Electric fields in compact clusters of parallel current channels

The electric field in compact clusters of parallel current channels is calculated in the model of a bundle of long parallel cylindrical conductors. It is shown that, because of the mutual neutralization of the fields of individual microchannels, the maximal radial electric field in a compact cluster of microchannels can be lower than the critical field needed for ionization multiplication and channel expansion. This explains the existence of groups of microchannels (less than 10 μm in radius) in high-voltage nanosecond diffuse and spark discharges.     

InN纳米线的低压化学气相沉积及其场发射特性研究

利用低压化学气相沉积方法在以Au作催化剂的Si衬底上生长了InN纳米线. 扫描电子显微镜分析表明，这些纳米线的直径在60—100 nm的范围内, 而其长度大于1 μm.高分辨透射电子显微镜图像表明，合成的纳米线中含有六方相和立方相的InN晶体.这些InN纳米线具有良好的场发射特性和稳定的场发射电流，其开启场为10.02 V/μm(电流密度为10 μA/cm²)，在24 V/μm 的电场下，其电流密度达到5.5 mA/cm².此外，对InN纳米线的场发射机理也进行了讨论. 关键词： InN纳米线 场电子发射 非线性Fower-Nordheim曲线     

Emissivity of a multibeam electron gun with a glassy carbon field-emission cathode

A multibeam triode electron gun with a glassy carbon field-emission cathode that is intended for an O-type microwave amplifier is studied. The electric field strength and the current density at the microtips versus the distance to the center of a cell of the cathode–grid unit are calculated. Calculation data are compared with experimental results. It is shown that about 70% of the cathode current in each cell is accounted for by microtips arranged in a circumferential ring no wider than 20 μm. The field-emission current density inside the ring exceeds 40 A/cm², and the current per microtip equals 43.1 μA.     

Space charge solution of Rittner photoconductor equation for a HgCdTe detector

The steady-state charge continuity equations are linearized to derive a space charge field that accompanies the ambipolar diffusion and drift described by the Rittner equation. The space charge field is evaluated for a typical 14.2 μm cutoff wavelength HgCdTe detector operating at 85 K. It is found that the space charge density is ∼10⁻⁵ times the hole and electron population density generated by photon flux. This corroborates that Rittner's equation gives an accurate solution for the hole and electron densities. But, at relatively high photon flux levels that are found in some Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite instrument channels, the small average space charge field can have a noticable effect on the linearity of detector response. Divergence of electric field terms in the continuity equations, which are absent from the Rittner equation, can also contribute a non-linearity to detector response.     

Dynamics of the microstructure of current channels and the generation of high-energy electrons in nanosecond discharges in air

The results of the three-dimensional numerical simulation of the dynamics of the microstructure of high-voltage nanosecond discharges in air at atmospheric pressure are presented. It is established that the fast (at a time of ≈10 ns) broadening and significant decrease in the gas concentration in the microchannels occur as a result of the ohmic heating of microchannels with the diameter of 1–30 μm. It was shown that the broadening of microchannels in a nanosecond diffusive discharge provides an increase in the ratio of the electric field strength to the gas concentration in microchannels to values sufficient for the generation highenergy electron beams and X-ray bremsstrahlung in them. Features of the dynamics of the system of microchannels and its effect on the efficiency of the generation of high-energy electrons in discharges developing in the microstructuring regime of the current channels are considered.     

后处理工艺对钛基纳米金刚石涂层场发射特性的影响

采用胶带粘贴、金相砂纸摩擦、射频氢等离子体工艺对钛基纳米金刚石涂层进行了处理,分析了它们对样品的微观表征、场发射性能、发光效果的影响。首先通过电泳法将金刚石粉末移植到金属钛片上,然后经过真空热处理、表面后处理工艺形成了场发射阴极涂层,最后对样品进行了微观表征、场发射特性与发光测试。结果表明,胶带处理在场强达到10 V/μm时,场发射电流密度从50μA/cm~2增j加到72μA/cm~2;金相砂纸处理在10 V/μm场强下的场发射电流由48μA/cm~2提高到82μA/cm~2;适当的氢等离子体处理有助于降低表面功函数,使得金刚石表面的悬键被氢原子饱和,在其表面形成C—H键,进一步降低了电子亲和势,从而提高了样品的场发射性能和发光均匀性。     

