爆炸荷载作用下两平行裂纹对扩展中裂纹的影响规律

用实验和数值模拟方法,研究在爆炸载荷下岩体内部一对平行裂纹对扩展主裂纹的影响规律。实验中,采用带有中心装药孔及预制裂纹的砂岩圆盘试件,利用由示波器、超动态应变仪及裂纹扩展计所组成的测试系统,监测主裂纹扩展速度和扩展距离;数值模拟中,采用了AUTODYN软件进行,模拟了主裂纹及两平行裂纹的扩展规律,对岩石材料,采用线性状态方程及最大拉应力失效准则,并在两平行裂纹间设置相应的观测点记录应力曲线。通过实验与数值模拟分析,得到:爆炸载荷下,紧随冲击波后的稀疏波经过两平行裂纹面反射后变成压缩波,并在两平行裂纹间产生垂直于主裂纹扩展方向的压应力,对裂纹的扩展有压制、止裂作用;而且,这种压应力的大小与两平行裂纹的间距有关,进而导致了不同的止裂效果,影响裂纹的扩展速度及最终扩展长度。     

3D dynamic stress intensity factors around two parallel square cracks in an infinite elastic medium under impact load

Summary  Transient stresses around two parallel cracks in an infinite elastic medium are investigated in the present paper. The shape of the cracks is assumed to be square. Incoming shock stress waves impinge upon the two cracks normal to tzheir surfaces. The mixed boundary value equations with respect to stresses and displacements are reduced to two sets of dual integral equations in the Laplace transform domain using the Fourier transform technique. These equations are solved by expanding the differences in the crack surface displacements in a double series of a function that is equal to zero outside the cracks. Unknown coefficients in the series are calculated using the Schmidt method. Stress intensity factors defined in the Laplace transform domain are inverted numerically to the physical space. Numerical calculations are carried out for transient dynamic stress intensity factors under the assumption that the shape of the upper crack is identical to that of the lower crack. Received 2 February 2000; accepted for publication 10 May 2000     

3D dynamic stress intensity factors at three rectangular cracks in an infinite elastic medium subjected to a time-harmonic stress wave

Summary Dynamic stresses around three coplanar cracks in an infinite elastic medium are determined in the paper. Two of the cracks are equal, rectangular and symmetrically situated on either side of the centrally located rectangular crack. Time-harmonic normal traction acts on each surface of the three cracks. To solve the problem, two kind of solutions are superposed: one is a solution for a rectangular crack in an infinite elastic medium, and the other one is that for two rectangular cracks in an infinite elastic medium. The unknown coefficients in the combined solution are determined by applying the boundary conditions at the surfaces of the cracks. Finally, stress intensity factors are calculated numerically for several crack configurations. Received 14 July 1998; accepted for publication 2 December 1998     

Exact solutions for anti-plane problem of two asymmetrical edge cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in a piezoelectric material

Based on the complex variable method and the technique of conformal mapping, the anti-plane problem of two asymmetrical edge cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in a piezoelectric material is studied. The exact solutions of field intensity factors and energy release rate are presented in closed-form with the assumption that the surfaces of the cracks and the elliptical hole are electrically impermeable. With the variation of the hole-size and the crack length, the present results can be reduced to the cases of two symmetrical edge cracks and a single edge crack emanating from a circular hole given by Wang and Gao [Wang, Y.J., Gao, C.F., 2008. The mode III cracks originating from the edge of a circular hole in a piezoelectric solid. International Journal of Solids and Structures 45, 4590–4599]. Moreover, new models used for simulating more practical defects in a piezoelectric solid are obtained, such as two symmetrical edge cracks and a single edge crack emanating from an elliptical hole, two asymmetrical edge cracks emanating from a circular hole, T-shaped crack, cross-shaped crack and semi-infinite plane with an edge crack. Numerical examples are then conducted to reveal the effects of the hole-size and the crack length on the field intensity factors and the energy release rate.     

Surface cracks in a plate of finite width under extension or bending

In this paper the problem of a finite plate containing collinear surface cracks is considered. The problem is solved by using the line spring model with plane elasticity and Reissner's plate theory. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of interaction between two cracks or between cracks and stress-free plate boundaries on the stress intensity factors and to provide extensive numerical results which may be useful in applications. First, some sample results are obtained and are compared with the existing finite element results. Then the problem is solved for a single (internal) crack, two collinear cracks and two corner cracks for wide range of relative dimensions. Particularly in corner cracks the agreement with the finite element solution is surprisingly very good. The results are obtained for semielliptic and rectangular crack profiles which may, in practice, correspond to two limiting cases of the actual profile of a subcritically growing surface crack.     

