"疾风吹飞帆，倏忽南与北"—— 帆船航行的力学诗趣

简要介绍了中国传统船帆的常见类型与制作材料,通过对帆船航行时的受力分析,解释了中 国古代诗词中所描述的``帆去如鸟翅'、``欹帆侧柁'、``疾风吹飞帆,倏忽南与北'等力 学现象,并对李白诗句``千里江陵一日还'的可信性问题进行了讨论.     

浅议科学上的"有所为、有所不为"

近期从相关期刊获得一个信息：我国科技规划的制定或决策将“要有所为、有所不为”作为“科技”的“战略思想”或“指导方针”之一．由于国家级“规划”的权威性，地方科技规划的指导方针也随同之．日前读到《北京市科技发展重点领域指南(2005—2008)》就是一例：“按照‘突破重点，有所为有所不为’的原则，优选出涉及信息……”。     

逆风行舟扬帆转舵

本文从环流理论出发,通过帆与风的受力分析,阐明为什么在顶风、偏顶风情况下,能使船得以前进.     

国内外惯导用中型精密离心机"鸟笼"的发展现状比较分析

详细介绍了国内外(中、美、俄)惯导用中型精密离心机“鸟笼”的发展现状,在此基础上,对我国现阶段研制的“鸟笼”与美国的两代“鸟笼”进行了比较分析,认为我国“鸟笼”现阶段的研制处于国际先进水平。     

帆船运动的力学原理

从帆和船体的流体动力性能出发，讨论了帆船运动的力学原理和提高帆船运动水平的若干途径。     

帆船运动的力学原理

从帆和船体的流体动力性能出发，讨论了帆船运动的力学原理和提高帆船运动水平的若干途径。     

厚钢板焊缝断裂试样疲劳裂纹预制的"高K比法"

提出了预制厚钢板焊缝断裂韧度试样疲劳裂纹的“高K比法”。用“高K比法”预制疲劳裂纹,不需要对焊缝试样进行局部韧带压缩或反向弯曲等预处理,简化了焊接接头断裂韧度试验方法,而且此法不改变原焊缝残余应力,所得到的焊缝断裂韧度值更准确,有效地解决了厚钢板焊接接头韧度评定技术的关键问题。“高K比法”可以缩短断裂韧度试验所需的时间、减少备用试样、节约人力物力。介绍了“高K比法”的试验原理、试验方法、工程应用和意义。     

力学系列课程进行"课程设计"实施方案

从多方面探讨了力学系列课程进行“课程设计”的实施办法，该办法具有可操作性．     

"孤立子"激光器

近廾年来,超短脉冲(USPS)是物理学领域的一项重要课题,最近已能产生短至12fs(=12×10~(-15)秒)的激光脉冲.产生短脉冲的第一步技术被称为“Q-开关”技术,它能获得10—15毫微秒范围的脉冲,其第二步是“锁     

"神舟4号"飞船搭载微重力流体物理实验获得圆满成功

由中国科学院力学研究所胡文瑞院士和解京昌研究员领导的研究小组承担的“微重力液滴热毛细迁移实验”项目,利用自行研制的“通用流体实验装置”,于2002年12月30日搭载“神舟4号”飞船,圆满完成了各项预定空间实验任务.对飞船下传数据和图像的初步分析表明,实验装置全部工作正常,实验获得了圆满成功,可望得到有价值的学术成果,并在相关理论研究中取得突破.此次空间实验的成功,显示了科学家和工程师的完美结合,标志着力学所在“两弹一箭”后重返空间技术领域,再铸辉煌!     

Force Action of a Body with a Permeable Boundary on a Wall in a Fluid

The ideal fluid flow due to fluid penetration through the boundary of an infinitely long solid cylinder in contact with a solid wall is determined. A formula is derived according to which the force exerted by a finite-length part of the cylinder on the wall is directed into the wall and can thus have an arbitrarily large absolute value. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 82–84, January–February, 2006.     

