的固相 分段法合成了碳包覆改性的LiFePO4正极材料. 利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及恒流充放电对材料进行了物性表征及性能测试. 结果表明, 该材料具有单一的橄榄石结构, 颗粒尺寸细小均匀, 0.1C倍率放电时表现出良好的电化学性能.