甲醇对氨着火特性的影响与动力学分析

利用激波管试验平台测量了氨/甲醇混合气在不同当量比、不同掺混比、高温中低压条件下的着火延迟期。基于试验数据,提出了一个新的组合简化模型(NH₃-M),能够较好地预测氨/甲醇混合气的着火延迟期,基于该模型进行了化学反应动力学分析。结果表明,添加5%(摩尔分数)的甲醇可以使氨/甲醇混合气的着火延迟期缩短60%以上,氨/甲醇混合气着火延迟期的对数和着火温度的倒数均满足线性关系,影响该混合气的着火延迟期主要是OH、O、HO₂、H等小分子自由基,氨和甲醇最初的消耗均从脱氢反应开始,R224:H+O₂=O+OH是敏感度最大的着火促进反应,R466:CH₃OH+NH₂=NH₃+CH₃O和R467:CH₃OH+NH₂=NH₃+CH₂OH并不直接促进着火,而是产生的中间产物进而生成活性物质促进了整个反应的进行。     

原位核磁共振技术研究共催化剂类型以及光照波长对甲醇光催化重整产物的影响

本文采用原位核磁共振的方法研究了在真实固-液环境中共催化剂类型以及光照波长对甲醇光催化重整产物及光解水产氢产率的影响.结果发现,不同贵金属担载的锐钛矿型二氧化钛催化剂对甲醇光催化重整产物的产量和产率有着不同程度的影响,但是对其动力学特征影响不大.光照波长对甲醇光催化重整产物的产量也影响较大.通过对比甲醇氧化产率与产氢产率,发现共催化剂的种类对光催化反应速率及氧化还原能力起重要作用,且共催化剂的种类会影响体系氧化和还原能力之间的协同性.     

锐钛矿相TiO2(101)表面对有机分子不同官能团微观吸附的机制

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)严重危害了生态环境和人体健康,因此对具有典型官能团的VOCs气体进行灵敏检测具有重要意义.文章研究了具有典型官能团的VOCs气体C₂H₂、C₂H₄、HCOOH、CH₃OH、HCHO和CH₃COCH₃分子在锐钛矿相TiO₂(101)表面吸附的传感特性.结果表明：具有氧空位缺陷的表面对极性分子吸附时,偶极矩越大,吸附体系越稳定;对非极性分子吸附时,C原子成键饱和程度越低,吸附体系越稳定.分析发现,差分电荷密度和电荷布局体现出偶极矩大小和C原子成键饱和程度对气体分子得失电子能力的影响.对于极性分子,气体分子官能团中O原子得到电子的能力为OCH₃COCH₃>OHCHO>OCH₃OH>OHCOOH;对于非极性分子,官能团中C原子得到电子的能力为CC₂H₂>CC     

原位核磁共振技术研究反应环境对光催化甲醇重整过程的影响

本文利用原位核磁共振技术,系统研究了在真实反应体系中反应环境（气氛、压强、气体量等）对甲醇光催化重整反应产物的影响.发现不同气氛对甲醇光催化重整的反应产物有着不同的抑制作用,而环境压强及气体量对于甲醇光催化重整反应产物产率的影响较小.在此基础上,本文进一步讨论了气体在催化剂表面的吸附方式和环境气氛影响甲醇光催化重整反应产物的机理.     

乙醚团簇的激光电离质谱及从头计算

应用激光多光子电离质谱与超声脉冲分子束技术研究了乙醚团簇，实验中观测到乙醚的碎片离子以及强度较小的(E)H⁺，(E)^＋₂和(E)₂H⁺(E代表CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃)，没有发现更大尺寸的团簇离子.结合从头计算理论，在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p 关键词： 乙醚团簇 偶极-偶极相互作用 从头计算     

