Mixed alkali metal selenate proton conductors: Phase transitions and crystal structure of [Rb0.54(Nh4)0.46]3H(SeO4)2

Optical birefringence, calorimetric, thermal expansion, powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction investigations of mixed proton conductors [Rb_1-x(NH₄)_x]₃H(SeO₄)₂ were performed with the aim of studying the influence of partial substitution of cations on the superprotonic phase transition, on the atomic structure and on other characteristic features of this type of crystals.     

New compounds with incommensurate phases: Cs2CdI4 and Cs2ZnI4

Abstract

In this paper the results of birefringence studies and of optical observations in polarized light in a wide temperature region are presented for crystals Cs₂CdI₄ and Cs₂ZnI₄. There is the following sequence of phases: commensurate orthorhombic Pnma ? incommensurate ? monoclinic ferroelastic P2₁/n ? triclinic ferroelastic PT. A correlation was observed between the peculiarities of birefringence and NQR spectra temperature dependence. An assumption is made, that in Cs₂ZnI₄ crystal in a broad pre-transition region (T - T _i = 100 K) precursor clusters exist, which manifest themselves as coexistence of NQR spectra of two phases and as deviation of birefringence from the linear temperature dependence (“tail”).     

Commensurate and incommensurate modulated structures of Rb2ZnCl4

The commensurate and incommensurate structures of Rb₂ZnCl₄ have been refined using the four-dimensional formalism for modulated structures. They are characterized by a rigid body modulated rotation of the ZnCl₄ tetrahedra and by a translation motion of the Rb atoms.     

DSC study of superionic phase transition in (NH4)4H2(SeO4)3 single crystals

DSC and complex impedance studies of the protonic conductor (NH₄)₄H₂(SeO₄)₃, which undergoes a superionic phase transition of first order at T_s = 378 K show that the activation energy of ionic conductivity d(lg σ)/dt and the ordering enthalpy ΔC_p of the crystal are proportional: d(lg σ)/dT = XΔC_p/RT_s + const, as found for MAg₄I₅ crystals undergoing a second-order superionic phase transition. Thus the short-range order environment of the species involved in fast-ion transport plays the main role in the superionic phase transition. This is also supported by the value of the entropy change at T_s, ΔS = 43 J/mole·K. A new metastable phase was found to be induced on heating the (NH₄)₄H₂(SeO₄)₃ crystal above T_s.     

On the structural phase transitions in the incommensurate Cs2CdBr4

Abstract

In the series of incommensurate A₂BX₄ halides with the β-K₂SO₄ type structure, Cs₂CdBr₄ exhibits an unusual behaviour since the “lock-in” phase transition occurs at the centre of the Brillouin zone. The observed phase sequence is the following: Pnma (Z = 4)?INC(k₀ ≈ 1/6a*)?P2_1/n(Z = 4)?P1 (Z = 4). These phase transitions have been studied by means of Raman scattering and ultrasonic measurements. It is shown that the Pnma?INC?P2_1/n sequence is governed by order-disorder processes due to CdB2-₄ tetrahedra reorientations coupled with translations of the Cs⁺ cations, and that the low-temperature P2_1/n?P1 transition is of a displacive nature, governed by a soft optical mode. The “pseudo-proper” ferroelastic character of these transformations is clearly established. A model potential developed in the framework of Landau theory is proposed; this model is able to reproduce the general trends observed in the temperature dependence of the soft-modes and of the elastic constants in the different phases.     

Studies of structure, thermal, and electrical properties for Cs 5 H 3 (SO 4 ) 4 crystal

Electrical conductivity, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on a pentacesium trihydrogen tetrasulfate, Cs₅H₃(SO₄)₄, crystal. The transition entropy at a superionic phase transition and the activation energy of proton migrations in the superionic phase were determined to be 58.2 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ and 0.48 eV, respectively. The crystal structure of Cs₅H₃(SO₄)₄ at room temperature was refined. The electrical conduction in Cs₅H₃(SO₄)₄ was discussed with the refined structure.     

Influence of crystal synthesis on the incommensurate phase and lock-in transition of Rb2ZnCl4 crystals

A comparative study of several crystals of Rb₂ZnCl₄, obtained by different crystal growing methods, has allowed us to determine the influence of growth defects on the incommensurate phase and on the lock-in transition of these samples. X-ray diffraction has allowed us to complete previous dielectric measurements realized on the same samples and to relate the crystalline quality to the evolution of the modulation as a function of the temperature. The principal influence of an increasing defect density seems to be a stronger pinning of the modulated phase and this induces a lower lock-in temperature and a wider hysteresis.     

Optical study of the phase transitions in LiKSO4

The birefringence of LiKSO₄ has been measured over the range 27–700°C. The change in birefringence with heating and cooling is seen to be very different. Observations have been made on domains in (001) and (100) plates near the phase transitions.     

