ENERGY-REGULATED FUNCTIONAL TRANSITIONS OF CHLOROPLAST ATPASE

The functional transitions of the membrane-bound chloroplast ATPase (CF₁) as influenced by low ADP and uncoupler concentrations are investigated by measurements of initial and steady-state ATP hyrolysis and concomitant membrane energization. Following activation of latent ATP hydrolysis by light in the presence of dithioerythritol, the resulting steady-state ATP hydrolysis depends on the dark-period ( t _d) bteween light activation and ATP addition. ADP, added during t _d, inhibits this activity ( K _i about 2 μ M ) and induces a lag in the onset of ATP hydrolysis. The extent of membrane energization as monitored by an aminoacridine fluorescent probe is proportional to the ATPase activity.
An uncoupler amplifies the inhibitory effect of ADP if added during f _d, whereas it induces the normal stimulation of ATP hydrolysis in the absence of ADP. The ADP effect, which is different from product inhibition, is interpreted as a conformational interaction with CF₁ causing an increase of the energy threshold required for the inactive → active transition of the CF₁ molecules. These results are in harmony with currently proposed models of CF₁ regulation by adenine nucleotides based on binding studies.
The inactive → active transition of CF₁ conformation is investigated by analysis of the lag in the onset of ATP hydrolysis at different ADP concentrations and by means of varied light pulses and single-turnover flashes, using the electric potential indicating absorption change at 515 nm as a probe for the onset of ATP hydrolysis. The half-time of the process leading to fully (re)activated ATP hydrolysis is about 0.25 s. The ATP-dependent flash-induced inactive → active transition occurs within a few turnovers of electron flow.     

Two-photon fluorescent probe for cadmium imaging in cells

A novel two-photon excited fluorescent probe for cadmium (named as TPCd) was designed and synthesized utilizing a prodan (6-acetyl-2-methoxynaphthalene) derivative as the two-photon fluorophore and an o-phenylenediamine derivative as the Cd(2+) chelator, which possessed favorable photophysical properties and good water-solubility. The probe was designed with a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism and thus was weakly fluorescent itself. After binding with Cd(2+) which blocked the PET process, the fluorescence intensity of the probe was enhanced by up to 15-fold under one-photon excitation (OPE) and 27-fold under two-photon excitation (TPE), respectively. The two-photon action cross-section (Φδ) of the TPCd-Cd complex at 740 nm reached 109 GM compared to 3.6 GM for free TPCd, indicating the promising prospect of the probe in two-photon application. TPCd chelated Cd(2+) with 1 : 1 stoichiometry, and the apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) was 6.1 × 10(-5) M for the one-photon mode and 7.2 × 10(-5) M for the two-photon mode. The probe responded to Cd(2+) over a wide linear range from 0.1 to 30 μM with a detection limit of 0.04 μM. High selectivity of the probe towards Cd(2+) was acquired in Tris-HCl/sodium phosphate buffer. The probe was pH-independent in the biologically relevant pH range and non-toxic to living cells at reasonable concentration levels, warranting its in vivo applications. Through two-photon microscopy imaging, the probe was successfully applied to detect Cd(2+) uptake in living HepG2 cells.     

A cholic acid-based fluorescent chemosenor for the detection of ATP

A novel ditopic cholic acid-based fluorescent chemosensor for ATP, 1a, was designed and synthesized. Its interactions with phosphates, AMP, ADP, ATP, CTP, GTP, and TTP have been investigated. When ATP was added to a 1:1 aqueous CH3CN solution of the sensor at pH 7.4, a significant decrease in fluorescence of 1a was observed, whereas other guest molecules showed a much smaller effect. The complex between 1a and ATP was confirmed through combined UV, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopic methods. The uniqueness of the new sensor is that it binds with ATP 33-124 times more selectively than other nucleotides, as evidenced from the respective binding constants. 1a is a highly sensitive sensing probe; as little as 30 nM ATP can cause 15% fluorescence quenching of the sensor.     

用于细胞核成像的2,7-BHVC双光子荧光探针

分别合成了2,7-双(1-羟乙基-4-乙烯基吡啶) 咔唑碘盐(2,7-BHVC)与3,6-BHVC, 进行了荧光性能和细胞核成像测试, 结果表明, 2,7位的Ф×δ是3,6位的2.8~3.6倍, 染色实验也证实了2,7-BHVC有特定成像细胞核的能力.     

