爆炸粉末烧结颗粒间摩擦引起的界面温升研究

 针对爆炸粉末烧结过程中颗粒间的摩擦效应提出了一种无夹角斜碰撞模型,分析了烧结过程中颗粒间摩擦力随温度的变化规律,借助于LS-DYNA有限元程序研究了冲击压力、颗粒大小、材料强度等因素对孔隙闭合时间的影响,给出了颗粒界面温升的表达式。研究结果表明,由摩擦引起的颗粒界面的温升与材料特性、颗粒度、冲击角度、冲击压力等因素有关,随材料的蓄热能力、传热能力和材料强度的增加而减小,并随着材料疏松程度、颗粒直径、冲击压力的增加而增加;在粉末颗粒直径和冲击压力不是太小的情况下,颗粒表面温度将达到材料的熔点。     

Bistability effects of the brownian motion in periodic potentials

In the stationary state the equation of motion for particles moving in a periodic potential has two solutions, a locked one and a running one, for low and intermediate damping constants and for suitable external forces. The effect of an additional Langevin force to this bistable behaviour is investigated. For finite noise strength, the mobility depends continuously on the external force, whereas in the limit of vanishing strength of the noise force one gets a sharp transition between the locked and the running solution at a critical external force. This critical force is calculated exactly in the low friction limit and approximately for intermediate friction constants. Furthermore the temperature dependence for various forces including the critical one is shown in the low friction limit.     

Onset of mechanical stability in random packings of frictional spheres

Using sedimentation to obtain precisely controlled packings of noncohesive spheres, we find that the volume fraction phiRLP of the loosest mechanically stable packing is in an operational sense well defined by a limit process. This random loose packing volume fraction decreases with decreasing pressure p and increasing interparticle friction coefficient mu. Using x-ray tomography to correct for a container boundary effect that depends on particle size, we find for rough particles in the limit p-->0 a new lower bound, phiRLP=0.550+/-0.001.     

Sorting on periodic surfaces

Particles moving on crystalline surfaces and driven by external forces or flow fields can acquire velocities along directions that deviate from that of the external force. This effect depends upon the characteristics of the particles, most notably particle size or particle index of refraction, and can therefore be (and has been) used to sort different particles. We introduce a simple model for particles subject to thermal fluctuations and moving in appropriate potential landscapes. Numerical results are compared to recent experiments on landscapes produced with holographic optical tweezers and microfabricated technology. Our approach clarifies the relevance of different parameters, the direction and magnitude of the external force, particle size, and temperature.     

Sound absorption properties of a sunflower composite made from crushed stem particles and from chitosan bio-binder

A recent study investigated the mechanical, thermal and acoustical properties of a bio-based composite made from crushed particles of sunflower stalks binded together by chitosan, a bio-based binder. The acoustical performance in absorption was found to be poor as the material was highly compacted and with low porosity. The present study focuses on the acoustical properties of a higher porosity composite, with lower density while the mechanical rigidity remains fairly high. A higher absorption coefficient is obtained. The experimental results on the absorption coefficient are compared to the prediction of a model involving 5 physical parameters (porosity, tortuosity, airflow resistivity, thermal and viscous characteristic lengths). The characterization methods to determine these parameters are described. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results shows that this material exhibits peculiar microstructural features. It is found that the sound absorption properties can involve dead-end pores or clusters and multiple porosity scales in the material.     

Studies of the collision frequency of ideal gas particles with the surfaces of the objects created using the ballistic deposition technique

This paper is a continuation of our studies of the collision frequency of ideal gas particles with the rough/fractal surfaces. Here, we applied a more realistic surface growth model, i.e. ballistic deposition for creation of fractal objects. We found that the collision frequency with irregular surfaces is the linear function of pressure and this frequency per unit pressure is quite a complicated function of the surface fractal dimension as well as the diameter of colliding particle. The collision frequency with rough surfaces cannot be exactly described by the analytical formula called the Langmuir-Hertz equation. However, we have stated that the deviations of the true collision frequency from the Langmuir-Hertz prediction are not huge and in typical catalytic studies the error introduced by replacing the true frequency by the Langmuir-Hertz prediction can be safely neglected. We have also studied the probability of finding on the surface an atom which has been hit a certain number of times by a gas particle. This probability reveals an interesting behaviour for small gas particles, i.e. it perfectly correlates with the number of directions from which the surface atom is accessible from the gas phase. We have also estimated the evolution of the adsorption energy distribution with the increasing fractal dimension of the surface in the ballistic deposition.     