On a Paradox in the Motion of a Rigid Particle along a Wall in a Fluid

The results of an experimental investigation of spherical particles with different surface roughnesses rolling under their own weight down an inclined pipe wall in a Newtonian fluid at low Reynolds numbers, both with (friction should be taken into account) and without contact with the wall, are presented. It is shown that a fixed particle moves differently in different fluids with similar viscosities and densities. This fact, as well as the possibility of particle motion without contact with the wall, cannot be explained within the framework of the usual hydrodynamic theories. An example is the dependence of the particle motion on the static pressure.     

Simulation by a source of a thin jet from a body

An exact analytic solution is found to the following plane hydrodynamic problem. An unbounded flow of an ideal incompressible fluid flows around a plate BB' placed at right angles to the velocity vector of the flow at infinity. The pressure on the free boundary P is equal to the pressure in the flow. From an opening in the center of the plate, a jet with flow rate Q from a cavity with pressure P₀ encounters the flow head-on. As a result of the solution, it is found that for fixed width of the opening the values of Q allowed by the scheme are limited. In the limiting case Q = 0 Chaplygin's flow is obtained with stagnation region at the front [1], and in the limiting case Q = Q_max a jet out of a cavity with pressure P₀ into a cavity with pressure P. As Q varies in this interval, the total drag, regarded as the drag of the plate and the chamber from which the jet emerges, takes a minimal value at a certain point. If the width of the opening tends to the length of the slab, the problem of the collision of two jets is obtained; if the width of the opening tends to zero (Q o), the problem of jet flow past a slab with a source is obtained. It is shown that the replacement of the jet by the source gives a good approximation in both the sense of the force characteristics and in the sense of the behavior of the free streamlines.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Hekhanika Shidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 47–54, September–October, 1979.We thank L. I. Sedov for his interest in the work and G. Yu. Stepanov for proposing the method of solution and for a helpful discussion.     

Unsteady-state filtration of a liquid in a fractured-porous stratum to a well with a hemispherical end-face

A study is made of the motion of a liquid toward a well with a hemispherical end-face with unsteady-state spherical-radial filtration in a fractured-porous stratum consisting of hemispherical regions with different values of the permeability of the system of cracks, superposed one on another. A Laplace transform is used to find exact solutions to the problem of the lowering of the stratum pressure as a function of time and distance as well as of the output of a well working with a constant end-face pressure. The article discusses partial cases corresponding to the exploitation of closed and bounded open fractured-porous strata by a central well with a hemispherical end-face. On the basis of numerical calculations, the effect of the parameters of fractured-porous strata on the change in the indices of the process of their exploitation is established. It is established that, with the exploitation of fractured-porous strata, the process of the lowering of the end-face pressure of the well and its output become stabilized with sufficiently large values of the time.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 115–123, November–December, 1973.     

Torsion problems for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack

Using the method of singular integral equation and the crack-cutting technique, the rigorous solutions are obtained for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack, which exactly satisfy the boundary conditions and the conditions at the corner points. After that the torsional rigidities and the stress intensity factors at the crack tip are determined. Next, for the doubly connected circular cylinder with a rectangular hole the expressions for the singular stresses around the concave corner points are derived and the generalized stress intensity factors are then defined. Since the crack-cutting technique is used in this paper, the solution of the matching rectangular cylinder is also obtained and its numerical results coincide with those in references. Thus the method proposed here is verified. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Interaction of a cylinder with a free surface and a jet

The problem of the asymmetric flow around a cylinder of a nonviscous jet is considered and, in particular, of flow with one free boundary. The problem of the choice of circulation is posed, based on a generalization of the Zhukovskii-Chaplygin postulate. Several possibilities are considered and the principle of the minimum of the maximum velocity on a contour is proposed, which qualitatively and quantitatively truly reflects certain aspects of the interaction of the cylinder with the flow.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 50–58, September–October, 1977.