巴豆醛气相选择性加氢催化剂

巴豆醛是α, β-不饱和醛中最具代表性的一类有机化合物,采用气相催化巴豆醛选择加氢制备巴豆醇符合原子经济和绿色化学要求,具有重要的工业应用和学术价值。本文综述了近十年国内外巴豆醛气相选择性加氢合成巴豆醇的负载型催化剂的研究成果,评述了贵金属催化剂(铂、金、铱、银、钯)和非贵金属催化剂(钴、铜)上巴豆醛选择性加氢性能,分析了活性组分、载体、助剂以及活性组分粒径对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了巴豆醛选择性加氢的反应机理和失活机理。最后,对气相巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂所存在的问题进行总结,并对催化剂的发展趋势作出了展望。指出了非贵金属催化剂的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能因具有价廉易得等优势,将是该领域的研究方向之一。催化剂失活是巴豆醛气相选择性加氢工业化的最大障碍,因此研究和认识反应机理,解决催化剂失活问题是重点研究方向。     

改性Raney Ni催化剂用于加氢合成间苯二甲胺

采用改性RaneyNi催化剂,研究了溶剂、温度、压力、催化剂用量对间苯二甲腈(IPN)加氢合成间苯二甲胺(m-XDA)反应的影响.结果表明,该催化剂在以甲醇、甲苯为混合溶剂,V(甲醇)∶V(甲苯)=1∶2,当m(溶剂)∶m(IPN)=3∶1,反应温度70℃、压力6.0MPa～7.0MPa、催化剂用量为原料质量的10%时,IPN转化率接近100%,m-XDA收率达97%.失活催化剂经再生,即能恢复其性能.     

VmTi和KnV0.04Ti担载氧化物催化剂的表征与催化燃烧柴油炭黑的性能

用FTIR和UV-Vis研究了2个系列不同V和K负载量的VOx/TiO2和K-VOx/TiO2催化剂结构的变化;并使用程序升温氧化反应技术对这两种催化剂催化柴油炭黑燃烧活性进行了考察.结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04时,催化剂活性最好(tm=389℃).添加K能显著改善VOx/TiO2催化剂活性,n(K)∶n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04∶0.04∶1时,炭黑燃烧的反应温度最低(tm=343℃).FTIR和UV-Vis结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂n(V)∶n(Ti)>0.04∶1时,催化剂表面有V2O5形成,由于V2O5氧化能力较弱,因而催化剂的活性反而降低.而当K-VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(K)∶n(V)达到1∶1时,由于形成的KVO3物种与TiO2载体有很好的协同作用,所以催化剂活性最好.     

CrOx/SiO2催化剂对C10+芳烃加氢脱烷基反应的催化性能

 采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列不同组成的CrOx/SiO2催化剂样品,并用XRD,FT-IR,UV-Vis,TPR和N2吸附等技术对催化剂样品进行了表征,考察了催化剂对C10+重芳烃加氢脱烷基反应的催化性能. 结果表明,CrOx/SiO2催化剂对C10+重芳烃加氢脱烷基反应的催化性能与催化剂的表面结构有关,脱烷基活性主要来自载体表面的CrOx物种. 当催化剂中n(Cr)/n(Si)=1%～2%时,CrOx在SiO2表面达到单层分散; 当n(Cr)/n(Si)=2%～20%时,表面CrOx物种含量的变化不大,催化剂的活性及选择性基本不变.     

完全液相法制备中原料配比对二甲醚合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

利用完全液相法制备了Cu-Zn-Al双功能催化剂,考察了原料配比对催化剂结构和催化CO加氢合成二甲醚反应性能的影响,用XRD,N2吸附,XPS和H2-TPR等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在Cu-Zn-Al基二甲醚合成催化剂中,Zn和Al在催化剂表面的竞争富集是主要过程,增加投料中Cu的比例并不能显著增加Cu在催化剂表面的含量,因为在反应环境中,Al也会富集,并且在Cu含量高时富集得更快.当投料组成为n(Cu)∶n(Zn)∶n(Al)=2∶1∶4时,催化剂的体相结构和表面性质最好(Cu晶粒度最小,Cu分散度最高,还原性能最佳,组分间相互作用最强,最可几孔径最大),催化剂的综合性能最好.     

