FURTHER STUDIES ON THE KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE COPPER-IMIDAZOLE CATALYSED DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Abstract

The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of the tetrakis(imidazole)copper(II) complex was investigated. The kinetics, based on the rates of oxygen evolution, indicated that a ternary copper(I1)-imidazole-peroxo complex is involved in the rate-determining step. The equilibrium constant for the coordination of hydrogen peroxide to the cupric ion, and the acid dissociation constant for the coordinated H202 ligand were calculated as 1.7 M¹ and 2.1 × 10⁹ M, respectively. The ternary complex undergoes intramolecular electron transfer, with k = 4 s¹, generating Cu(1) species which can react with hydrogen peroxide or dioxygen, returning to the catalytic cycle. A complete mechanism is proposed, based on the kinetics of oxygen and on the electrocatalytic behdviour observed for the copperimidazole complexes under a dioxygen atmosphere.     

Dawson结构钨钒磷杂多化合物催化苯酚过氧化氢的羟化作用及其羟化机理

合成了系列Ｄａｗｓｏｎ结构钨钒磷杂多化合物（Ｃｐｙｒ）７＋ｎＰ２Ｗ１８－ｎＶｎＯ６２（ｎ＝１～３），并用ＩＲ，ＮＭＲ等手段对其结构进行了表征．考察了这类杂多化合物对苯酚过氧化氢的羟化活性，探讨了反应机理．     

用微量热法研究漆酶和过氧化氢的反应

漆树酶是含铜酶。在酶系统中属于一种选择性较差的氧化酶,它能与许多还原底物作用,同时亦能还原分子氧生成水。在这些反应中漆酶中的三个不同的氧化还原活性中心和其作用途径常常是研究中的主要对象。在无氧条件下,漆酶被底物还原后,可用氧再氧化,实验表明,酶分子中的Cu2~+—Cu~(1+)循环是催化机理的一部分。1970年Farver等人在研究漆树酶与过氧化氢之间的反应时发现,漆树酶与过氧化氢有一种特殊作用,二者会生成一种稳定的具有高亲合力的复合物,该复合物不会被氧再氧化,其反应可用下式表示:式中L-Cu(Ⅱ)表示含二价铜的漆酶分子,二价铜在此反应中起活性中心的作用。本工作中,用微量热法测量了漆树酶与过氧化氢反应的一些热动力学性质。     

硫酸氢铵分解动力学及其分解机理的研究

为了筛选适合的化学贮能系统,Wentworth等人曾提出了十项筛选标准。照此标准衡量,硫酸氢铵的分解-合成反应是一个十分理想的贮能系统: NH_4HSO_4(l)?NH_3(g)+H_2(g)+SO_3(g)Prengle也曾就此反应应用于太阳能电站贮能系统的可行性作过理论上的探讨.但是,有关该反应的基础研究进行的还很不够,特别有关分解动力学和分解机理的研究文献尚未见报导。本文用等温热重法和程序升温热重法对硫酸氢铵的热分解动力学进行了研究,并确定了分解机理,为贮能系统的实际应用提供了基础数据。     

INACTIVATION OF PHAGE BY NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

A series of phage with different genomes (both single-stranded and double-stranded RNA and DNA) was inactivated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in various combinations with far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) radiations. In every case but one (a lipid-coated phage), a sublethal H₂O₂ concentration greatly enhanced killing by NUV but not FUV. Moreover, this NUV/H₂O₂ synergism was oxygen independent and there was little if any host cell reactivation upon NUV plus H₂O₂ inactivation. These results suggest that these phage are inactivated by a common mechanism irrespective of nucleic acid composition, but that some phage genomes may be more vulnerable to NUV/H₂O₂ inactivation than others.     

MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN LUMINOL AND MOLECULAR OXYGEN

Abstract— The oxidation of luminol by molecular oxygen in dimethylsulfoxide was studied by following the intensity of emitted light. The results indicate that the reaction takes place through reversible formation of an oxygen-containing intermediate. The stability constant of this compound has been determined in IDMSO: ethanol (4:1) mixed solvent. The effects of different parameters were investigated and a quantitative relationship established between the intensity of emitted light and the concentrations of the reactants.
New methods for determining (oxygen concentrations in gases and for demonstrating cold light emission are suggested.     