Absorption spectrum of H<Stack><Subscript>3</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript></Stack> near 1.06 μm

The absorption spectra of molecular hydrogen plasma excited by electric hollow-cathode and high-frequency discharges are measured. The spectra in the region of 1.06 μm were recorded using a neodymium intracavity laser spectrometer with a resolution of 0.03 cm^?1 and an absorption sensitivity of 10^?8 cm^?1. The absorption lines that can be attributed to the transitions to vibrational states in the molecule are recorded.     

Improving the field-emission properties of carbon nanotubes by magnetically controlled nickel-electroplating treatment

A novel magnetically controlled Ni-plating method has been developed to improve the field-emission properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effect of the magnetic field and Ni-electroplating on CNT field-emission properties was investigated, and the results are demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy, J-E and the duration test. After treatment, the turn-on electric field declines from 1.55 to 0.91 V/μm at an emission current density of 100 μA/cm², and the emission current density increases from 0.011 to 0.34 mA/cm² at an electric field of 1.0 V/μm. Both the brightness and uniformity of the CNT emission performance are improved after treatment.     

LP-MOVPE生长的低阈值1.3μm InGaAsP/InP压、张应变交替MQW激光器特性

本文国内首次报道了LP－MOVPE法生长高质量的压、张应变交替InGaAsP多量子阱结构的研制过程及其材料的高精度X－ray双晶摇摆衍射曲线和荧光光谱特性表征.在此材料基础之上制作的宽接触激光器阈值电流密度小于300A/cm²(腔长800μm),平面掩埋条形结构激光器平面掩埋异质结(PBH)条形结构多量子阱激光器阈值电流13～15mA.经过双腔面镀增透射膜后,其TE模与TM模自发发射谱光强差为3dBm,呈现偏振补偿特性.     

Change in the electrical resistance of the metallic composite material-steel contact under friction and electric current

The I–V characteristics of the sliding contact of metallic composites of grade 45 steel without a lubricant are presented. Steel-based composites are shown to increase the actual electric-contact area due to the appearance of electric discharges, which provide the main passage of an electric current with a density up to 300 A/cm². Copper-based composites cannot initiate electric-discharge conduction because of the fracture of the contact zone material at a current density higher than 50 A/cm². The electrical resistivity of the contact layer of metallic composites is calculated. It is found that, during friction with a high current density, the electrical resistivity of the contact layer approaches the electrical resistivity of graphite. It is experimentally shown that the actual electric-contact area can be increased by the introduction of a Pb-Sn melt into the friction zone and reaching a current density higher than 300 A/cm² in the contact.     

Microstructure of the current channel of an atmospheric-pressure diffuse discharge in a rod-plane air gap

The multichannel structure of the current channel of an atmospheric-pressure diffuse discharge excited in a 10-cm rod-plane air gap was investigated using the imprint technique. A voltage pulse with an amplitude of 240 kV, a duration of 180 ns, and a rise time of 14 ns was applied to a 1-cm-diameter bullet-shaped cathode with a tip curvature radius of 0.2 mm; the discharge current reached 350 A. It is found that the diameter of the discharge channel in the anode plane varies in the range 2.5–9.7 mm from shot to shot. The overall imprint of the current channel is formed of 170–9500 imprints of microchannels with an average diameter of 5–20 μm. The parameters of the observed microstructure do not correlate with variations in the main electric characteristics of the discharge and the parameters of the generated X-ray pulse. It is shown that the formation of the microstructure is related to the onset of cathode-directed plasma structures developing from the anode. It is suggested that the same mechanism is responsible for both the formation of the current channels structure and the anode microstructure of diffuse nanosecond discharges developing in atmospheric-pressure air gaps with a highly nonuniform electric field.     

