T and S dualities and the cosmological evolution of the dilaton and the scale factors

Cosmologically stabilizing radion along with the dilaton is one of the major concerns of low energy string theory. One can hope that T and S dualities can provide a plausible answer. In this work we study the impact of S and T duality invariances on dilaton gravity. We have shown various instances where physically interesting models arise as a result of imposing the mentioned invariances. In particular S duality has a very privileged effect, in that the dilaton equations partially decouple from the evolution of the scale factors. This makes it easy to understand the general rules for the stabilization of the dilaton. We also show that certain T duality invariant actions become S duality invariance compatible. That is, they mimic S duality when the extra dimensions stabilize.     

Boltzmann'sH theorem and the Loschmidt and the Zermelo paradoxes

The Umkehreinwand of Loschmidt and the Wiederkehreinwand of Zermelo have been reexamined. The former paradox depends on the augument that for a dynamical system, upon the reversal of the velocities of all the molecules, theH function retraces its sequence of values so thatdH/dt will change its sign. The latter paradox depends on the argument that theH function returns infinitely close to its value after a Poincare' quasi-period and therefore cannot be decreasing all the time. While the main contention of the two paradoxes is correct, that theH theorem is inconsistent with classical dynamical laws, the arguments there can be considerably simplified and the “paradoxes” answered more directly. If the distribution functionf(q _K ,p _K ,t) is governed by an equation which is time-reversal invariant (such as the Liouville equation for a closed dynamical system), then it can be shown immediately thatdH/dt=0,H=cons. In this case, both paradoxes disappear, but together with them, thedH/dt<0 part of theH theorem also has disappeared, i.e., there is no second law of thermodynamics. Iff(q _K ,p _K ,t) is governed by an equation which is not time-reversal invariant (such as the Boltzmann equation, or the Master Equation for Markovian processes), then (1) there is no argument forf andH(t) to retrace their sequence of values upon the reversal of all the velocities of the system, (2) there is no quasiperiod in whichf andH(t) return to their earlier values. In this case, both paradoxes disappear also, but then one must go beyond classical dynamics in order to maintain theH theorem.     

Design and analysis of the tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the spectrum hall of the CSNS

There is a tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the target station in the spectrum hall in the CSNS project.The length of the tunnel is about 20 m.The shielding design of the tunnel is very significant for the persons working in the spectrum hall because the tunnel is not covered ed soil for shielding.In order to reduce the dose rate at the exit of the cable ducts,we use the ISIS construction,which is designed with four turnings,as a reference for the tunnel design.The thickness of the shielding is obtained by a simulationwith the Monte Carlo Code FLUKA.The result is compared with the data obtained with Moyer Mode and the reliability of the simulation is proved.This paper provides the basis for the design of the tunnel.     

Design and analysis of the tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the spectrum hall of the CSNS

There is a tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the target station in the spectrum hall in the CSNS project. The length of the tunnel is about 20 m. The shielding design of the tunnel is very significant for the persons working in the spectrum hall because the tunnel is not covered by soil for shielding. In order to reduce the dose rate at the exit of the cable ducts, we use the ISIS construction, which is designed with four turnings, as a reference for the tunnel design. The thickness of the shielding is obtained by a simulation with the Monte Carlo Code FLUKA. The result is compared with the data obtained with Moyer Mode and the reliability of the simulation is proved. This paper provides the basis for the design of the tunnel.     

Infrared renormalons and the relations between the Gross-Llewellyn Smith and the Bjorken polarized and unpolarized sum rules

It is demonstrated that the infrared renormalon calculus indicates that the QCD theoretical expressions for the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule and for the Bjorken polarized and unpolarized ones contain an identical negative twist-4 1/Q² correction. This observation is supported by the consideration of the results of calculations of the corresponding twist-4 matrix elements. Together with the indication of the similarity of the perturbative QCD contributions to these three sum rules, this observation leads to simple new theoretical relations between the Gross-Llewellyn Smith and Bjorken polarized and unpolarized sum rules in the energy region Q² ≥ 1 GeV². The validity of this relation is checked using concrete experimental data for the Gross-Llewellyn Smith and Bjorken polarized sum rules.     

On the Bose symmetry and the left- and right-chiral anomalies

It is generally assumed that in order to preserve Bose symmetry in the left- (or right-chiral) current it is necessary to equally distribute the chiral anomaly between the vectorial and the axial Ward identities, requiring the use of counterterms to restore consistency. In this work, we show how to calculate the quantum breaking of the left- and right-chiral currents in a way that allows to preserve Bose symmetry independently of the chiral anomaly, using the implicit regularization method.     