双氰基二苯代乙烯型双光子荧光汞离子探针

分别以双氰基二苯代乙烯(DCS)和双[2-(2-羟乙基硫基)乙基]氨(HSA)为双光子荧光团和汞离子受体,合成了双光子荧光汞离子探针(DHg),并对其结构进行了分析.实验结果表明,DHg在甲苯、乙腈和水中的荧光量子产率(Φ)分别为0.78,0.42和0.20,对汞离子的络合常数通过单、双光子荧光滴定分别拟合为lg K=5.47±0.02和lg K=5.34±0.02.DHg在水溶液中对汞离子具有优良的选择性和高的灵敏性,可用于中性环境中汞离子的检测.DHg的双光子吸收截面(δTPA)在水溶液中高达840 GM,可用于细胞中汞离子的检测与成像.     

A two-photon fluorescent probe with a large turn-on signal for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living tissues

A two-photon fluorescence turn-on H₂S probe GCTPOC–H₂S based on a two-photon platform with a large cross-section, GCTPOC, and a sensitive H₂S recognition site, dinitrophenyl ether was constructed. The probe GCTPOC–H₂S exhibits desirable properties such as high sensitivity, high selectivity, functioning well at physiological pH and low cytotoxicity. In particular, the probe shows a 120-fold enhancement in the presence of Na₂S (500 μM), which is larger than the reported two-photon fluorescent H₂S probes. The large fluorescence enhancement of the two-photon probe GCTPOC–H₂S renders it attractive for imaging H₂S in living tissues with deep tissue penetration. Significantly, we have demonstrated that the probe GCTPOC–H₂S is suitable for fluorescence imaging of H₂S in living tissues with deep penetration by using two-photon microscopy. The further application of the two-photon probe for the investigation of biological functions and pathological roles of H₂S in living systems is under progress.     

Magnesium ion selective two-photon fluorescent probe based on a benzo[h]chromene derivative for in vivo imaging

A novel, two-photon probe for the detection of free Mg2+ ions in living cells and live tissues has been developed. The probe can be excited by 880 nm laser photons, emits strong two-photon excited fluorescence in response to Mg2+ ions, can be easily loaded into the cell and tissue, shows high photostability, and can measure the Mg2+ ion concentration without interference by Ca2+ ions in living cells. The intracellular dissociation constant (Kdi) for Mg2+ determined by the two-photon process is 2.5 mM, which is suitable for dynamic Mg2+ concentration measurement. In addition, the probe is capable of imaging endogenous stores of free Mg2+ at a few hundred micrometers depth in live tissues using two-photon microscopy (TPM).     

Interaction of homogeneous mitochondrial ATPase from rat liver with adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate.

Mitochondrial ATPase from rat liver mitochondria contains multiple nucleotide binding sites. At low concentrations ADP binds with high affinity (1 mole/mole ATPase, KD = 1-2 muM). At high concentrations, ADP inhibits ATP hydrolysis presumably by competing with ATP for the active site (KI = 240-300 muM). As isolated, mitochondrial ATPase contains between 0.6 and 2.5 moles ATP/mole ATPase. This "tightly bound" ATP can be removed by repeated precipitations with ammonium sulfate without altering hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. However, the ATP-depleted enzyme must be redissolved in high concentrations of phosphate to retain activity. AMP-PNP (adenylyl imidodiphosphate) replaces tightly bound ATP removed from the enzyme and inhibits ATP hydrolysis. AMP-PNP has little effect on high affinity binding of ADP. Kinetics studies of ATP hydrolysis reveal hyperbolic velocity vs. ATP plots, provided assays are done in bicarbonate buffer or buffers containing high concentrations of phosphate. Taken together, these studies indicate that sites on the enzyme not directly associated with ATP hydrolysis bind ATP or ADP, and that in the absence of bound nucleotide, Pi can maintain the active form of the enzyme.     

Ratiometric Detection of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in Water and Real‐Time Monitoring of Apyrase Activity with a Tripodal Zinc Complex

Two tripodal fluorescent probes Zn?L^{1 , 2} have been synthesised, and their anion‐binding capabilities were examined by using fluorescence spectroscopy. Probe Zn?L¹ allows the selective and ratiometric detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at physiological pH, even in the presence of several competing anions, such as ADP, phosphate and bicarbonate. The probe was applied to the real‐time monitoring of the apyrase‐catalysed hydrolysis of ATP, in a medium that mimics an extracellular fluid.     