Displacement of Field Emitters by Vacuum Discharges

The location of field emitting micro-points, produced by nanosecond discharges in UHV, has been investigated by field emission microscopy. Weak discharges (duration < 5 ns, current < 10 A) caused a displacement of the field emission over the cathode by a distance that corresponds to average crater diameters (4–6 μm). Thus new emitters are produced at the boundary of discharge craters. More intense discharges show sometimes a far higher displacement. This can be explained by the formation of micro-points by splashes of molten metal that fly out of the discharge craters. The results support the model of the development of micro-points, as it was published in [1]. They show furthermore that the motion of arc cathode spots can be related to the displacement of microscopic field emitters.     

Electron transport in sub-micron GaAs channels at 300 K

Transient velocity-field characteristics have been computed for GaAs channels having lengths of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 20 μm for electric fields between 1 and 50 kV/cm at 300 K. The results are compared with earlier calculations and the significant features of the computed results are discussed. It is found that the electron motion for all channel lengths and for all fields is significantly affected by collisions. The threshold field for negative differential mobility increases, and the magnitude of the differential mobility decreases with decrease in the length of the sample. The maximum steady-state velocity increases with decrease in the length and may be as high as 5.4×10⁷ cm/s for 0.1 μm samples.     

氘化物阴极真空弧放电光斑分布

氘化物真空弧放电在许多领域均有应用,如无损检测、石油探井、中子活化分析等。和金属阴极不同,氘化物阴极放电时会释放大量的气体分子,表现出许多不同性质。采用放大镜头和ICCD相机观察了氘化物阴极真空弧放电光斑分布。测量系统的空间分辨率约为5 μm,时间分辨率最小2 ns。放电脉冲半高全宽（FWHM）0.9 μs,弧流波形为半周期正弦波。实验结果表明,氘化物真空弧放电时,所有阴极斑聚集为一个群落,表现为一个大光斑;在液滴作用下,阴极斑群落偶尔也会分裂为两个或多个群落;光斑形状不受弧流影响,但面积和亮度会随弧流增加而增大。氘化物阴极放电斑点聚集有利于产生高密度等离子体,提高放电效率。     

丝网印刷制备碳纳米管阴极的强流脉冲发射特性研究

采用丝网印刷法制备了一种大面积的碳纳米管阴极,表征了阴极表面碳纳米管的形貌及分布.研究了该阴极在不同脉冲条件下的高压脉冲发射特性,分析了发射时阴极面等离子体产生和发射点的分布.研究表明：碳纳米管阴极的脉冲发射机制为爆炸电子发射,在平均场强为16.7V/μm的单脉冲电场下,阴极的最高发射电流密度为99 A/cm².在平均场强为15.4 V/μm的双脉冲电场下,阴极的最高发射电流密度为267 A/cm².碳纳米管阴极可以作为强流电子束源在高能微波器件中得到应用. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 碳纳米管 阴极 丝网印刷     

Langmuir Probe Diagnostics of a Low Temperature Non-Isothermal Plasma in a Weak Magnetic Field

This article presents measurements by a cylindrical Langmuir probe in the plasma of a DC cylindrical magnetron discharge át the pressure 1.5 Pa that aim at the experimental assessment of the influence of a weak magnetic field to the estimation of the electron density when using conventional methods of probe data interpretation. The probe data was obtained under the presence of a weak magnetic field in the range 1.10^?2?5.10^?2 T. The influence of the magnetic field on the electron probe current is experimentally assessed for two cylindrical probes with different radii, 50 μm and 21 μm. This assessment is based on comparison of the values of the electron density estimated from the electron current part with the values of the positive ion density estimated from the positive ion current part of the probe characteristic respectively by assuming that at the magnetic field strengths used in the present study the probe positive ion currents are possible to be assumed as uninfluenced by the magnetic field. For interpretation of the probe positive ion current two theories are used and compared to each other: the radial motion model by Allen, Boyd and Reynolds [10] and Chen [11] and the model that accounts for the collisions of positive ions with neutrals in the probe space charge sheath that we call Chen-Talbot model [8]. At lower magnetic field 3 · 10^?2 T the positive ion density values interpreted by using the Chen-Talbot model [8] are in better agreement with the values of electron density compared to those obtained by using the theory [10,11]; therefore the model [8] is used for calculation of the positive ion density from the probe data at higher magnetic fields. The comparison of the positive ion and electron density values calculated from the same probe data at higher magnetic fields shows that up to the magnetic field strength 4 . 10^?2 T with the probe 100 μm and up to 5 . 10^?2 T with the probe 42 μm in diameter respectively the decrease of the magnitude of the electron current at the space potential due to the magnetic field does not exceed the error limits that are usual for Langmuir probe measurements (absolute error ±20%).     