Symmetries and the mass ratio of the electron and muon

A model of symmetries and gauge interactions relating the electron and muon is considered. The model is based on the U_L(1)?U_R(1)?R_L?R_R group where U_L(1)?U_R(1) denotes the chiral e-μ rotation and R_L?R_R the chiral reflection of the electron field. The invariance under this group is spontaneously broken by the vacuum expectation values of scalar fields. A zeroth-order vacuum is found for which the zeroth-order electron mass vanishes, while one-loop corrections lead to a finite $\text{m}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{mμ}$ ratio. The decay process μ → e + γ is strictly forbidden in this model.     

岩石密度及磁化率与反射光谱特征关系研究

通过对三大岩类中15种岩石样本（样本总数目达208块）进行取样测定,获得其密度、磁化率以及波段350～2 500 nm的反射光谱数据。以研究岩石物性（密度及磁化率）与其不同波段反射率相关性,求取了相关系数曲线。根据试验结果曲线,进一步对具有岩石反射率定性及定量探讨岩石密度及磁化率前景的岩石种类及波段进行了总结,并且对几种岩石相关系数曲线的特征进行了归纳。认为通过岩石反射率间接获取岩石密度及磁化率的研究思路具有一定意义及可行性。     

Causality and Dispersion Relations and the Role of the S-Matrix in the Ongoing Research

The adaptation of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations to the causal localization structure of QFT led to an important project in particle physics, the only one with a successful closure. The same cannot be said about the subsequent attempts to formulate particle physics as a pure S-matrix project. The feasibility of a pure S-matrix approach are critically analyzed and their serious shortcomings are highlighted. Whereas the conceptual/mathematical demands of renormalized perturbation theory are modest and misunderstandings could easily be corrected, the correct understanding about the origin of the crossing property requires the use of the mathematical theory of modular localization and its relation to the thermal KMS condition. These new concepts, which combine localization, vacuum polarization and thermal properties under the roof of modular theory, will be explained and their potential use in a new constructive (nonperturbative) approach to QFT will be indicated. The S-matrix still plays a predominant role but, different from Heisenberg’s and Mandelstam’s proposals, the new project is not a pure S-matrix approach. The S-matrix plays a new role as a “relative modular invariant”.     

On the connection between the solutions to the Dirac and Weyl equations and the corresponding electromagnetic four-potentials

In this work we study in detail the connection between the solutions to the Dirac and Weyl equations and the associated electromagnetic four-potentials.First,it is proven that all solutions to the Weyl equation are degenerate,in the sense that they correspond to an infinite number of electromagnetic four-potentials.As far as the solutions to the Dirac equation are concerned,it is shown that they can be classified into two classes.The elements of the first class correspond to one and only one four-potential,and are called non-degenerate Dirac solutions.On the other hand,the elements of the second class correspond to an infinite number of four-potentials,and are called degenerate Dirac solutions.Further,it is proven that at least two of these fourpotentials are gauge-inequivalent,corresponding to different electromagnetic fields.In order to illustrate this particularly important result we have studied the degenerate solutions to the forcefree Dirac equation and shown that they correspond to massless particles.We have also provided explicit examples regarding solutions to the force-free Weyl equation and the Weyl equation for a constant magnetic field.In all cases we have calculated the infinite number of different electromagnetic fields corresponding to these solutions.Finally,we have discussed potential applications of our results in cosmology,materials science and nanoelectronics.     

Dependence of the Intensity of the Spectral Lines and the Composition of the Sample and the Plasma Parameters of the Unipolar Arc

The investigation was made of the dependence of the intensity of Tl, Ga, Mo, Mg, Mn, Sn, Bi, Ni, Zn, Pt and Au spectral lines and the plasma parameters (temperature T, electron concentration n_e, degree of 6 ionnization α) from concentration of lithium additive.     

On the operator equivalents and the crystal-field and spin Hamiltonian parameters

Operator equivalents used in magnetic resonance (electron paramagnetic resonance [EPR], electron-nuclear double resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) are considered. The known non-Hermitian tensor operators O _±q ^(k) (0 ≤ q ≤ k) defined by D. Smith and J. H. M. Thornley (Proc. Phys. Soc. 89, 779–781, 1966) after H. A. Buckmaster (Can. J. Phys. 40, 1670–1677, 1962) are expressed in terms of Hermitian cosine and sine operators O _kq ^c and O _kq ^s. These new normalized operators are related to the nonnormalized extended Stevens operators O _k ^q and O _k ^−q ≡ Ω _k ^q defined by C. Rudowicz (J. Phys. C.: Solid State Phys. 18, 1415–1430, 1985), which are commonly used in EPR of transition ions. The relations between O _kq ^c,s and some other normalized operators occurring in the literature are also given. New crystal-field or spin Hamiltonian parameters B _kq ^c and B _kq ^s associated with the corresponding operators O _kq ^c and O _kq ^s are discussed.     