硫化物对Pd/树脂催化剂上异戊二烯选择加氢催化性能的影响

 在流体并流向上的气液固三相固定床反应器中考察了多种硫化物\r\n对负载Pd催化剂上异二戊烯加氢反应活性的影响．结果表明，在低温（\r\n60℃）和液相加氢条件下，硫化氢、二硫化碳、二甲基硫醚、二甲基二\r\n硫醚、硫醇及噻吩都能使强酸性树脂负载的Pd催化剂上异戊二烯加氢反\r\n应活性下降；随着硫化物含量的增加，异戊二烯加氢活性下降的程度增\r\n大．在硫的质量分数相同（8×10－6）的情况下，这些硫化物使催化剂\r\n失活程度的大小顺序为：二硫化碳＞硫化氢＞二甲基二硫醚≈乙硫醇＞\r\n二甲基硫醚＞噻吩．其中噻吩基本上不导致催化剂失活．     

丙烯环氧化反应中失活钛硅分子筛的无氧脱附研究

采用无氧脱附方法对丙烯环氧化中失活的薄层钛硅分子筛(即Spent EPO-4)和环氧丙烷(PO)与丙二醇单甲醚(MME)浸渍的TS-1催化剂(即PO／TS-1和MME／TS-1)进行了研究，脱附产物由气相色谱定性分析，无氧脱附后的催化剂以丙烯环氧化为探针反应进行再生性能评价，同时在无氧条件下考察了TS-1在300℃时催化裂化PO反应．实验结果表明：PO浸渍TS-1可使其活性明显下降，PO在TS-1上不是简单的弱吸附，存在着化学强吸附和自聚．失活催化剂(Spent EPO-4和PO／TS-1)经无氧脱附后，其催化活性可显著恢复．通过对失活催化剂脱附产物的比较，推测了丙烯环氧化反应过程中钛硅分子筛失活原因．     

用于丙烯环氧化的 Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活与再生

 研究了以异丙苯过氧化氢为氧化剂选择氧化丙烯制环氧丙烷的 Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活原因. 采用 XRD (X 射线衍射), FT-IR (傅里叶变换红外光谱), UV-Vis (紫外-可见光谱) 和 TG (热重分析) 等技术表征了催化剂失活前后的结构和化学组成. 结果表明, 催化剂的失活主要是由于反应过程中所产生的重组分在催化剂表面吸附, 覆盖了活性中心所致; 并不是由于四配位的活性钛物种转化为六配位、八配位或者锐钛矿 TiO2 所致. 采用热异丙苯溶剂洗涤的方法可以部分恢复失活催化剂的活性, 但不能恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平; 采用低温烧炭方法能够使催化剂的活性恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平. 因此, Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活是可逆的, 采用合适的再生方法可以恢复其催化活性.     

正辛烷在Pt/SAPO-41上的加氢异构化反应

 在醇-水混合溶剂体系中,以二正丙胺为模板剂,以二氧化硅、异丙醇铝和磷酸分别为硅、铝和磷源,合成了纯相SAPO-41分子筛,其元素组成为n(Al)∶n(P)∶n(Si)=47.0∶44.8∶8.1. 通过浸渍法制备成0.5%Pt/SAPO-41催化剂,并在连续微型固定床反应装置上考察了其对正辛烷加氢异构化反应的催化性能. 结果表,Pt/SAPO-41催化剂具有较高的活性但较低的异构化选择性; 不同分子筛催化剂上反应产物中二甲基己烷/甲基庚烷的比值不同,其大小顺序为Pt/SAPO-31＞Pt/SAPO-41＞Pt/SAPO-11.     

柠檬酸对Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,以柠檬酸(CA)为络合剂采用浸渍法制备了Ni2P负载的TiO2-Al2O3复合载体催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附比表面积测定、H2程序升温氢还原(H2-TPR)、程序升温氧化(TPO)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征,考察了CA/Ni摩尔比对在Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂上进行的二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响.结果表明:适量的CA可以丰富催化剂的孔道,提高催化剂的比表面积.当n(CA)/n(Ni)=2:1时,催化剂的比表面积达到126.75m2·g-1,与不加CA时相比,提高了57.05m2·g-1.调节n(CA)/n(Ni)能够改善活性相的分布,改变活性相的种类;引入CA使Ni和P前驱体的还原温度明显降低,促进活性相Ni2P的生成,一定程度上能够抑制催化剂表面炭的形成和沉积,提高其稳定性.n(CA)/n(Ni)=2:1时,催化剂具有最好的加氢脱硫活性,在360°C,3.0MPa,氢油比为500(V/V),液时体积空速为2.0h-1的条件下,二苯并噻吩转化率为99.5%,可将模拟油中硫含量由2%(w)降低到0.01%(w).     