ϑ-pinch in extrinsic InSb

The compression of an electron-hole plasma, caused by a ?-pinch in extrinsic InSb of 140 K, was investigated by measuring the absorption of 10·6 μm radiation and the change of the magnetic flux in the sample. A plasma density of 5 × 10¹⁵ cm^?3 was hereby found. The temporal development of the plasma density indicates that the electrons and holes resulted from impact ionization in the electric field when the magnetic field was low. Since the electric field is highest at the sample surface, the ionization was limited to the outer region of the sample and the plasma was transmitted to the inner sample volume by the ?-pinch.     

Längsfeldstärke,Elektronentemperatur, mittlere Neutralgasdichte,Ionenstromdichte auf die Wand und mittlere Entladungsstromdichte in der Freifallsäule bei hohem Ionisationsgrad

On the basis of a foregoing paper new theoretical results for the positive column at low pressure and strong ionization, especially for discharges in noble gas ion lasers, are given. The mean velocity v_n0 of the neutral atoms reemitted from the wall is taken into account. The electric conductivity is calculated for an argon plasma. The formulas connecting the electron temperature, the mean neutral gas density, and the electric field strength are derived. The electron temperature, the axial electric field intensity, the degree of ionization, the axial electron drift velocity, the ion flux to the wall, and the force density causing the main part of gas pumping along the column are calculated as functions of the product of the mean current density and the tube radius, and of v_n0 for argon. The axial drift velocity of the electrons is still smaller than the mean thermal electron velocity for high discharge currents, except at very low gas pressures. In general, the ion flux to the wall is not directly proportional to the discharge current. The factor for the determination of the charged particle density by means of probe measurements at the wall is discussed. The self-magnetic field affects the discharge only at high electron temperature, high degree of ionization, and relatively large tube radius, i.e. at high current density and low gas pressure in not too narrow discharge channels.     

飞秒激光引导闪电的模拟实验研究

采用能量40 mJ，脉冲宽度50 fs的超短脉激光脉冲形成的等离子体通道诱发和引导了3—23 cm长间隙的静态高压放电.实验观测显示，等离子体通道整体上能使空气间隙的击穿阈值降低到自然击穿阈值的40％.实验中通过对放电电弧发出的白光信号与激光信号的时间延迟进行分析得到激光引导下梯级先导的发展速度约为10⁷ cm/s. 关键词： 等离子体通道 高压放电     

Ge/Si photodiodes and phototransistors with embedded arrays of germanium quantum dots for fiber-optic communication lines

Photodetectors based on Ge/Si multilayer heterostructures with germanium quantum dots are fabricated for use in fiber-optic communication lines operating in the wavelength range 1.30–1.55 μm. These photodetectors can be embedded in an array of photonic circuit elements on a single silicon chip. The sheet density of germanium quantum dots falls in the range from 0.3 × 10¹² to 1.0 × 10¹² cm^?2, and their lateral size is approximately equal to 10 nm. The heterostructures are grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. For a reverse bias of 1 V, the dark current density reaches 2 × 10^?5 A/cm². This value is the lowest in the data on dark current densities available in the literature for Ge/Si photodetectors at room temperature. The quantum efficiency of photodiodes and phototransistors subjected to illumination from the side of the plane of the p-n junctions is found to be 3% at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. It is demonstrated that the maximum quantum efficiency is achieved for edge-illuminated waveguide structures and can be as high as 21 and 16% at wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.5 μm, respectively.