Simultaneous measurement of thermal and dielectric properties in a conduction calorimeter: Application to the lock-in transition in Rb2ZnCl4 single crystal

A device for simultaneous measurement of thermal properties (specific heat, latent heat and related properties) and electric properties (such as permittivity, dielectric spectroscopy) based on conduction calorimetry is explained. The device is used to study the commensurate-incommensurate (lock-in) phase transition in Rb₂ZnCl₄ single crystal. This transition is found to be first-order. Thermal and dielectric anomalies are discussed.     

Atomic 6p-Tl0 centers in ferroelectric Rb2ZnCl4 crystals

Abstract

Several Tl⁰ (6s²6p ¹)-type paramagnetic centers, produced by low temperature X-ray irradiation, were observed and studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) in the orthorhombic ferroelectric phase of thallium doped Rb₂ZnCl₄ crystals. The centers were formed by electron trapping at Tl⁺ ions localized substitutionally at Rb⁺ sites. The number and properties of the observed centers account for the tripling of the unit cell in the ferroelectric phase.     

Analysis of the ferroelastic domains and phase transition in the K2SO4 crystal

Abstract

The domain structures of the β-K₂SO₄ crystal were analyzed by group theory. We obtained the permissible kinds of domain association and domain walls from the results of the group theory. It is suggested from the analysis that the (110) and (130) planes are W_mb walls. The value of the spontaneous strain of K₂SO₄ wast = 6.32 × 10^?3 at room temperature and also its temperature dependence was observed.     

The thermoelastic properties of [N(CH3)4]2ZnBr4 and [N(CH3)4]2MnBr4

The ferrodistortive phase transition in the bis-tetramethylammonium tetrabromide crystals below room temperature is studied within the framework of the Landau theory. The specific heats of [N(CH₃)₄]₂MnBr₄ and [N(CH₃)₄]₂ZnBr₄ are correctly described down to 40°C below the transition temperature. The phenomenological parameters are determined from calorimetric results, elastic constants and thermal expansion data. Using these coefficients, the monoclinic angle in the ferrodistortive phases is obtained. The anharmonic quantities, such as the isothermal compressibility, calculated from the specific heat data, are in good agreement with the values derived from the elastic measurements.     

X-ray study of the anomalous thermal hystereses of the modulation wavevectors in Cs2HgCl4

A rich sequence of structural modulations in Cs₂HgCl₄ as a function of temperature was studied by means of X-ray diffraction. Accurate satellite-position measurements on the cooling and heating paths of the crystal revealed abnormal thermal hystereses for incommensurate phases and coexistences of neighboring commensurate phases. A well-defined X-ray picture of the a-axis modulated phases in the range of 221–184 K were observed on the heating path, while the c-axis modulated phases existing below 184 K were definitely detected on the cooling path. The proper conditions for a precise phase diagram of Cs₂HgCl₄ can be correlated with relatively defect-free transformations of a-axis modulations at heating and of c-axis modulations at cooling. The peculiarity of Cs₂HgCl₄ to switch modulation direction among the a- and c-axes at 184 K allows us deliberately accumulate and thus control a majority of mobile defects on the mutually perpendicular (100) or (001) planes by possessing crystal within temperature domain of a- or c-axes modulations, respectively.     

Pressure-induced change of the interlayer exchange interaction from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic in CS2CuF4 observed by neutron scattering experiments up to 2 GPa

Abstract

Neutron scattering experiments on the two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnets Cs₂ CuF₄ and K₂CuF₄ have been performed around 2 ～ 3 GPa over 1·4–15 K. At ambient pressure both the intralayer and the interlayer exchange interactions in these two compounds are ferromagnetic. At about 2 GPa, the interlayer exchange coupling in Cs₂ CuF₄ is found to change from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic, while the ferromagnetic intralayer exchange interaction is maintained. Contrary to Cs₂CuF₄, the ferromagnetism in K₂Cuf₄ is not destroyed by pressure up to 9 GPa, that was confirmed in the early study of the magnetic susceptibility measurements.     

Ferroic phase transitions in β-LiNH4SO4

Abstract

The paper reviews the results of experimental and theoretical studies of ferroic phase transitions in β-LiNH₄SO₄ and its deuterated analogue. β-LiNH₄SO₄ undergoes succesive phase transitions: a paraelectric - ferroelectric phase transition at T₁ ? 462 K, a ferroelectric - ferroelastic phase transition at T₂ ? 283 K and a transition from one ferroelastic phase to the other at T₃ ? 28 K. Attention is focused on the influence of the order of phase transitions on the pattern of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain structure, and also on the role played by the dynamics of molecular groups in the mechanism of transitions. The pre-transition effect connected with the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition: heterophase, capable of accounting for anomalies in different physical properties present 1-3 K below T₁ is shown. The anomalous temperature variation of spontaneous polarisation of the crystal is discussed within the framework of the phenomenological model of weak ferroelectrics.     

