Magnetic properties of electroplated wires coated by ferrofluid

Low-frequency magnetic properties of ferromagnetic composite wires were studied with and without coating by ferrofluid. Non-magnetic CuBe wires of 0.1 mm diameter were electroplated with FeCoNi layer of 1 μm thickness. Magnetization curves were measured in the frequency range of 10 Hz–3 kHz. The composite CuBe/FeCoNi/ferrofluid material shows a hysteretic behaviour in a small field. The hysteresis loop of ferrofluid covered electroplated wire is not a simple sum of the ferrofluid “wire” plus non-covered wire signals. It indicates an interaction between magnetic wire and ferrofluid which can be revealed by low-frequency measurements. The combination “electroplated wire/ferrofluid” can be considered as a new type of composite magnetic material consisting of solid magnetic core coated by complementary liquid magnetic material. Low-frequency measurements in presence of ferrofluid can be a useful method to study magnetic properties of ferromagnets.     

Reciprocity of Faraday effect in ferrofluid: Comparison with magneto-optical glass

The transmission light intensity method is carried out on a classical platform to study the reciprocity of Faraday effect in water-based Fe₃O₄ ferrofluid and its diluents. Setting the polarization direction of the analyzer at an angle of 45° to that of the polarizer, the switchable DC magnetic field and the alternating magnetic field are imposed to ferrofluid. The ferrofluid film is replaced by magneto-optical glass for contrastive experiments. The results indicate that ferrofluid is different with magneto-optical glass. Even though the direction of magnetic field is reversed, the rotation direction of the polarized light does not change for ferrofluid. The theoretical model of magneto-optical rotation was used to describe the origin of the reciprocity of Faraday effect in ferrofluid and the non-reciprocity in magneto-optical glass. These findings suggest that the magnetic moments of nanoparticles in ferrofluid tend to the same orientation with the magnetic field because of the rotation of particles.     

Ferrofluidic Open Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes: Efficient Candidates for Thermal Management Of Electronics

Thermal management of electronic devices is presently a serious concern. This article investigates the thermal performance of a five-turn open-loop pulsating heat pipe in both start-up and steady thermal conditions. The effects of working fluid, namely water and ferrofluid, heat input, charging ratio, ferrofluid concentration, orientation, as well as application of magnetic field, are explored. Experimental results show that using ferrofluid enhances the thermal performance in comparison with the case of distilled water under certain conditions. In addition, applying a magnetic field on the open-loop pulsating heat pipe charged with ferrofluid improves its thermal performance. Charging ratios that lead to lower thermal are mentioned. Optimum concentration of ferrofluid in steady-state performance is 2.5 g/L. This study helps to design electronic cooling devices more efficiently.     

Optical properties of one-dimensional soft photonic crystals with ferrofluids

We review the recent theoretical study on the optical properties of one-dimensional soft photonic crystals (1D SPCs) with ferrofluids. The proposed structure is composed of alternating ferrofluid layers and dielectric layers. For the ferrofluid, single domain ferromagnetic nanoparticles can align to a chain under the stimuli of an external magnetic field, thus changing the microstructure of the system. Meanwhile, nonlinear optical responses in ferrofluids are also briefly reviewed.     

Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless Order in Two-Dimensional O(2)-Ferrofluid

We study a two-dimensional ferrofluid of hard-core particles with internal degrees of freedom (plane rotators) and O(2)-invariant ferromagnetic spin interaction. By reducing the continuous system to an approximating reference lattice system, a lower bound for the two-spin correlation function is obtained. This bound, together with the Fröhlich–Spencer result about the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition in the two-dimension lattice system of plane rotators, shows that our model also exhibits the same kind of ordering. Namely for a short-range ferromagnetic interaction the two-spin correlation function does not decay faster than some power of the inverse distance between particles, for small temperatures and high densities of the ferrofluid. For a long-range ferromagnetic interaction the model manifests a non-zero order parameter (magnetization) in this domain, whereas for high temperatures spin correlations decay exponentially.     

磁流体流动与传热的格子Boltzmann模拟

考虑外加磁场下磁流体中纳米磁性粒子所受的各种作用力,建立了用于模拟磁流体流动与传热特性的两相格子Boltzmann模型,模拟了外加不同方向梯度磁场下平板间磁流体的流动与传热过程,计算了磁流体与平板间对流换热的Nusselt数,分析了磁场梯度方向、大小对Nusselt数的影响．     

Formation and chemical stability of metallic glass particles prepared by thermolysis of Fe (CO)5

A ferrofluid has been prepared by thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)₅ in an organic liquid. Mössbauer spectroscopy and x-ray diffractometry studies show that the ferrofluid contains small particles of a metallic glass. The particles are only partly oxidized even after exposure of the ferrofluid to air at room temperature for 30 days.     