CH3NH3I在制备CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Clx钙钛矿太阳能电池中的作用

利用具有钙钛矿结构的有机-无机杂化卤化物制备的太阳能电池, 由于具有溶液可加工性和高光电转换效率, 受到了广泛关注. 在目前报道的最高光电转换效率的器件中, 采用了CH₃NH₃PbI_(3-x)Cl_x碘氯混合钙钛矿作为吸光层, 据报道在这种材料中光电子的扩散长度可以超过1 μm. 本文综述了在CH₃NH₃PbI_(3-x)Cl_x方面现有的研究工作, 指出了薄膜制备条件的重要性, 并研究了CH₃NH₃I在PbCl₂/CH₃NH₃I热解法制备CH₃NH₃PbI_(3-x)Cl_x吸光层中的作用. 扫描电子显微镜研究表明CH₃NH₃I加入量为PbCl₂的2倍到2.75倍时, CH₃NH₃I加入量的增加可以提高CH₃NH₃PbI_(3-x)Cl_x吸光层的覆盖度和结晶度, CH₃NH₃I加入量进一步增加到3倍时, 形貌变化不大. X射线光电子能谱的数据证实了CH₃NH₃I加入量对覆盖度的影响, 并显示在CH₃NH₃I加入量大于PbCl₂的2.5倍以后, CH₃NH₃PbI_(3-x)Cl_x中氯的掺入量急剧下降. 光电测试表明器件性能随CH₃NH₃I加入量增加而增加, 在CH₃NH₃I/PbCl₂为3/1时达到最高, 加入量略小于3/1对性能影响不大.     

GaAs(100)表面硫钝化的新方法:CH3CSNH2/NH4OH处理

建立了一种硫钝化GaAs(100)表面的新方法,即CH₃CSNH₂/NH₄OH溶液处理,应用同步辐射光电子能谱(SRPES)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征了该钝化液处理的n-GaAs(100)表面的成键,特性和电子态.结果表明,经过处理的n-GaAs(100)表面,S既与As成键也与Ga成键,形成S与GaAs的新界面,并且Ga和As的氧化物被移走,这标志着CH₃CSNH₂/NH_{4关键词：}     

SrSnO3纳米粒子的制备及其光催化性能

以硝酸锶[Sr（NO₃）₂]和结晶四氯化锡（SnCI₄·5H₂O）为原料,有机碱四甲基氢氧化铵[N（CH₃）₄OH]为矿化剂,采用共沉淀法制备SrSnO₃纳米粒子。用XRD和IR对样品的物相和结构进行表征,并研究了对亚甲基蓝废水的光催化降解性能。结果表明:用该法在500℃煅烧1h时制备的纯立方相SrSnO₃纳米晶粒在可见光照下具有良好的光催化性能。催化剂浓度为60mg/L,反应时间为100min时,降解率可达94%。     

原位核磁共振技术研究光催化甲醇重整过程中甲醇与水的相互作用

本文利用原位液体核磁共振技术对真实固液体系光催化甲醇重整过程中水与甲醇之间的相互作用进行了系统性研究,证实了甲醇+水体系中氢键及质子交换相互作用的存在,并且发现催化剂的种类（包括不同晶型,以及同一晶型、不同形貌的TiO₂）、体系温度、光照反应条件都会影响甲醇与水之间的相互作用,进而影响到甲醇重整的效率．这表明催化剂及温度的合适选择对于提升甲醇重整效率起到非常重要的作用．     

N-取代酰胺-二苯酮体系光化夺氢反应活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用自由基捕捉剂2,3,5,6-四甲基亚硝基苯(ND)及苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化物(PBN)与ESR相结合的方法研究了十二种取代酰胺RC₆H₄NHC(0)CH₃(R-CH₃、Cl、Br、H、NO₂)、C₆H₅N(R)C(0)CH₃(R=CH₃、C₂H₅)及HC(0)NR₂(R-CH₃、C₂H₅)与二苯酮光化夺氢反应中的活泼自由基。结果表明: 1.对于RC₆H₄NHC(0)CH₃,二苯酮夺取氮上H形成R-C₆H₄NC(0)CH₃自由基。 2.对C₆H₅N(R)C(0)CH₃及HC(O)NR₂,二苯酮夺取与羰基相连的甲基氢、羰基上氢及与N相连碳上的氢分别形成 C₆H₅N(R)C(0)CH₂、C(0)NR₂、C₆H₅N(CHR')C(0)CH₃及。     

LIF diagnostics of hydroxyl radical in a methanol containing atmospheric-pressure plasma jet