新型凝胶聚合物电解质的合成与性能

设计并合成了丙烯腈-甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇单甲醚酯共聚物及其梳状凝胶聚合物电解质.表征结果表明,合成的产物结构与设计的结果一致.该梳状凝胶聚合物电解质具有丙烯腈和聚氧化乙烯的优点,力学性能优良,室温电导率可达到10³S/cm,在锂聚合物电池领域中具有实际应用价值.     

氯乙烯/N-苯基马来酰亚胺共聚物组成控制和优化

研究了氯乙烯 /N 苯基马来酰亚胺 (VC/PMI)共聚物组成随转化率的变化 ,体系中共聚物的累积组成偏差小于 0 0 5或 0 1的单体配比范围很小 ,采用加入第三单体丙烯腈 (AN)的方法进行改善 ,并以PMI在共聚物中的累积组成偏差作为控制参数 ,得到了PMI在共聚物中的累积组成偏差小于 0 0 5和 0 1的VC/PMIlAN较优的配比范围 .结合悬浮聚合工艺的特点 ,确定了VC/PMI/AN悬浮共聚的最佳单体配比范围为f1=0 72～ 0 84 ,f2 =0 0 2～ 0 0 4 ,f3 =0 1 2～ 0 2 4 .     

气相色谱–质谱联用法测定空气中的丙烯腈

建立测定空气中丙烯腈的气相色谱–质谱联用方法。用活性炭管采集样品,以体积分数为2%的丙酮二硫化碳溶液解吸,利用气相色谱–质谱法以选择离子扫描方式采集数据并进行分析,以色谱峰面积外标法定量。丙烯腈的质量浓度在0~100μg/m L范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,线性相关系数(r~2)为0.999 0。丙烯腈检出限为1.2μg/m L,最低检出质量浓度为0.16 mg/m~3(以采样体积7.5 L计),平均加标回收率为97.0%~99.3%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.0%~4.2%(n=6)。该方法定性、定量准确,精密度、灵敏度高,可用于空气中丙烯腈的常规检测。     

Studies on the nature of multiple glass transitions in low acrylonitrile,butadiene–acrylonitrile rubbers

A study of the occurrence of multiple glass transitions in acrylonitrile–butadiene rubbers (NBR) has been made. Copolymerization theory was used to predict the change in comonomer composition with conversion for comonomer ratios both above and below the calculated azeotropic composition of 64% butadiene/36% acrylonitrile by weight. The results of these calculations suggested that multiple glass transitions, which occur only in NBR of less than 36% acrylonitrile, were due to an incompatibility of copolymer species of divergent comonomer compositions. This was shown by differential thermal analysis to be the case for various experimental polymers of known comonomer composition. A series of NBR's was prepared by incremental addition of acrylonitrile monomer during polymerization, and the resultant glass transition temperatures were evaluated. Results obtained showed that experimental samples which had single glass transitions also had a much narrower spread of comonomer species than the corresponding rubber polymerized with the use of full initial charge of both monomers. The data indicate that NBR's having a single glass transition, regardless of acrylonitrile content, may be prepared by incremental addition of acrylonitrile monomer during polymerization. Existing copolymerization theory appears to be adequate for predicting incremental monomer addition schedules suitable for the polymerization of NBR's having a single glass transition.     