磁性液体复合体在外磁场中的赝双折射效应和二向色性

研究了由非磁性聚苯乙烯颗粒弥散于煤油基Fe_3O_4磁性液体中制备而成的磁性液体复合体.该复合体双折射效应和线二向色性随外磁场变化.在相同的磁场条件下,复合体的双折射效应较纯磁性液体有减弱而二向色性较后者有所增强.文中采用一简化模型对结果给出了解释.     

Ferrohydrodynamical fundamentals of ferrofluid Bitter pattern evolution

The theory of ferrohydrodynamics describes the specific physical properties associated with a magnetizable fluid. From this theory a constitutive equation was derived, which characterizes the stray-field-induced formation of ferrofluid Bitter patterns on the surface of a ferromagnetic specimen.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. H.E. Müser on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Effective magnetic permeability of a turbulent fluid with macroferroparticles

A fully developed turbulent flow is capable to mix and homogenize a suspension of heavy macroscopic particles even at a high concentration of particles. If the particles are ferromagnetic, a kind of “turbulent ferrofluid" can be obtained. In the present work, we present a direct measurements of the effective magnetic permeability in a turbulent fluid with suspended ferromagnetic particles of typical size 0.01-0.1 mm and volume fraction c up to 25%. We show that the effective permeability can be fitted by the linear law = 1 + 5.3c for c? 10%. For higher volume fractions the permeability exceeds this linear relation. Received 11 January 2002     

Rosenzweig instability in a thin layer of a magnetic fluid

A simple mathematical model of the initial stage of nonlinear evolution of the Rosenzweig instability in a thin layer of a nonlinearly magnetized viscous ferrofluid coating a horizontal nonmagnetizable plate is constructed on the basis of the system of equations and boundary conditions of ferrofluid dynamics. A dispersion relation is derived and analyzed using the linearized equations of this model. The critical magnetization of the initial layer with a flat free surface, the threshold wavenumber, and the characteristic time of evolution of the most rapidly growing mode are determined. The equation for the neutral stability curve, which is applicable for any physically admissible law of magnetization of a ferrofluid, is derived analytically.     

Ferrite-enhanced MRI monitoring in hyperthermia

In an MRI hyperthermia hybrid system, T₁ changes are investigated for monitoring thermal therapy at 0.2 T. The water bolus, which is needed for power transmission and cooling of the skin, limits MR image quality by signal compression and artifacts. Superparamagnetic ferrofluid in different concentration was investigated with MR relaxometry and MRI methods. We found that using ferrofluid in a low concentration of 70–90 ppm magnetite the water signal can be suppressed without susceptibility artifacts. With our method of signal suppression, a significant improvement of spatial and temporal resolution is possible. The ferrofluid is stable and allows RF heating at 100 MHz. This method of signal extinction may also be useful for other experimental setups where suppression of water is necessary.     

Rotation of magnetization in unison and langevin equations for a large spin

A single-domain ferromagnetic particle is represented as a large spin (model of rotation in unison) whose stochastic dynamics is derived from a spin-boson Hamiltonian. It is shown in the Markovian limit that thermal equilibrium exists provided that the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is supplemented by a symmetry constraint which for bilinear anisotropic and nonlinear (magnetoelastic) spin-bath coupling can only be satisfied in the underdamped limit. Only for bilinear isotropic coupling (Gilbert's theory) is it satisfied identically for arbitrary damping strength. Uniaxial and cubic symmetries are considered. For a model uniaxial crystal the thermal decay rate of M and the thermal enhancement of the macroscopic quantum tunneling rate are calculated for Gilbert and magnetoelastic dissipative couplings and compared. The effects of memory are discussed.     

Electron spin resonance studies on quantum tunneling in spinel ferrite nanoparticles

The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer, a very sensitive instrument with fast detecting window to explore quantum phase transitions for magnetic nanoparticles, was exploited to study the fascinating interplay between thermal and quantum fluctuations in the vicinity of a quantum critical point. We have measured ESR in ferrofluid samples containing nanosize particles of Fe₂O₃. The evolution of the ESR spectrum with temperature suggests that quantum tunneling of spins occurs in single domain magnetic particles in the low temperature regime. The effects of various microwave fields, particle sizes, and temperatures on the magnetic states of single domain spinel ferrite nanoparticles are investigated. We can consistently explain experimental data assuming that, as the temperature decreases, the spectrum changes from superparamagnetic (SPR) to blocked SPR and finally evolves quantum superparamagnetic behaviour as the temperature lowers down further. A nanoparticle system of a highly anisotropic magnetic material can be qualitatively specified by a simple quantum spin model, or by the Heisenberg model with strong easy-plane anisotropy.Received: 29 August 2003, Published online: 15 October 2003PACS: 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation - 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.) - 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics - 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials     

