Synthesis of chiral ortho-thio-substituted phenyl phosphonodiamidates via a P-S to P-C rearrangement

The ortho-lithiation of a phenyl phosphorodiamidothioate derived from an enantiopure C₂-symmetric diamine is studied. It is shown that the migration of the diaminophosphoryl group from sulfur to carbon, leading to an ortho-sulfanylated phenyl phosphonodiamidate, only occurs in the presence of an alkylating agent or a Lewis acid as BF₃·Et₂O. The influence of the chiral diaminophosphoryl group on the stereoselectivity of the oxidation of the ortho-sulfanyl or alkylsulfanyl group is also examined.     

Gold-catalyzed transesterification of ortho-alkynylbenzoic acid esters: a novel protecting group for alcohols and phenols

Treatment of ortho-alkynylbenzoic acid esters with excess amounts of EtOH in the presence of a gold catalyst results in the liberation of alcohols or phenols in high yields under mild conditions. The protection of alcohols and phenols proceeds smoothly by use of ortho-alkynylbenzoic acid or ortho-iodobenzoyl chloride. Highly chemoselective deprotections are described.     

Metalations utilizing aryllithiums; ortho-functionalization of p-bromoanisole (pBrA)

An ortho-metalation protocol has been developed, which permits the survival of a bromine substituent in p-bromoanisole. Eight derivatives of the generated ortho-lithiated intermediate have been prepared. A neglected metalation concept is being explored here; one which proposes that minimizing the pK_a difference between the aryl substrate and the conjugate acid of the metalating agent will lead to a regiospecific and selective metalation process.     

Ortho-lithiation reaction of aryl triflones

The ortho-lithiation of substituted arenes is a powerful methodology to synthesize ortho-substituted arenes. While a wide variety of directed metalation groups (DMGs) have been reported, trifluoromethyl sulfone has never been used. We disclose the first example of ortho-lithiation of aryl triflones. We found that the trifluoromethyl sulfonyl group is not only an important structural motif in biologically active molecules and specialty materials, but also an excellent DMG moiety for ortho-metalation reactions. The use of a base that causes steric hindrance, LTMP, is the key for successful transformation to furnish a variety of ortho-substituted aryl triflones in good yields. Further functionalization of resulting ortho-substituted aryl triflones was demonstrated by metal-catalyzed coupling reactions.     

Metallation reactions. Part 35: A change of the regiochemistry in the metallation of (alkylthio)arenes

The metallation reaction of bromo(alkylthio)benzenes is described. The results show the complementarity of these reactions with the metal-hydrogen exchange reaction. In fact, monometallation of bromo(methylthio)benzenes afforded products substituted in para or meta or ortho to the thioethereal function while bimetallation led to αS,para, αS,meta and αS,ortho disubstituted products. Analogously, the monometallation of 4-bromo-(isopropylthio)benzene afforded para-monosubstituted and ortho,para-disubstituted products.     

Rotational isomerism—22: An nmr study of oh..π bonding and the conformations of benzyl alcohol and derivatives

The conformations of benzyl alcohol, the ortho and para nitro and methoxy derivatives and benzyl methyl ether have been investigated by NMR in CCL₄ and DMSO solutions. The ³J(CH.OH) and ²J(H.C.H) couplings (the latter via the ²J(H.C.D)coupling)and the OH chemical shift (in DMSO and ∞ dil^XXX as conformational probes. The δ_∞ (OH) for ROH (R = Me, Et, iPr) is also given.The results provide no support for the existence of an intramolecular H-bond in benzyl akohol The endo conformation of the OH proton (anti to a CH proton) is favoured by ca. 1 kcal mole^?1 over the exo conformation (H anti to phenyl) and these conformers are responsible for the separate OH frequencies observed in the IR spectrum. The results do not support an extreme conformation of the phenyl ring (C.C.C.O dihedrals of 0 or 90°) but are consistent with either an 6?0° conformation of the phenyl ring or a freely rotating model. In ortho nitrobenzyl alcohol intramolecular H-bonding is present, but in ortho methoxy benzyl alcohol little or no bonding to the substituent occurs.     

Direct ortho-mercuration reactions of azobenzene and ortho-substituted azobenzenes

The mercuration of azobenzene occurred exclusively in the ortho-position to yield 2-chloromercuriazobenzene and a mixture which on iodination gave 2,2'and 2,6-diiodoazobenzene. Ten other ortho-substituted azobenzenes were mercurated and mercuration was found to occur predominately in an ortho-position. The regiospecificity of these reactions suggests that the mercury is directed into an ortho-position by coordination of the mercury to an azo nitrogen and then subsequent electrophilic substitution.     

