Chemical constituents and antioxidant and biological activities of the essential oil from leaves of Solanum spirale

The essential oil of the leaves Solanium spirale Roxb. was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed for the first time using GC and GC-MS. Thirty-nine constituents were identified, constituting 73.36% of the total chromatographical oil components. (E)-Phytol (48.10%), n-hexadecanoic acid (7.34%), beta-selinene (3.67%), alpha-selinene (2.74%), octadecanoic acid (2.12%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (2.00%) were the major components of this oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated by using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The oil exhibited week antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 41.89 mg/mL. The essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 43.0 microg/mL and 21.5 microg/mL, respectively. It also showed significant cytotoxicity against KB (oral cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and NCI-H187 (small cell lung cancer) with the IC50 values of 26.42, 19.69, and 24.02 microg/mL, respectively.     

Chemical constituents in the leaves of Vateria indica

Comprehensive re-investigation of the chemical constituents in the leaves of Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae) resulted in the isolation of a novel resveratrol dimeric dimer having a C(2)-symmetric structure, vateriaphenol F (1), and two new O-glucosides of resveratrol oligomers, vateriosides A (2) (resveratrol dimer) and B (4) (resveratrol tetramer), along with a new natural compound (3) and 33 known compounds including 26 resveratrol derivatives. The absolute structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including two dimensional NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectra.     

Chemical constituents from the leaves of Psidium guajava

Five constituents including one new pentacyclic triterpenoid guajanoic acid (1) and four known compounds beta-sitosterol (2), uvaol (3), oleanolic acid (4), and ursolic acid (5) have been isolated from the leaves of Psidium guajava. The new constituent 1 has been characterized as 3beta-p-E-coumaroyloxy-2alpha-methoxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid through 2D NMR techniques and chemical transformations. This is the first report of isolation of compound 3 from the genus Psidium.     

Chemical constituents from the leaves of Melia azedarach

Six compounds, benzyl 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxybenzoate (1), spathulenol (2), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-2-naphtaldehyde (3), quercetin (4), astragalin (5) and 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl β-D-glucoside (6), were isolated from the leaves of Melia azedarach L. The structure elucidation of compound 1 was discussed in detail based on its 2D-NMR data. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity against the cell lines of T-24, NCI-H460, HepG2, SMMC-7721, CNE, MDA-MB-231 and B16F10 with the inhibition rates from 10.01% to 34.05% at the concentration of 80?μM.     

Chemical structures and hepatoprotective effects of constituents from the leaves of Salacia chinensis

The methanolic extract from the leaves of Salacia chinensis collected in Thailand was found to show a protective effect on D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. From the methanolic extract, eight new glycosides, named foliachinenosides E, F, G, H, and I, and foliasalaciosides J, K and L, were isolated together with 26 known constituents. The structures of new glycosides were determined on the basis of physicochemical and chemical evidence. In addition, the hepatoprotective effects of the isolated compounds on D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity were examined. Among them, lignans, eleutheroside E? and 7R,8S-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, were found to show the protective effects [inhibition (%) 41.4 ± 3.6 (p < 0.01), 45.5 ± 2.7 (p < 0.01) at 100 μM, respectively].     

Chemical constituents and biological activities from branches of Colubrina asiatica

Sixteen compounds were isolated from a Thai medicinal plant, Colubrina asiatica. The isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods (IR, 1D and 2D NMR) as six triterpene acids (1–6), five steroids (7–11), one benzoic acid derivative (12), two peptides (13 and 14), one sesquiterpenoid (15) and one jujubogenin (16). Compounds 3 and 10 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Compound 5 showed antimycobacterial activity. Moreover, compounds 3, 5, 6, 10 and 14 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. Compounds 1–15 have been isolated for the first time from this plant.     

Chemical constituents and biological activity of Chinese medicinal herb 'Xihuangcao'

The application of Isodon species in Chinese folk medicine has a long histroy, especially the ones called 'Xihuangcao' in Chinese. 'Xihuangcao' has been successfully applied to treat acute hepatitis, cholecystitis, enteritis, dysentery and trauma. The original species of 'Xihuangcao' is Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don). However, there are five sources of Chinese medicinal herb 'Xihuangcao' due to their similar morphology and close pharmaceutical activity. Each source belongs to Isodon. However, their chemical composition and bioactivities are significantly different. In order to differentiate these sources of 'Xihuangcao' and to know their pharmaceutical effects, this review summarizes the chemical constituents, bioactive properties of 'Xihuangcao' and their available application.     

Chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Linaria (Scrophulariaceae)

This is a review on 95 references dealing with the genus Linaria (Scrophularioideae-Antirrhineae tribe), a known genus of the Scrophulariaceae family, which comprises about 200 species mainly distributed in Europe, Asia and North Africa. The use of some Linaria species in folk medicine has attracted the attention for chemical and biological studies. This report is aimed to be a comprehensive overview on the isolated or identified known and often new metabolites from the 41 Linaria species so far cited. It is organised presenting first the phytochemical classes of alkaloids, polyphenols including flavonoids, the latter being quite diffused and mostly present as flavones, flavonols and their glycosides, and terpenoids including iridoids and steroids. Second, the results from biological investigation on plant extracts, pure natural products isolated from Linaria species and some synthetic derivatives are reported, with antitumour, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, antioxidant and antibacterial activities.     