Magnetic anisotropy and anisotropic ballistic conductance of thin magnetic wires

The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of thin magnetic wires of iron and cobalt is quite different from the bulk phases. The spin moment of monatomic Fe wire may be as high as 3.4 μ_B, while the orbital moment as high as 0.5 μ_B. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) was calculated for wires up to 0.6 nm in diameter starting from monatomic wire and adding consecutive shells for thicker wires. I observe that Fe wires exhibit the change sign with the stress applied along the wire. It means that easy axis may change from the direction along the wire to perpendicular to the wire. We find that ballistic conductance of the wire depends on the direction of the applied magnetic field, i.e. shows anisotropic ballistic magnetoresistance. This effect occurs due to the symmetry dependence of the splitting of degenerate bands in the applied field which changes the number of bands crossing the Fermi level. We find that the ballistic conductance changes with applied stress. Even for thicker wires the ballistic conductance changes by factor 2 on moderate tensile stain in our 5×4 model wire. Thus, the ballistic conductance of magnetic wires changes in the applied field due to the magnetostriction. This effect can be observed as large anisotropic BMR in the experiment.     

Ballistic conductance in kane type semiconductor quantum wire

The energy spectrum, ballistic conductance of an electron on the surface of a Kane type semiconductor hollow cylinder has been calculated by using the Kane equation with an additional term that takes into account the spin-orbit (SO) interaction. This term, known as Rashba term, occurs for asymmetric quantum wells, where two directions on the normal n are physically nonequivalent. If Rashba spin-orbital interaction is incorporated into energy spectrum, it leads to the emergence of new extrema. We obtained electron energy spectrum, which depends on the sign of the effective spin orbital constant. The energy spectrum of electrons has two branches when the magnetic field does not exist. One of these branches has only one minimum while the other branch has one maximum around k = 0 and two minima. The external magnetic field can control these extrema which occur in the event transport. The results were used to obtain the ballistic conductance at finite temperature of the Kane type hollow cylinder. It has been found that the presence of additional local extremum points in the subband of the electronic spectrum leads to a nonmonotonic dependence of the ballistic conductance of the system on the chemical potential. The g-factor of electrons was observed to depend on Rashba parameter in a linear manner. The effect of finite temperature smears out the sharp steps in the zero-temperature conductance.     

Effects of heat loss and viscosity friction at walls on flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition

The coupled effect of wall heat loss and viscosity friction on flame propagation and deflagration to detonation transition(DDT) in micro-scale channel is investigated by high-resolution numerical simulations.The results show that when the heat loss at walls is considered, the oscillating flame presents a reciprocating motion of the flame front.The channel width and Boit number are varied to understand the effect of heat loss on the oscillating flame and DDT.It is found that the oscillating propagation is determined by the competition between wall heat loss and viscous friction.The flame retreat is led by the adverse pressure gradient caused by thermal contraction, while it is inhibited by the viscous effects of wall friction and flame boundary layer.The adverse pressure gradient formed in front of a flame, caused by the heat loss and thermal contraction, is the main reason for the flame retreat.Furthermore, the oscillating flame can develop to a detonation due to the pressure rise by thermal expansion and wall friction.The transition to detonation depends non-monotonically on the channel width.     