In this paper, a pulsed-dc CH_3OH/Ar plasma jet generated at atmospheric pressure is studied by laser-induced fluorescence(LIF) and optical emission spectroscopy(OES). A gas–liquid bubbler system is proposed to introduce the methanol vapor into the argon gas, and the CH3OH/Ar volume ratio is kept constant at about 0.1%. Discharge occurs in a 6-mm needle-to-ring gap in an atmospheric-pressure CH_3OH/Ar mixture. The space-resolved distributions of OH LIF inside and outside the nozzle exhibit distinctly different behaviors. And, different production mechanisms of OH radicals in the needle-to-ring discharge gap and afterglow of plasma jet are discussed. Besides, the optical emission lines of carbonaceous species, such as CH, CN, and C_2 radicals, are identified in the CH_3OH/Ar plasma jet. Finally, the influences of operating parameters(applied voltage magnitude, pulse frequency, pulsewidth) on the OH radical density are also presented and analyzed.     

基于核磁共振技术探讨有机硅电解质物化特性

有机硅化合物是电解质材料研究的热点之一,其物理化学特性是衡量电池性能的重要参数.本文采用多种核磁共振（NMR）技术（包括¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、DOSY、⁷Li NMR、¹⁹F NMR）对有机硅化合物CN（CH₂）₂SiCH₃（OCH₂CH₂OCH₃）₂（BNS）的结构,电解液（LiPF₆/BNS）的溶剂化效应、扩散系数和热稳定性四个方面进行了分析评价,发现BNS和LiPF₆之间具有溶剂化效应;BNS的氰基（CN）和醚键（-O-）基团可与Li⁺形成络合物,且氰基配位能力优于醚键,络合键的形成促进了LiPF₆的离解和扩散,同时也提高了LiPF₆/BNS的热稳定性,证明高温下LiPF₆的分解是电解液失败的主要原因.该研究为开发新型电解质化合物及促进其性能提升提供了理论依据.     

Solid-state NMR studies of the adsorption and photooxidation of ethanol on mixed TiO2--SnO2 photocatalysts

In situ solid-state NMR methodologies have been used to investigate the photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) over a series of SnO₂-based photocatalysts. The adsorption of ethanol on commercially available SnO₂ powder was studied using both cross-polarization ¹³C NMR and REDOR experiments, and showed the formation of two surface ethanol species, hydrogen-bonded ethanol at surface hydroxyl groups and ethanol chemisorbed to the SnO₂ surface (Sn–OCH₂CH₃). ¹³C NMR of the adsorbed ethanol was used to characterize the surface of monolayer SnO₂–TiO₂ coupled photocatalysts supported on porous Vycor glass. In situ solid-state NMR studies showed that the photooxidation of ethanol over the monolayer photocatalysts was slower than that over a supported TiO₂ monolayer photocatalyst due to the build-up of reaction intermediates such as acetic acid on the catalyst surface. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR experiments characterized the tin species on the porous Vycor glass support.     

Tensile properties of structural I clathrate hydrates: Role of guest–host hydrogen bonding ability

Clathrate hydrates (CHs) are one of the most promising molecular structures in applications of gas capture and storage, and gas separations. Fundamental knowledge of mechanical characteristics of CHs is of crucial importance for assessing gas storage and separations at cold conditions, as well as understanding their stability and formation mechanisms. Here, the tensile mechanical properties of structural I CHs encapsulating a variety of guest species (CH₄, NH₃, H₂S, CH₂O, CH₃OH, and CH₃SH) that have different abilities to form hydrogen (H-) bonds with water molecule are explored by classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. All investigated CHs are structurally stable clathrate structures. Basic mechanical properties of CHs including tensile limit and Young’s modulus are dominated by the H-bonding ability of host–guest molecules and the guest molecular polarity. CHs containing small CH₄, CH₂O and H₂S guest molecules that possess weak H-bonding ability are mechanically robust clathrate structures and mechanically destabilized via brittle failure on the (1 0 1) plane. However, those entrapping CH₃SH, CH₃OH, and NH₃ that have strong H-bonding ability are mechanically weak molecular structures and mechanically destabilized through ductile failure as a result of gradual global dissociation of clathrate cages.     