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Dianthus elegans var. elegans

Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Dianthus elegans var. elegans afforded two previously undescribed saponins, named dianosides M-N (1–2), together with four oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides (3–6). Their structures were elucidated as 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-16α-hydroxyolean-12-ene-23α, 28β-dioic acid (1) and 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl 16α-hydroxyolean-12-ene-23α-oic acid, 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glycosyl ester (2) by chemical and extensive spectroscopic methods including IR, 1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS. Both of the saponins were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against HEK-293, A-549 and HeLa human cancer cells using the MTT method. All compounds showed no substantial cytotoxic activity against tested cell lines. However, dianosides M-N and the n-butanol fraction exhibited considerable haemolysis in human erythrocyte cells. The immunomodulatory properties of dianosides M-N were also evaluated in activated whole blood cells by PMA plus ionomycin. Dianosides M-N increased IL-1β concentration significantly whereas the n-butanol fraction slightly augmented IL-1β secretion. All compounds did not change IL-2 and IFN-γ levels considerably.     

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri

Three new compounds (1–3) and seven known compounds (4–10) have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri using bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as methyl (2-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)acetate (1), methyl (2R-3-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)glycerate (2), methyl (3R-4-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy-3-hydroxy)butanoate (3), bridelionoside B (4), (6S,7E,9R)-roseoside (5), linarionoside A (6), 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6-dodecadien-3,10,11-triol (7), (+)-8-hydroxylinalool (8), β-sitosterol (9) and daucosterol (10). The structures of 1–3, including absolute configurations, were determined by spectroscopic data (¹H and ¹³C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and ORD) and chemical methods. In addition, compounds 1–8 were assayed for their insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited moderately insecticidal effects against Mythimna separata with LD₅₀ values of 180 and 230 μg g^?1, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 7 and 8 showed varying antimicrobial activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 125 to 529 μM.     

Chemical and biological analyses of the essential oils and main constituents of Piper species

The essential oils obtained from leaves of Piper duckei and Piper demeraranum by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main constituents found in P. demeraranum oil were limonene (19.3%) and β-elemene (33.1%) and in P. duckei oil the major components found were germacrene D (14.7%) and trans-caryophyllene (27.1%). P. demeraranum and P. duckei oils exhibited biological activity, with IC(50) values between 15 to 76 μg mL(-1) against two Leishmania species, P. duckei oil being the most active. The cytotoxicity of the essential oils on mice peritoneal macrophage cells was insignificant, compared with the toxicity of pentamidine. The main mono- and sesquiterpene, limonene (IC(50) = 278 μM) and caryophyllene (IC(50) = 96 μM), were tested against the strains of Leishmania amazonensis, and the IC(50) values of these compounds were lower than those found for the essential oils of the Piper species. The HET-CAM test was used to evaluate the irritation potential of these oils as topical products, showing that these oils can be used as auxiliary medication in cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with less side effects and lower costs.     

Chemical constituents,Antibacterial and Acetylcholine esterase inhibitory activity of Cupressus macrocarpa leaves

Abstract

The chemical constituents of Cupressus macrocarpa were investigated. A new neolignan glycoside (1) in addition to nine known compounds were isolated. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of different fractions and isolates of C. macrocarpa were evaluated. The light petroleum fraction showed the highest activity in both assays with IC₅₀ value of 88.79 µg/ml and 152.58 µg/ml for the AChE inhibitory activity and MRSA antibacterial activities, respectively. Weak to moderate activity were detected for the isolated compounds.     

Chemical constituents from leaves and trunk bark of Rinorea oblongifolia (Violaceae)

Abstract

Two new coruleoellagic acid derivatives, 3,4′,5,5′,-tetramethylcoruleoellagic acid (1); 3′,4,4′,5,5′-pentamethylcoruleoellagic acid (2) and a new friedelane-type triterpene derivative rinol (5), were isolated from leaves and trunk bark of Rinorea oblongifolia (Violaceae) along with seven known compounds including 3,3′,4,4′,5′-pentamethylcoruleoellagic acid (3), hexamethylcoruleoellagic acid (4), 28-hydroxyfriedelin (6), friedelin (7), friedelan-3-ol (8), scopoletin (9) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods including IR, 1D and 2D NMR in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Crude extracts of leaves and trunk bark as well as compounds 1–4 were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against 7 pathogenic bacterial strains (Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC49619, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Klepsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Haemophilus influenza ATCC 49247, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa HM601, Staphylococcus aureus BAA 977). Compound (3) displayed noteworthy activity against Haemophilus influenza with MIC value of 9.38?µg/mL.