Ortho selectivity in SNAr substitutions of 2,4-dihaloaromatic compounds. Reactions with piperidine

A broad survey of aromatic compounds with halogens positioned both ortho and para to activating groups was studied in S_NAr reactions with piperidine. Regioselectivities varied with the substituent group and the polarity of the solvent. Many activating groups exhibited an overall bias toward ortho-substitution, and this led in nonpolar solvents to very high ortho selectivity. More polar solvents uniformly shifted the product ratio toward para substitution. Evidence is presented that argues for coordination via hydrogen bonding as a driver of much of the ortho selectivity observed. The data presented show ample evidence of the generality and synthetic utility of the ortho-directing ability of several common activating groups for this reaction type.     

Chlorine-isotopic exchange between lithium chloride and substituted 2-chloropyridine in homogeneous solution

The kinetics of chlorine-isotopic exchange between lithium chloride-36 and cyano- and nitro- substituted 2-chloropyridines were measured in sulpholane, acetone or methanol solution. Activating effects of ortho-nitro and ortho-azu substitution are compared: a nitro-group is 50 × as activating as the aza-group in the p-nitrochlorobenzene system, where as it is the aza-function which is 3 times as activating as the nitro group in the o-nitrochlorobenzene system. The effect of Me substituents placed ortho to an activating nitro-group was studied by comparing 2-chloro-3-cyano-5-nitropyridine and its 6-methyl- and 4,6-dimethyl-derivatives.     

2,3-Diarylquinoxaline directed mono ortho-aroylation via cross-dehydrogenative coupling using aromatic aldehydes or alkylbenzenes as aroyl surrogate

2,3-Diarylquinoxaline directed mono ortho-aroylation protocol has been developed using aromatic aldehydes or alkybenzenes as aroyl surrogates. Out of the four available ortho sp² C–H bonds in the two aryl rings of 2,3-diarylquinoxaline one of the C–H bond is selectively ortho-aroylated. The reaction proceeds via the aroyl radical path in the case of aromatic aldehydes while the alkylbenzenes follow either an aroyl radical or a benzyl radical path. Varieties of functional groups present as substituents in 2,3-diarylquinoxalines, aromatic aldehydes and alkylbenzenes are tolerated under the present reaction conditions.     

Regioselective ortho-nitration of N-phenyl carboxamides and primary anilines using bismuth nitrate/acetic anhydride

An efficient and one-pot synthetic method for the regioselective ortho-nitration of the N-phenyl carboxamides and primary anilines has been developed by using bismuth nitrate and acetic anhydride as the nitrating reagents. Reaction proceeds at room temperature and results in corresponding ortho-nitrated products in moderate to excellent yields. This method provides an operationally simple, regioselective, and efficient access to synthesize o-nitro anilines under the mild conditions.     

Synthesis of ortho-substituted cyanopyridines through lithio intermediate trapping

Ortholithiation of 4-cyanopyridine using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP) and trapping the lithio intermediate with electrophiles represents an efficient and straightforward access to ortho-substituted-4-cyanopyridines. The cyano group can be used as an ortho-directing group and allows the preparation of 3-halogeno-4-cyanopyridines. Reactivity of 2- and 3-cyanopyridines is also investigated and seems to give similar results.     

A versatile synthesis of 2-substituted 4-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepine-3-ones

A mild and general strategy for the synthesis of 2-substituted 4-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepine-3-ones is described. The seven-membered lactam is prepared by intramolecular amide bond formation from the intermediate amino acid, which is obtained either by reductive alkylation of a variety of amines with N-Boc,N-Me-ortho-formyl-Phe and Phth-ortho-formyl-Phe, or by reductive amination of a variety of aldehydes with N-Boc-ortho-aminomethyl-Phe.     

A practical ortho-rearrangement of silyl group of ortho-bromophenyl silyl ethers using magnesium(0)

A practical synthesis of ortho-silyl-substituted phenol from ortho-bromophenyl silyl ethers without using RLi is described. Various ortho-bromophenyl silyl ethers are treated with commercially available Mg turnings, which are easy to handle in air, and transfer of the silyl group to the ortho-position occurs in good to high yields. Selective mono-magnesiation of 2,6-dibromophenyl silyl ether is observed even in the presence of excess Mg, and ortho-bromo-6-silylphenol is obtained as the predominant product. The obtained ortho-silyl-substituted phenol is formylated with (CH₂O)_n/MgCl₂/Et₃N, and then condensation with a diamine leads to a silyl-substituted salen-type ligand in a good yield. This scheme is suitable for the large scale synthesis of silyl-substituted salen-type ligands bearing imine groups.     

Why is cis/trans stereoinversion with Li+(THF)4 migration across the phenyl ring of α-lithiostyrene accelerated by two ortho-methyl groups?