Giant enhancement of noncontact friction between closely spaced bodies by dielectric films and two-dimensional systems

The effect of an external bias voltage and spatial variations of the surface potential on the damping of cantilever vibrations in an atomic force microscope (AFM) is considered. The damping is due to an electrostatic friction that arises due to dissipation of the energy of an electromagnetic field generated in the sample by oscillating static charges induced on the surface of the AFM probe tip by the bias voltage or spatial variations of the surface potential. A similar effect appears when the tip is oscillating in an electrostatic field created by charged defects present in the dielectric sample. The electrostatic friction is compared to the van der Waals (vdW) friction between closely spaced bodies, which is caused by a fluctuating electromagnetic field related to the quantum and thermal fluctuations of current density inside the bodies. It is shown that the electrostatic friction and the vdW friction can be strongly enhanced in the presence of dielectric films or two-dimensional (2D) structures—such as a 2D electron system or an incommensurate layer of adsorbed ions exhibiting acoustic oscillations—on the probe tip and sample surfaces. It is also shown that the damping of cantilever oscillations caused by the electrostatic friction in the presence of such 2D structures can have the same order of magnitude and the same dependence on the distance as observed in experiment by Stipe et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 096801 (2001)]. At small distances, the vdW friction can be large enough to be measured in experiment. In interpreting the experimental data that obey a quadratic dependence on the bias voltage, one can reject a phonon mechanism according to which the friction depends on the fourth power of the voltage.     

Kinetics of friction and wear of polymer composite materials

The kinetics of wear, heating, and relaxation of the friction force of antifriction self-lubricating polymer composite materials with metals are investigated. Heat-resistant polyheteroarylenes are used as a matrix. The fillers are metal and polymer powders, TiO₂ whiskers, and strips of oriented polymer fibers. It is established that the temperature and pressure dependences of the heating rate, wear, and relaxation of the friction force are described by the Zhurkov equation. The activation energy of these processes is equal to the activation energy of fracture of the matrix. The activation volume of fracture depends on the nature and shape of the filler particles. It is concluded that the kinetics of wear, heating, and relaxation of the friction force are determined by the probability of occurrence of destructive thermal fluctuations responsible for the breaking of chemical bonds in molecules of the matrix.     

Effect of an electric field on friction of silicone rubber against steel in the motor base oil's environment

The paper presents the experimental results of research on the effect of an external DC electric field on the coefficient of friction of silicone rubber (elastomer) during its rubbing against a steel surface in the „pin–on–disc” experimental set-up. In the tests there were used silicone rubber samples, the pure PAG and PAO synthetic base oils and their blends with an antiwear (ZDDP) additive. The coefficient of friction μ was determined under conditions with and without an external DC electric field. A DC electric field was generated between a silicone rubber sample and a rotating steel disc (a friction pair). A sample holder was electrically isolated from other metal parts of a tribometer and was connected to one of the poles of a DC power supply, while the other pole was connected by means of the carbon brushes to a rotating steel disc. The experimental results show that the external DC electric field established between the rotating steel disc and a silicone rubber sample causes the coefficient of friction to decrease. It was also found that the coefficient of friction μ depends on the steel disc's angular velocity n, the contact pressure p, and the type of base oil and its blends with the additive used.     

遮蔽效应对抛射沉积模型标度性质的影响

在表面粗糙化生长过程中粒子非垂直入射产生的遮蔽效应是一种长程相互作用, 实验发现非垂直入射时生长表面形貌和生长性质都受到遮蔽效应的影响. 本文通过模拟倾斜入射的抛射沉积模型得到了其标度指数、 表面统计的偏度和峰度以及生长体的多孔性与入射角度的关系, 模拟结果显示标度指数与入射角度的关系是非单调的, 而偏度和峰度的有限尺寸效应也取决于入射角度的大小. 同时本文对以上模拟结果进行了定性的分析.     