IR-FIR Transferred lamb-dip spectroscopy in optically pumped molecular lasers

Pump saturation effects are reported for CH₃ and CH₃F optically pumped molecular lasers. The Lamb-dip of the pumping transition is observed directly in the optoacoustic absorption signal and as a transferred Lamb-dip in the emission of various FIR laser lines (CH₃F 496 μm, CH₃OH 119, 70.5 and 96.5 μm) . The offset of the absorbing transitions and their Stark effect are directly investigated. Results are also reported for the unassigned CH₃OH 164 μm line.     

Computer simulation of a carbon-deposition plasma in CH4

A transport and reaction model of a low-pressure, high-frequency (13.56 MHz) CH₄ plasma used for diamondlike carbon (a-C:H) deposition was developed. The model includes reactions among four molecular species (CH₄, C₂ H₆, C₂H₄, and H₂), five radicals and atom (CH₃, CH₂, CH, C₂H₅, and H), and four ions (CH₄⁺ , CH₃⁺, CH₅⁺, and C ₂H₅⁺). It also accounts for the influence of the sticking coefficient of species at the walls. Calculated values of the dissociation degree for several flow rates are in good agreement with experimental measurements made by quadrupole mass spectroscopy. A simple surface-model based on the hydrogen coverage of surface and ion flux and energy at the substrate surface was established. This model permitted the calculation of the deposition rate on the powered electrode as a function of the power applied to this electrode. Good agreement between experimental and calculated growth rates was obtained when CH₃, C₂H₅, and CH₂ were assumed to participate in film formation, and when hydrogen removal by ion bombardment with variable energy as a function of the power was included in the model     

Lithium insertion behaviour of Li1+xV3O8 prepared by precipitation technique in CH3OH

Li_1+xV₃O₈ (LT-M sample) was obtained by the sol-gel method in CH₃OH. This sample, prepared at 350°C, possessed a smaller grain size and better electrochemical performance than the HT sample prepared by conventional high temperature synthesis. High discharge capacity (372 mAh g⁻¹: x=4.0) and reversible discharge and charge cycles were attained owing to improvement of insertion and extraction kinetics. When heated at 200°C, CH₃OH molecules remained in the compound and crystallinity became lower by lithium insertion over x=2.0. The lithium deintercalation was irreversible.     

1,2-环己二酮基态光解离反应的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论计算研究了1, 2-环己二酮(α-CHD)基态光解离反应的势能面. 通过IRC方法确定了5个主要的反应通道, 相应的产物分别为P₁(c-C₅H₈O+CO), P₂(2C₂H₄+2CO), P₃(CH₂CHCH₂CH₂CHO+CO), P₄(2CH₂CO+C₂H₄)和P₅(CH₃CHCO+CH₂CHCHO). 获得了反应过程中反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构参数. 详细阐述了这些通道的反应过程, 分析了其反应机理, 总结出最优的反应路径为α-CHD→c-C₅H₈O+CO. 理论分析与实验结果相符. 获得的结果为进一步进行与1, 2-环己二酮相关的研究提供有价值的信息.     

中性和阳离子丁酮团簇的结构及稳定性的理论研究

使用密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-31G*和6-311+G**基组水平上计算中性和阳离子丁酮团簇(CH_3COC_2H_5)_n和(CH_3COC_2H_5)_n~+(n 7)的稳定结构,并比较不同尺寸团簇之间的相对稳定性.中性和阳离子丁酮团簇的结构具有相似性:n=3—7时,组成团簇的丁酮的平均几何参数基本相同,单环结构最稳定;随着团簇尺寸的增加,双环结构的稳定性逐渐上升.通过平均结合能、一阶差分能、HOMO-LUMO能隙等计算分析可知:在所研究的各种尺寸团簇中,(CH_3COC_2H_5)_3是最稳定的中性团簇,与实验中的最强峰对应;(CH_3COC_2H_5)_4~+是最稳定的阳离子团簇.通过电离能计算得到丁酮分子的垂直电离能为9.535 eV与实验值相符,同时证明中性和阳离子丁酮二元团簇的结构变化较大.研究结果为实验中丁酮团簇碎片离子的形成机理提供一定的理论依据,并且为进一步研究酮类分子团簇的生长规律提供有价值的信息.