Thermal degradation of copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile. III. Chain-scission reaction

The chain-scission reaction which occurs in copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile has been studied at temperatures of 262, 252, and 240°C. Under these conditions volatilization is negligible, and chain scission can be studied in virtual isolation. At 262°C three kinds of chain scission are discernible, namely, at weak links which are associated with styrene units, “normal” scission in styrene segments of the chain and scission associated with the acrylonitrile units. The rate constants for normal scission and scission associated with acrylonitrile units are in the ratio of approximately 1 to 30. The molecular weight of the copolymer has no effect on the rates of scission. At 252°C the same general behavior is observed for the copolymers containing up to 24.9% acrylonitrile. The 33.4% acrylonitrile copolymer is anomalous, however. At 240°C the trends observed at 262°C appear to break down completely although individual experiments are quite reproducible. This behavior at the lower temperatures is believed to be associated with the fact that the melting points of the various copolymers are in this temperature range. Thus the viscosity of the medium, which should be expected to have a strong influence on the chain scission reaction, will be changing rapidly with temperature, copolymer composition, and molecular weight in this temperature range.     

碳氮复合材料负载镍甲醇羰基化催化剂的研究

通过碳化由偏氯乙烯和丙烯腈悬浮共聚得到的前体,制得碳氮复合材料,将其负载金属镍后即得气相甲醇羰基化反应的催化剂。分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、氮气吸附、XPS、电子探针(EPMA)等方法对该材料及由其制得的催化剂进行表征,证明该催化剂中的镍呈高度分散的纳米粒子状态。采用固定床反应器对该催化剂进行催化性能测试,结果表明该催化剂在较低金属镍负载量及较温和的条件下即可具有较好的催化性能。该催化剂的最佳镍负载量为1.5%左右。     

Studies on the optical active alternating copolymer of benzofuran or 1,3-cyclooctadiene with acrylic monomers

In the presence of an optical active amyloxyaluminum or menthoxyaluminum chloride the asymmetric-induction alternating copolymerization of benzofuran or 1,3-cyclooctadiene and acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile was investigated. The sign of optical rotation of copolymers was positive or negative, depending on the kind of catalyst used. The optical activity of copolymers of benzofuran and acrylonitrile attains a maximum value at an equimolar composition. The highest specific rotation [α]_D of copolymers of benzofuran and acrylonitrile prepared in the presence of stoichiometric amount of (—)-menthoxyaluminum dichloride with respect to acrylonitrile was about ?8°. The stereo-structure of acrylonitrile unit may be controlled by the optical active aluminum compound onto which a strong coordination of acrylonitrile may occur.     

An experimental Raman and theoretical DFT study on the self-association of acrylonitrile

The liquid structure of acrylonitrile (propenenitrile) has been investigated using Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) ab initio calculations with the 6-311++G** basis set. Two different and complementary experimental approaches were undertaken: FT-Raman spectra of 13 acrylonitrile solutions in carbon tetrachloride (concentration range=0.25-12.0 mol.L-1) were studied in detail including principal component analysis (PCA) of the CN stretching band. Furthermore, dispersive Raman spectra of neat acrylonitrile were obtained at eight different temperatures from 238 up to 343 K. The complex and asymmetric acrylonitrile Raman CN stretching band can be decomposed into two components attributed to monomeric and self-associated forms. Ab initio results fully support this assignment and suggest that the self-associated complex is a nonplanar trimer held together by dipole-dipole interactions. At ambient temperature, the composition of acrylonitrile can be expressed as a mixture of 25% monomers and 75% trimers. Close to the boiling point, trimers still represent 65% of the liquid composition. The corresponding enthalpy of association was estimated to be -22+/-2 kJ.mol-1.     

过氧化氢的热分解及其引发丙烯腈聚合反应的研究

本文研究了过氧化氢在二甲基甲酰胺中的热分解反应,测定了不同温度下的分解速率常数和表现活化能。同时研究了过氧化氢引发丙烯腈的聚合反应,确定了聚合动力学方程。     

Use of Commercial Acrylonitrile Standard for Wastewater Analysis

Abstract

It was found that a commercially available aqueous standard solution of acrylonitrile (1 mg/ml) was below manufacturer specification in concentration when compared to an authentic standard prepared from the pure compound. Comparative analyses of the two solutions, commercial and laboratory prepared acrylonitrile, were conducted by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector with analytical conditions similar to those recommended by the EPA for acrylonitrile analyses. The acrylonitrile content of the commercial solution was found to be approximately 30% lower than specified. Commercial venders have provided solutions of the 114 organic priority pollutants which are convenient for instrumental calibration. There needs to be concern for experimental results reported with regards to accuracy and estimated detection limit when using such standards.