Nucleopeptide Assemblies Selectively Sequester ATP in Cancer Cells to Increase the Efficacy of Doxorubicin

Herein, we report that assemblies of nucleopeptides selectively sequester ATP in complex conditions (for example, serum and cytosol). We developed assemblies of nucleopeptides that selectively sequester ATP over ADP. Counteracting enzymes interconvert ATP and ADP to modulate the nanostructures formed by the nucleopeptides and the nucleotides. The nucleopeptides, sequestering ATP effectively in cells, slow down efflux pumps in multidrug‐resistant cancer cells, thus boosting the efficacy of doxorubicin, an anticancer drug. Investigation of 11 nucleopeptides (including d ‐ and l ‐enantiomers) yields five more nucleopeptides that differentiate ATP and ADP through either precipitation or gelation. As the first example of assemblies of nucleopeptides that interact with ATP and disrupt intracellular ATP dynamics, this work illustrates the use of supramolecular assemblies to interact with small and essential biological molecules for controlling cell behavior.     

Ratiometric detection of mitochondrial thiols with a two-photon fluorescent probe

We report a ratiometric two-photon probe (SSH-Mito) for mitochondrial thiols. This probe shows a marked blue-to-yellow emission color change in response to RSH, a significant two-photon cross section, good mitochondrial thiol selectivity, low cytotoxicity, and insensitivity to pH over the biologically relevant pH range, allowing the direct visualization of RSH levels in live cells as well as in living tissues at 90-190 μm depth without interference from other biologically relevant species through the use of two-photon microscopy.     

Molecular two-photon sensor for metal ions derived from bis(2-pyridyl)amine

A molecular two-photon sensor for the metal ions derived from bis(2-pyridyl)amine as the receptor is reported. The sensor emits strong two-photon fluorescence when excited by 780 nm laser photons. Moreover, the binding constants measured by the one- and two-photon fluorescence are similar. This result may be useful for the design of efficient two-photon fluorescence probe for biological substrates.     

Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) Based Two-photon Fluorescent Probe for Bisulfite with Bioimaging Applications

Abstract

A two-photon fluorescent probe has been adopted for bisulfite based on an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. The fluorescence intensity of the probe decreased by 837 fold following treatment with HSO₃^? and the detection limit was 42?nM. This probe showed excellent properties such as high photostability, good two-photon properties, and large Stokes shifts. More importantly, this approach offers a rapid, highly selective, and sensitive method to determine HSO₃^? in buffer solutions and real samples. Furthermore, the probe was successfully used for two-photon fluorescence visualization of trace SO₂ derivatives in biological systems.     

Two-photon fluorescent turn-on probe for lipid rafts in live cell and tissue

We report a new two-photon fluorescence turn-on probe 6-[(E)-3-oxo-1-dodecenyl]-2-[N-methyl-N-(carboxymethyl)amino]naphthalene (CL2) that is designed specifically for visualizing lipid rafts in living cells and tissues. This probe emits much brighter two-photon excited fluorescence in lipid rafts than in non-raft domains and allows direct visualization of the lipid rafts in the live cells and pyramidal neuron layer of the CA1 region at a depth of 100-250 mum in live tissues using two-photon microscopy.     

A novel quinoline-based two-photon fluorescent probe for detecting Cd2+ in vitro and in vivo

A new two-photon fluorescent Cd(2+) probe APQ is developed by introducing a N(1),N(1)-dimethyl-N(2)-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine binding group and a 4-methoxyphenylvinyl conjugation-enhancing group to the 2- and 6-positions of quinoline. This probe shows a large red shift and good emission enhancement under Cd(2+) binding. It also exhibits a high ion selectivity for Cd(2+) (especially over Zn(2+)) and a large two-photon absorption cross section at 710 nm. Two-photon microscopy imaging studies reveal that the new probe is non-toxic and cell-permeable and can be used to detect intracellular Cd(2+) under two-photon excitation.     

Nucleotides Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Myosin by DSC,TMDSC and EPR

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR, ST-EPR) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) were used in conventional and temperature modulated mode to study internal motions and energetics of myosin in skeletal muscle fibres in different states of the actomyosin ATPase cycle. Psoas muscle fibres from rabbit were spin-labelled with an isothiocyanate-based probe molecule at the reactive sulfhydryl site (Cys-707) of the catalytic domain of myosin. In the presence of nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP⋅PNP) and ATP or ADP plus orthovanadate, the conventional EPR spectra showed changes in the ordering of the probe molecules in fibres. In MgADP state a new distribution appeared; ATP plus orthovanadate increased the orientational disorder of myosin heads, a random population of spin labels was superimposed on the ADP-like spectrum. In the complex DSC pattern, higher transition referred to the head region of myosin. The enthalpy of the thermal unfolding depended on the nucleotides, the conversion from a strongly attached state of myosin to actin to a weakly binding state was accompanied with an increase of the transition temperature which was due to the change of the affinity of nucleotide binding to myosin. This was more pronounced in TMDSC mode, indicating that the strong-binding state and rigor state differ energetically from each other. The different transition temperatures indicated alterations in the internal microstructure of myosin head region The monoton decreasing TMDSC heat capacities show that C _p of biological samples should not be temperature independent. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effects of ADP on reverse electron flow and the oxygen exchange reactions catalyzed by bovine heart muscle submitochondrial particles.