Role of surface defects and microstructure in infrared optical properties of thermochromic VO2 materials

Thermochromic vanadium dioxide VO₂ exhibits a semi-conducting to metallic phase transition at T_c=68 °C, involving strong variations in optical transmittance, reflectance and emissivity. However, the optical contrasts observed in thin films or nanostructured compacted samples seem to depend on both surface microstructure and surface crystal texture. In the case of opaque materials, surface defects might play a drastic role in optical reflectivity. As the high temperature metallic phase of VO₂ is opaque for infrared radiations, we used aluminum samples as standards allowing us to correlate reflectivity responses with porosity and surface defects. Then, various polycrystalline and nanostructured VO₂ samples compacted at various pressures and presenting variable surface roughness were prepared. Thin films were deposited by radio frequency sputtering process. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Optical properties (reflectance and emissivity) were analyzed above and below the transition temperature, making use of specific FTIR equipments. In thin films, the deposited VO₂ phase was systematically oriented and surface porosity was very weak. In polycrystalline samples, as the compaction pressure increased, surface porosity decreased, and infrared optical contrast increased. In such samples, preferred orientations were favored for low applied pressures. These features clearly show that the main parameters conditioning the optical contrast should be the surface defects and porosity, not the preferred crystal orientations. As an additional interesting result, the surfaces formed from compacted nanocrystalline VO₂ powders present improved optical contrast for reflectance and emissivity properties.     

Optical method for measurement of magnetophoretic mobility of individual magnetic microspheres in defined magnetic field

The magnetophoretic mobility of magnetic microspheres, nanospheres and particles depends not only on type and amount of encapsulated magnetic compound, but also on microsphere-internal distribution, solvent system, porosity and other factors. Using a microscopic setup with automated digital image processing, different magnetic microspheres were investigated for size, acceleration and velocity of each single microsphere in the suspension. The overall magnetophoretic mobility (responsiveness to an external magnetic field) was not directly proportional to the saturation magnetization of the magnetic microspheres.     

Coulomb Friction Driving Brownian Motors

We review a family of models recently introduced to describe Brownian motors under the influence of Coulomb friction, or more general non-linear friction laws. It is known that, if the heat bath is modeled as the usual Langevin equation (linear viscosity plus white noise), additional non-linear friction forces are not sufficient to break detailed balance, i.e. cannot produce a motor effect. We discuss two possibile mechanisms to elude this problem. A first possibility, exploited in several models inspired to recent experiments, is to replace the heat bath's white noise by a "collisional noise", that is the effect of random collisions with an external equilibrium gas of particles. A second possibility is enlarging the phase space, e.g. by adding an external potential which couples velocity to position, as in a Klein-Kramers equation. In both cases, non-linear friction becomes sufficient to achieve a non-equilibrium steady state and, in the presence of an even small spatial asymmetry, a motor effect is produced.     

Reversing the Brazil-nut effect: competition between percolation and condensation

We report on experiments on vertically shaken binary granular mixtures, which separate into their components due to the external excitation. This well-known phenomenon, where large particles rise to the top of the mixture, is called the Brazil-nut effect. Recent theoretical findings predict also a reverse Brazil-nut effect, where large particles sink to the bottom of the container. We choose spherical beads of various diameters and materials in order to observe the transition from Brazil-nut effect to its reverse form. The direction of demixing depends sensitively on the external excitation, so that it is possible to switch between both effects for a given mass density ratio.     

High-field transport in an electron-hole plasma: transition from ballistic to drift motion

The time evolution of high-field carrier transport in bulk GaAs is studied with intense femtosecond THz pulses. While ballistic transport of electrons occurs in an n-type sample, a transition from ballistic to driftlike motion is observed in an electron-hole plasma. This onset of friction is due to the holes, which are heated by THz absorption. Theoretical calculations, which reproduce the data quantitatively, show that both electron-hole scattering and local-field effects in the electron-hole plasma are essential for the time-dependent friction.     

A peculiar Maxwell’s Demon observed in a time-dependent stadium-like billiard

The dynamics of a driven stadium-like billiard is considered using the formalism of discrete mappings. The model presents a resonant velocity that depends on the rotation number around fixed points and external boundary perturbation which plays an important separation rule in the model. We show that particles exhibiting Fermi acceleration (initial velocity is above the resonant one) are scaling invariant with respect to the initial velocity and external perturbation. However, initial velocities below the resonant one lead the particles to decelerate therefore unlimited energy growth is not observed. This phenomenon may be interpreted as a specific Maxwell’s Demon which may separate fast and slow billiard particles.