碱性介质中二过碘酸合铜(Ⅲ)配离子氧化乙二醇和丙二醇-1, 2的动力学及机理

本世纪五十年代以来,二过碘酸合铜(Ⅲ)和二过碲酸合铜(Ⅲ)配离子作为氧化剂在糖类、氨基酸。蛋白质、羧酸和醇类等的定量测定中得到了广泛的应用。近期Movius和Murthy等人进行了Cu(Ⅲ)对一元醇、醛等有机物的氧化反应动力学研究。Cu(Ⅲ)处于高价氧化态,这类反应体系又比较复杂,对这类反应体系进一步探讨有一定的意义,因为铜在许多包含有电子转移的生物化学过程中起着重要作用。本文在25℃,碱性介质中就Cu(Ⅲ)对乙二醇和丙二醇-1,2(统称,α-二醇,或α-diol)的氧化反应动力学进行了研究。     

钴(Ⅲ)络合物氧化对苯二胺类化合物的动力学与机理的研究

本文通过监测氧化中间体半醌(S~+)的吸光度变化跟踪反应进程。用初始速率法处理得到了HAc-NaAc介质中Fe(CN)_6~(3-)(Ox′)催化[CO~Ⅲ(NH_3)_5Cl]~(2+)(Ox)氧化CD-4遵循下列动力学方程: d[S~+]/dt=k_(obs).[Ox′]~(0.90)[Ox]~(0.85)认为Fe(CN)_6~(3-)的再生过程是整个反应的决速步骤。估算了决速步的速率常数k(298K)、活化焓△H~(0≠)和活化熵分别为1.92dm~3·mol~(-1)s~(-1)、23.1kcal/mol和20.5cal/mol.K。以TEPPD代替CD-4、以Fe(CN)_6~(4-)代替Fe(CN)_6~(3-)的实验结果支持了所提出的再生机理的合理性。 实验也得到了[Co~Ⅲen_2Cl_2]~+直接氧化CD-4或TEPPD的动力学方程。测定了反应的活化能。认为PPD氧化为半醌是反应的决速步骤。[Co~Ⅲ(NH_3)_6]~(3+)、[Co~Ⅲ(NH_3)_5Cl]~(2+),[CoⅢen_3]~(3+)、[CoⅢen_2Cl_2]~+氧化PPD的实验结果表明,钴(Ⅲ)络合物的取代活性增加,氧化活性亦增加。     

THE GENERATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY THE UVA IRRADIATION OF HUMAN LENS PROTEINS

Abstract— The water-insoluble proteins from aged human lens are known to contain protein-bound chromophores that act as UVA sensitizers. The irradiation of a sonication-solubilized, water-insoluble fraction from human lenses (55–75 years) with UVA light (1.5 kj/cm², λ > 338 nm) caused an oxygen-dependent photolysis of tryptophan, not seen when either α-crystallin or lysozyme were irradiated. The suggested requirement for active oxygen species was consistent with a linear increase in hydrogen peroxide formation, which was also observed. A final concentration of 55 µM H₂O₂ was attained, with no H₂0₂ being detected in either dark-incubated controls or in irradiated samples of native proteins. The UVA-dependent H₂O₂ formation was increased 50% by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and abolished by catalase, arguing for the initial generation of superoxide anion. A linear photolysis of histidine and tryptophan was also seen; however, the addition of SOD or SOD and catalase had no effect on the photolytic destruction of either amino acid. Superoxide dismutase increased the oxidation of protein SH groups implicating H₂O₂, but SOD and catalase caused a decrease in SH oxidation only at later time periods. The direct addition of H₂O₂ to a water-insoluble sonicate supernatant fraction caused only a slight oxidation of SH groups, but this was increased four- to eight-fold when the protein was denatured in 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride. Overall, the data suggest a UVA-dependent oxidation of protein SH groups via H₂O₂ generated within the large protein aggregates of the water-insoluble fraction. These data also provide a mechanism for oxidation of the sulfur-containing amino acids in vivo—a process that is known to accompany the formation of age-onset cataracts.     