1,N6-Ethenoadenosine diphosphate (epsilon-ADP) inhibits reverse electron flow (succinate leads to NAD+ driven by ATP) by competing with ATP, in contrast to ADP which we have shown previously to be a noncompetitive inhibitor. From these and other data it is concluded that the noncompetitive inhibition noted with ADP results from a combination of competitive inhibition plus non- or uncompetitive inhibition, the former occurring at a relatively nonspecific catalytic site and the latter at an extracatalytic site apparently quite specific for ADP. ADP, which stimulates ATP in equilibrium H2O and Pi in equilibrium H2O exchanges appears to be necessary for inhibition by arsenate of these exchanges. It is suggested that the ATP-supported Pi in equilibrium H2O exchange may be predominantly of the medium or intermediate type, depending on the concentrations of the Mg2+ complexes of ADP and Pi. Thus only exchanges involving medium ADP and Pi would be expected to show arsenate sensitivity.     

Dicyanostilbene-derived two-photon fluorescence probe for free zinc ions in live cells and tissues with a large two-photon action cross section

A novel two-photon fluorescence probe for Zn(2+) derived from dicyanostilbene as a two-photon fluorophore and 4-(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)piperazine as a novel Zn(2+) ligand was developed. The probe shows a 72.5-fold fluorescence enhancement in response to Zn(2+), a large two-photon action cross-section (580 GM), a noncytotoxic effect, and pH insensitivity in the biologically relevant range, and its dissociation constant (K(d)(TP)) is 0.52 ± 0.01 μM. The probe can selectively detect free Zn(2+) ions in live cells for 1500 s or so and in living tissues at a depth of 80-150 μm without interference from other metal ions and the membrane-bound probes.     

铜绿微囊藻中磷酸腺苷的提取及分析

比较了酸提取、有机溶剂提取、MgSO4水溶液加热提取以及MgSO4水溶液加热超声波提取4种方式对磷酸腺苷(ATP、ADP和AMP)的提取效果,确定以MgSO4水溶液加热超声波提取效果最佳。采用MgSO4加热超声波提取时,2 mL提取液对ATP、ADP和AMP的提取效果较好。将ATP、ADP和AMP的混合标准溶液放于沸水浴中保温时,随着保温时间的延长,对ATP和AMP的影响较大,而对ADP的影响相对较小。实验结果证明,以MgSO4水溶液为提取液,用100℃加热10 min后,在超声波细胞粉碎机中超声破碎10 min的提取效率最高,既简单又无毒。用反相高效液相色谱等强度洗脱分离与紫外检测分析藻细胞中的ATP、ADP和AMP的含量,在较短的时间内(10 min)实现了较好的分离,分析准确而快速,是一较好的定性和定量分析方法。ATP、ADP和AMP的回收率分别为88%~97%、103%~107%和109%~115%,均在80%~120%之间,并且标准偏差和相对标准偏差均小于10%,证实了可以用加热超声波破碎提取,HPLC分析ATP、ADP和AMP的方法来提取和分析藻细胞中的ATP、ADP和AMP。     

布朗动力学理论模拟动态肌动蛋白纤维的增长

肌动蛋白的聚合耦合三磷酸腺酐(ATP)分子水解成二磷酸腺苷(ADP)分子和磷酸(Pi)的释放两个过程. 因此, 肌动蛋白纤维上的原聚体存在三种不同状态, 即分别结合ATP, ADP/Pi和ADP分子. 原聚体的不同状态导致纤维具有不同的空间图谱, 这些状态的空间分布将影响纤维的各种行为. 为此,建立了相应的分子模型,在布朗动力学模拟中实现了遵循时间演化的连续马尔可夫随机过程的解聚和水解反应; 重点阐述了如何实现纤维两端的聚合和解聚达到化学平衡的方法, 并系统研究了纤维在结合ATP分子的肌动蛋白单体溶液中的增长行为.