最小偏向角法测三棱镜折射率的相图探究

三棱镜折射率的测量是大学物理实验的重要组成部分,对培养学生的基本实验技能、加深对经典光学理论的理解具有重要作用。本文依据几何光学原理探究了最小偏向角法中在有出射光时最小偏向角与三棱镜顶角、折射率所对应的函数关系,建立了有出射光时入射角、折射率、顶角间以及最小偏向角时折射率、顶角、最小偏向角间的相图,阐明了两相图的物理意义。该研究拓展了三棱镜折射率实验的研究思路。     

Duality diagrams and the decays of the ψ and ψ′

We apply duality diagrams to the ψ and ψ′ decays. We propose that the ψ → 3π decay is described by a Virasoro formula, and show that the low mass ππ suppression in ψ′ → ψ2π is a consequence of the threshold factor contained in the Pomeron-2π coupling. We stress the importance of the ψ and ψ′ decays for the study of heavy mesonic resonances.     

Sonochemistry and sonoprocessing: the link,the trends and (probably) the future

Traditionally the community of scientists involved with ultrasound has been divided broadly into those who use it as a measurement device with no effect on the medium (high frequency low power ultrasound e.g. non-destructive testing) and those who use it to produce physical or chemical effects in a medium (higher power low frequency ultrasound e.g. sonochemistry). Divisions also exist within the broad spectrum of those involved with the latter. In the early days of sonochemistry this did not prove to be a major problem, the subject was new and the field was expanding within the chemistry community. However at a point some years ago Jean-Louis Luche made the very important observation that sonochemistry applications could be subdivided into reactions which were the result of "true" and "false" effects [Synthetic Organic Chemistry by J.-L. Luche, 1998, p. 376]. Essentially these terms referred to real chemical effects induced by cavitation and those effects that could be mainly ascribed to the mechanical impact of bubble collapse. These mechanical effects have not held the interest of synthetic chemists as much as the so-called true ones but nevertheless they are certainly important in areas such as processing. In this paper I will attempt to show that there are links that can be made across many of the ultrasound "disciplines" and that these links can only serve to strengthen research in the general area of power ultrasound. If research on power ultrasound is strong then research into "pure" sonochemistry will also flourish and "false" sonochemistry will be born again as a significant research area.     

第一讲微波背景辐射的各向异性、偏振及宇宙电离的历史

文章对微波背景辐射的各向异性、偏振及宇宙电离的历史给出了评述性介绍．从大爆炸理论的预言，到观测的发现，到其各向异性及偏振的探测，微波背景辐射(CMB)向人们揭示了丰富的宇宙学信息．文章在对基本理论作了简单介绍后，着重讲述了最新的CMB的观测结果及其物理意义．特别对微波背景各向异性探测器(Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe，WMAP)的偏振观测及其对宇宙重新电离的限制给出了较详细的叙述．     

The Collins Model and the Eutectic-Type and the Peritectic-Type Phase Diagrams

From the Gibbs free energy and the equations of two-phase equilibrium curves of the two-dimensionalbinary system which has the Lennard-Jones potential, using the Collins model, the eutectic-type phase diagram and theperitectic-type phase diagram of the binary system are obtained, whose results are quite similar to the behavior of thethree-dimensional (3D) substances.     

Charged Particle Emission and Detection Sources and the One-Body and the Many-Body Coulomb Scattering

A detailed study is carried out of the fundamental roles of the emission and detection sources in the one-body and the many-body Coulomb scattering. It is shown that the emission and detection sources, as amplitudes of emission and detection of charged particles, are to have given time-dependent structures for a correct formulation of the problem. The method incorporates the long range effect of the Coulomb field which persists even at large distance separations. Most importantly, composite sources are necessarily introduced for the many-body Coulomb scattering which act as emission and detection sources of “clusters” of charged particles and reflect the physically important fact that charged particles feel the presence of each other even before or after “collisions”. A complete concellation of the so-called Dalitz phase factor naturally follows leading to infra-red finite transition amplitudes (as opposed only of transition probabilities) by a systematic use, in the process, of a unitarity sum with respect to the external sources.