All-optical probe of magnetization dynamics in exchange biased bilayers on the picosecond timescale

All-optical control of the magnetization of polycrystalline exchange bias bilayer systems is achieved using short picosecond laser pulses. Due to the photoexcitation, the spin temperature across the interface between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic layer is elevated, resulting in a collapse of the interfacial exchange coupling. Thus, within the first 10 ps, a fast reduction of both the exchange bias field and the coercive field is observed for three different exchange bias systems comprising both different ferromagnets and antiferromagnets. The fast thermal unpinning is followed by a slower heat diffusion dominated relaxation process, which strongly depends on the thermal conductivity of the used buffer layers and substrates. The fast optical unpinning can be understood in terms of an internal anisotropy pulse field capable of triggering ultrafast precessional magnetization dynamics of the ferromagnetic layer, which makes heat-assisted coherent magnetization rotation feasible.     

Mössbauer Spectra of Noninteracting Single-Domain Ferromagnetic Particles Including Superparamagnetic Relaxation: Simplification of the Multilevel Method

A simple method of calculation of Mössbauer relaxation spectra of single-domain ferromagnetic particle assemblies is developed from Brown's model of coherent rotation of the magnetization utilizing matrix continued fractions to compute the lineshape. The method allows one to obtain a simple analytical formula for the lineshape in the strong relaxation limit, which provides results in agreement with numerical calculations and radically simplifies analysis of the spectra.     

Nonlinear Rayleigh–Taylor instability of two superposed magnetic fluids under parallel rotation and a normal magnetic field

The Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) of a ferrofluid has been the subject of recent research, because of its implications on the stability of stellar and planetary interiors. This paper analyzes the effects of rotation and magnetic field on nonlinear RTI of two superposed ferrofluids. It is considered that the system is subjected to uniform parallel rotation and normal magnetic field. Surface tension acts at the interface. The method of multiple scales is utilized to obtain the solutions and dispersion relations are obtained for the nonlinear problem of RTI of magnetic fluids. Finally the stability of the problem is discussed.     

In situ imaging of field-induced hexagonal columns in magnetite ferrofluids

Field-induced structures in a ferrofluid with well-defined magnetite nanoparticles with a permanent magnetic dipole moment are analyzed on a single-particle level by in situ cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (2D). The field-induced columnar phase locally exhibits hexagonal symmetry and confirms the structures observed in simulations for ferromagnetic dipolar fluids in 2D. The columns are distorted by lens-shaped voids, due to the weak interchain attraction relative to field-directed dipole-dipole attraction. Both dipolar coupling and the dipole concentration determine the dimensions and the spatial arrangement of the columns. Their regular spacing manifests long-range end-pole repulsions that eventually dominate the fluctuation-induced attractions between dipole chains that initiate the columnar transition.     

Parametric resonance in magnetic fluids

A new resonance effect in the nonlinear behaviour of magnetically anisotropic objects in an alternating external magnetic field is proposed. Ferromagnetic particles with a “frozen” magnetic moment (due to a strong magnetic anisotropy), when located in an external alternating magnetic field, are able to rotate (or vibrate) and to transfer energy from the external field to the medium. The numerical solution of the appropriate parametrically driven nonlinear equation shows all types of nonlinear dynamic behaviour, including transition to chaos. The sensitivity of the proposed phenemenon could be used for an experimental analysis of the size distribution of the ferromagnetic particles in a ferrofluid or of the size of “magnetic holes”.     

Transient magnetoviscosity of dilute ferrofluids

The magnetic field induced change in the viscosity of a ferrofluid, commonly known as the magnetoviscous effect and parameterized through the magnetoviscosity, is one of the most interesting and practically relevant aspects of ferrofluid phenomena. Although the steady state behavior of ferrofluids under conditions of applied constant magnetic fields has received considerable attention, comparatively little attention has been given to the transient response of the magnetoviscosity to changes in the applied magnetic field or rate of shear deformation. Such transient response can provide further insight into the dynamics of ferrofluids and find practical application in the design of devices that take advantage of the magnetoviscous effect and inevitably must deal with changes in the applied magnetic field and deformation. In this contribution Brownian dynamics simulations and a simple model based on the ferrohydrodynamics equations are applied to explore the dependence of the transient magnetoviscosity for two cases: (I) a ferrofluid in a constant shear flow wherein the magnetic field is suddenly turned on, and (II) a ferrofluid in a constant magnetic field wherein the shear flow is suddenly started. Both simulations and analysis show that the transient approach to a steady state magnetoviscosity can be either monotonic or oscillatory depending on the relative magnitudes of the applied magnetic field and shear rate.