过氧化氢氧化罗丹明6G催化荧光法测定铁

基于在高氯酸溶液中痕量铁对过氧化氢氧化罗丹明 6G具有催化作用 ,建立了催化荧光法测定痕量铁的新方法。方法的检出限为 1.4× 10 - 8g·ml- 1,线性范围为 0 .0 2 0 .6 μg·ml- 1。该方法用于人发、面粉中痕量铁的测定 ,结果满意     

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE LIGHT-EMITTING SPECIES IN THE REACTION OF METMYOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Abstract The formation of a compound I type ferryl complex in the reaction of methemoglobin (MetHb) and metmyoglobin (MetMyo) with hydrogen peroxide is accompanied by strong chemiluminescence. An approach to identify the nature of the light-emitting species was made by the use of quenchers and sensitizers reacting with singlet oxygen and compounds interfering in the formation and reactivity of other reactive oxygen species. Singlet oxygen is not the source of light emission. This could be concluded from the results obtained using the specific singlet oxygen trap 9,10-anthracenedipropionic acid (ADPA) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The singlet oxygen adduct of ADPA was not formed in the incubation systems (MetHb or MetMyo/H₂O₂). Instead, ADPA was oxidized by the ferryl ion to a different oxidation product, which was characterized by HPLC and IR spectroscopy. In the case of MetHb-related chemiluminescence, light emission does not result from a single source. Both, SH-groups and O₂^.¯ radicals are involved because blocking of thiol-groups with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and scavenging of O₂^.¯(by superoxide dismutase) suppressed chemiluminescence by 50% and 30%, respectively. Development of MetMyo-related chemiluminescence is not dependent on thiol groups (which are not present in the globin moiety) and also 0₂^.¯is not involved. Although generation of chemiluminescence in MetHb and MetMyo seems to follow different mechanisms, both types of light-emitting species are sensitive to antioxidants, such as uric acid and ascorbate. The detection of the respective free radicals by means of ESR demonstrates that both MetHb- and MetMyo-mediated chemiluminescence is associated with a strong one-electron oxidizing species, which seems to be identical with the light-emitting source itself. Also desferal, which was originally used to exclude the involvement of a Fenton-type reaction, was readily oxidized to the nitroxide free radical associated with a strong decrease of chemiluminescence. This quenching effect was not dependent on iron complexation because the addition of iron was ineffective. In summary, chemiluminescence is not restricted to a single chemical process but is related to different one-electron transfer reactions from globin residues to the oxo-heme center.     

A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR THE OXIDATION OF ERYTHRO-SERIES PENTOSES AND HEXOSES BY N-ARYLBROMOSULPHONAMIDES IN ALKALINE MEDIUM

Kinetic studies of the oxidation of d-mannose, d-glucose, d-fructose, l-arabinose and d-ribose by bromamine-T (sodium N-bromo-p-toluenesulphonamide or BAT) and bromamine-B (sodium N-bromobenzenesulphonamide or BAB) in alkaline medium were investigated at 30°C. The rate of the reaction was first order both with respect to the oxidant and the sugar and second order with respect to [HO^?]. The addition of the reaction product, p-toluenesulphonamide (PTS) or benzenesulphonamide (BSA), and the variation of ionic strength of the medium have no effect on the rate. The rate decreases with decrease in dielectric constant of the medium and values of d_AB, the size of activated complex, were calculated. Proton inventory studies were made in H₂O–D₂O mixtures. The activation parameters of the reaction were computed from Arrhenius plots. HPLC and GLC-MS analysis of the products indicated that the sugars were oxidized to a mixture of aldonic acids consisting of arabinonic, ribonic, erythronic and glyceric acids. A general mechanism consistent with the observed results has been proposed.     