Common wisdom might anticipate that two methyl groups placed on a molecular migration route should act as an impediment. However, the “conducted tour” migration of Li⁺(THF)₄ across the aryl ring (“π-route”) during the cis/trans stereoinversion of α-arylvinyllithiums had been found to occur with practically equal velocities in the presence of either one or two ortho-alkyl substituents. We now report that the omission of both ortho-methyl groups retards the stereoinversion process. In order to arrive at an answer to the title question, we investigate the aggregation equilibria and microsolvation states of ortho, ortho′-unsubstituted α-lithiostyrenes by means of approved secondary NMR criteria. Beyond such necessary knowledge about the ground-state properties, we provide kinetic evidence showing that the retarded cis/trans stereoinversion of α-lithiostyrene proceeds by the pseudomonomolecular, ionic mechanism with Li⁺(THF)₄ migration.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2,3-trisubstituted indanes via an enantioselective copper(II)-catalyzed asymmetric nitroaldol reaction followed by an intramolecular Michael cyclization

Herein we describe a novel approach for the synthesis of a chiral 1,2,3-trisubstituted indane, a privileged substructure in medicinal chemistry, via an enantioselective nitroaldol reaction and subsequent intramolecular Michael addition. The asymmetric copper(II)-catalyzed reactions of ortho-formyl cinnamates, ortho-formyl cinnamonitrile, or ortho-formyl α-benzalketones with nitromethane were carried out using the C1-symmetric chiral secondary diamine L1 as a ligand, which afforded the nitroaldol products in high yields (up to 92%) and with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97%) under mild conditions. The notable effect of the base and the dosage of nitromethane on the reaction are also discussed.     

Preparation of quinolines from resin-bound esters using titanium reagents

ortho-Amino homobenzylic thioacetals are prepared from ortho-nitrobenzaldehydes via homologation using an alpha-methoxy Wittig reagent. Titanium reagents are generated from the 1,3-dithianes using a low valent titanium reagent and are then used to alkylidenate resin-bound esters. An N-silylated Boc group protects the ortho-amino functionality. Traceless SPS of quinolines is completed by treating the resulting resin-bound enol ethers with TFA and then oxidizing with manganese dioxide to give 2-substituted quinolines in high purity without the need for chromatography.     

Experimental and theoretical study of the structure of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline derivatives as model compounds for non-linear optical organic materials

Molecular and crystal structure of a series of derivatives of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline has been studied by both X-ray diffraction method and high-level ab initio calculations. According to these data, the dimethylamino groups were found to have a trigonal-pyramidal configuration and are considerably turned with respect to the ring plane in all molecules having a substituent in the ortho-position; on the contrary, this group is planar in the meta-substituted molecules. Topological analysis of the electron density function for all molecules studied within the framework of Bader's ‘atoms in molecules’ (AIM) theory revealed that introduction of a substituent into the ortho- or meta-position of the ring results in increasing of the contribution of the resonance forms different from the quinoid one. Contribution of the latter form is predominant for the structure of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline (1). Topological analysis of the electron density distribution was used to explain a decreasing of the molecular hyperpolarisabilites of the ortho- and meta-substituted compounds as compared with those for 1.     

ortho-Substituted 2-Phenyldihydroazulene Photoswitches: Enhancing the Lifetime of the Photoisomer by ortho-Aryl Interactions

Photochromic molecules are systems that undergo a photoisomerization to high-energy isomers and are attractive for the storage of solar energy in a closed-energy cycle, for example, in molecular solar thermal energy storage systems. One challenge is to control the discharge time of the high-energy isomer. Here, we show that different substituents in the ortho position of a phenyl ring at C-2 of dihydroazulene (DHA-Ph) significantly increase the half-life of the metastable vinylheptafulvene (VHF-Ph) photoisomer; thus, the energy-releasing VHF-to-DHA back-reaction rises from minutes to days in comparison to the corresponding para- and meta-substituted systems. Systems with two photochromic DHA-Ph units connected by a diacetylene bridge either at the para, meta and ortho positions and corresponding to a linear or to a cross-conjugated pathway between the two photochromes are also presented. Here, the ortho substitution was found to compromise the switching properties. Thus, irradiation of ortho-bridged DHA-DHA resulted in degradation, probably due to the proximity of the different functional groups that can give rise to side-reactions.     

Photolysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">ortho</Emphasis>-azidophenol in various solvents

The photolysis of ortho-azidophenol in water, ethanol, acetonitrile, chloroform, and benzene was studied by IR and electronic spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography. It was found that an equilibrium between ortho-azidophenol and its quinonoid form occurred in benzene. In the photolysis of ortho-azidophenol in benzene, intramolecular hydrogen bonding facilitates the degradation of the azido group through the mechanism of formation of intermediate triazene structures. In the other solvents, which exclude intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the nitrene mechanism of photolysis yielding ortho-aminophenol, ortho-iminoquinone, and an azo compound is operative. The rate of formation of photolysis products depends on the nature of the solvent.