1H NMR study of [N(CH3)4]2ZnCI4 at high pressures and low temperatures

Wide-line proton NMR studies on polycrystalline tetramethylammonium tetrachlorozincate have been carried out at high hydrostatic pressures up to 15 kbar in the temperature range 77-300 K and at ambient pressure down to 4.2 K. A second-moment transition is observed to occur starting around 161 K, the temperature for the V-VI phase transition. This transition temperature is seen to have a negative pressure coefficient up to 2 kbar, beyond which it changes sign. At 77 K the second moment decreases to 4 kbar and then increases again as a function of pressure. The results are explained in terms of the dynamics of the N(CH₃)₄ groups.     

Study of electrical conductivity changes and phase transitions in Co3O4 doped ZrO2

The electrical conductivity of ZrO₂ doped with Co₃O₄ has been measured at various temperatures for different molar ratios. The conductivity increases due to the migration of vacancies created by doping. The conductivity is also found to increase with rise in temperature up to 120°C, and after attaining a maximum the conductivity decreases due to a collapse of the lattice framework. A second rise in conductivity around 460°C in all the compositions confirms the phase transition in ZrO₂ from monoclinic to tetragonal symmetry. X-ray powder diffraction and DTA studies were carried out for confirming the doping effects and the transition in ZrO₂.     

Microscopic distortion and order parameter in langbeinite K2Cd2(SO4)3

The structural data on the orthorhombic phase of K₂Cd₂(SO₄)₃ at four different temperatures of Abraham et al. (1978) [J. Chem. Phys., 68, 1926] is reanalyzed in terms of frozen symmetry modes. The eigenvector of the primary distortion present in the orthorhombic phase is derived. The temperature variation of the amplitude of the order parameter is determined and compared with those of the amplitude of the frozen secondary distortion and the amplitude of the orthorhombic strain. In contrast with some previous literature, it is shown that, within experimental accuracy, all these magnitudes exhibit the correlation expected from a conventional Landau model.     

Some stereochemical criteria concerning the structural stability of A2BX4 compounds of type β-K2SO4

In A₂BX₄ structures which are isostructural to β-K₂SO₄ (with A being a monoatomic cation) there are two crystallographically independent cations surrounded by 11 and 9 X-atoms. The 11-coordinated cation is less firmly bound and the arrangement of its five closest neighbours is irregular. One of these contacts is approximately parallel to the pseudohexagonal axis of the structure and is often shorter than the sum of the corresponding ionic radii. A survey of available structural data indicates that the low-temperature structural instability of a good number of these compounds is related to the coordination of this 11-coordinated cation and especially to the bonding strength of this short bond, which is often the shortest cation-anion contact in the structure. Typically, the relative contribution of this contact to the bond-valence sum of the 11-coordinated cation is larger in the compounds which undergo phase transitions at lower temperatures. The presence of this short contact is correlated with the ratio of the lattice parameters a/b (Pnma-setting). In general, the Pnma phase is unstable at low temperatures in those compounds where this ratio is smaller. On the other hand, the value of a/b can be related to the ratio of the effective sizes of cations and BX₄ tetrahedra, so that typical low-temperature instabilities of the β-K₂SO₄ structure occur for smaller values of the ratio between cation radius and the sum of the ionic radii of atoms A and X. In most cases, the resulting phase transitions stabilize modulated structures (frequently incommensurate), with slight distortions with respect to the β-K₂SO₄ structure. However, when the bond valence sum of the eleven-coordinated cation is extremely low, more drastic (first-order) structural changes are observed (e.g. phase transitions into the Sr₂GeS₄ structure type). In addition, the survey indicates, especially in complex oxides, that low-temperature phase transitions are more probable in those structures with looser packing. Considering the criteria proposed, a set of compounds is indicated where low-temperature phase transitions are plausible.     

A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the structural properties and molecular motions of Li2KH(SO4)2 and LiKSO4 single crystals

The structural properties and relaxation mechanisms of Li₂KH(SO₄)₂ crystals were determined using the temperature dependences of NMR spectra and the spin-lattice relaxation times (T₁) of their ¹H, ⁷Li, and ³⁹K nuclei. The results obtained were compared with the previously reported physical properties of LiKSO₄ crystals. The substitution of the potassium ions with protons in the LiKSO₄ crystals were variations in the phase transition temperatures, and the non-appearance of ferroelastic properties. The ⁷Li T₁ for the Li₂KH(SO₄)₂ crystals was much shorter than the ⁷Li T₁ for the LiKSO₄ crystals, and these findings indicate that the presence of the protons in Li₂KH(SO₄)₂ causes the Li ions to move with greater freedom.