PHOTOINDUCED GENERATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND HYDROXYL RADICALS IN MELANINS

The hydrogen peroxide produced during photolysis of melanin pigments has been measured using an oxidase electrode. The photooxidation has been shown to occur via the superoxide intermediate. In the presence of superoxide dismutase the rate of photo-induced production of hydrogen peroxide is increased, reflecting the ability of melanin to scavenge superoxide radicals. Evidence for metal-ion dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals during photooxidation of melanin pigments was obtained using electron spin resonance-spin trapping procedures. Superoxide dismutase increased the rate of formation of hydroxyl radicals in the system. Mechanisms of metal ion-induced production of hydroxyl radicals during photolysis of melanin pigments are discussed.     

TS-1分子筛催化双氧水氧化环己烷(英文)

系统地研究了ＴＳ－１分子筛催化双氧水氧化环己烷的反应。制备了三种ＴＳ－１分子筛,它们具有窄的粒径分布,在６０℃表现出高的活性和选择性。考察了溶剂、催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、ＴＳ－１中Ｔｉ含量及Ｈ２Ｏ７用量对氧化反应的影响。对具有完好晶型的ＴＳ－１分子筛役有必要进行预处理。最佳反应温度为８０～１１０℃,丙酮为最佳溶剂。环己酮的选择性与ＴＳ－１粒子大小有关,而Ｈ２Ｏ２选择性与ＴＳ－１用量无关。实验结果显示．溶剂在反应中间体的形成中起重要作用,Ｔｉ与丙酮配体的过氧配合物具有活化环己烷的活性。关键词 ＴＳ－１ 环己烷 催化氧化 Ｈ２Ｏ２     

离子交换与微滤膜技术在过氧化氢净化中的应用

采用离子交换树脂吸附工业过氧化氢产品中的有机物及金属离子，再经微滤系统除去过氧化氢产品中不挥发物及细碎树脂颗粒，从而提高过氧化氢产品质量，以满足其在高级丝织物漂白，高级洗涤剂合成，某些化工合成，食品，医药及电子行业的需要。     

聚三氟氯乙烯的热裂解动力学和机理的研究

本文报道在4.1型示差精密热天平上装配了微分单元,组成热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)联用装置用于研究聚三氟氯乙烯在空气中的热裂解动力学过程,并运用几种不同的动力学处理方法所求得的结果来评价各种动力学理论的优缺点和说明聚三氟氯乙烯反应程度在5—95％的整个过程中活化能的变化情况。同时根据裂解程度与能量、裂解速率的关系以及裂解产物结构的鉴定,提出了聚合物无规热裂解机理,解释了迄今文献上所报道的裂解产物的结构。结果还证明了Errede提出的键离解能经验公式不适用于聚三氟氯乙烯的裂解机理。     

KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE THERMOLYSIS OF SULFOXIDES

Abstract

The thermolysis of sulfoxides possessing β-hydrogen atoms is a versatile and mild method to prepare olefins. The reaction is generally accepted to proceed via a concerted mechanism. Accordingly, solvent effects are not large, and appear to be associated with the initial states. The reverse process has been documented for R = t-Bu; MeSOH or PhSOH can also be employed.     

CATALYTIC ACTION AND DESTRUCTION OF PROTOHEMATIN DURING PEROXIDE DEPENDENT LUMINOL CHEMILUMINESCENCE

Abstract— The catalytic action of protohematin was studied during the H₂O₂-dependent chemiluminescent luminol reaction. In spite of the fact that the catalyst was ultimately inactivated, the average protohematin molecule catalyzed the consumption of about 10³ molecules of luminol. The inactivation of catalyst and the initial consumption of luminol were studied during the luminescent reaction with different concentrations of reactants. A scheme accounting for the experimental observations is proposed. The formation of a primary protohematin-H₂O₂ complex is followed by binding of luminol, resulting in a ternary complex. A nucleophilic attack by a second molecule of H₂O₂ on the luminol molecule results in light emission from excited aminophthalate via a hypothetical peroxide adduct. The destruction of protohematin occurs via the attack of H₂O₂ on the porphyrin structure of the protohematin-H₂O₂ complex. Second order rate constants for the destruction of protohematin, the formation of the luminol complex and the nucleophilic attack of H₂O₂ are presented.