SELF-SIMILAR CRACK EXPANSION METHOD FOR THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR ANALYSIS

The Self-Similar Crack Expansion (SSCE) method is proposed to evaluate stress intensi-ty factors at crack tips, whereby stress intensity factors of a crack can be determined by the crackopening displacement over the crack, not just by the local displacement around the crack tip. The crackexpansion rate is estimated by taking advantage of the crack self-similarity. Therefore, the accuracy ofthe calculation is improved. The singular integrals on crack tip elements are also analyzed and are pre-cisely evaluated in terms of a special integral analysis. Combination of these two techniques greatly in-creases the accuracy in estimating the stress distribution around the crack tip. A variety of two-dimen-sional cracks, such as subsurface cracks, edge cracks, and their interactions are calculated in terms ofthe self-similar expansion rate. Solutions are satisfied with errors less than 0.5% as compared with theanalytical solutions. Based on the calculations of the crack interactions, a theory for crack interactionsis proposed such that for a group of aligned cracks the summation of the square of SIFs at the right tipsof cracks is always equal to that at the left tips of cracks. This theory was proved by the mehtod ofSelf-Similar Crack Expansion in this paper.     

Effect of plastic zone on the fatigue crack propagation behavior between two fatigue cracks

In this study, the fatigue crack propagation behavior in the stress interaction field between two different fatigue cracks is studied by experiment and finite element analysis. In the experiment, the offset distance between two cracks and the applied stress are varied to create different stress interaction fields. The size of the plastic zone area is used to examine the crack propagation path and rate. Three types of crack propagation in the interaction field were found by experiment, and the crack propagation behavior of two cracks was significantly changed as different stresses were applied. The size of the plastic zone obtained by finite element analysis can be used to explain crack propagation behavior qualitatively.     

混凝土砌块墙体裂缝的力学机理探讨

从混凝土砌块墙体裂缝的工程调查出发，分析裂缝的成因和表现形式，指出温度裂缝和干缩裂缝混凝土砌块墙体裂缝的两种主要形式．根据实测的墙体温差，计算了温度裂缝应力；根据Kelvin方程，阐述了干缩裂缝的机理，并估算了干缩裂缝应力，解释了产生混凝土砌块墙体的裂缝原因。     

冲击载荷下两裂纹间的连通规律

脆性材料内部含有大量裂纹,当某一裂纹扩展时,其他裂纹会对扩展裂纹产生影响。为了研究冲击载荷下,脆性材料内两裂纹的相互影响、连通规律及裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律,利用有机玻璃板制作了含非平行双裂纹的实验试件,利用落板冲击设备进行了中低速冲击实验,结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS计算出裂纹尖端应力强度因子,利用有限差分软件AUTODYN进行了动态数值模拟研究,并将其模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析。实验及模拟结果表明:裂纹破坏形态与AUTODYN数值模拟破坏形态基本一致;试件的断裂形态随着两裂纹间距不同而不同;裂纹间的相互影响程度随着裂纹间间距增大而减小;裂纹尖端应力强度因子K_I随着裂纹间距的增大而减小,而K_II随着裂纹间距增大而增大。     

Fracture analysis of circular-arc interface cracks in piezoelectric materials

The anti-plane problem of N arc-shaped interfacial cracks between a circular piezoelectric inhomogeneity and an infinite piezoelectric matrix is investigated by means of the complex variable method. Cracks are assumed to be permeable and then explicit expressions are presented, respectively, for the electric field on the crack faces, the complex potentials in media and the intensity factors near the crack-tips. As examples, the corresponding solutions are obtained for a piezoelectric bimaterial system with one or two permeable arc-shaped interfacial cracks, respectively. Additionally, the solutions for the cases of impermeable cracks also are given by treating an impermeable crack as a particular case of a permeable crack. It is shown that for the case of permeable interfacial cracks, the electric field is jumpy ahead of the crack tips, and its intensity factor is always dependent on that of stress. Moreover all the field singularities are dependent not only on the applied mechanical load, but also on the applied electric load. However, for the case of a homogeneous material with permeable cracks, all the singular factors are related only to the applied stresses and material constants.     

Elastic interaction of interfacial spherical-cap cracks in hollow particle filled composites

This work analyzes the elastic interaction between two spherical-cap cracks present along the outer surface of a hollow particle embedded in a dissimilar medium under remote uniaxial tensile loading. A semi-analytical approach based on an enriched Galerkin method is adopted to determine stress and deformation fields as functions of particle wall thickness and cracks’ configuration. The present analysis is limited to multiple interfacial spherical-cap cracks; that is, crack propagation is restrained to the particle-matrix interface and possibility of crack kinking in the matrix is not considered. Interfacial crack growth characteristics, conditions for stable crack propagation, equal crack growth, and shielding are established through energy release rate analysis. The study is relevant to the analysis of tensile and flexural failure of syntactic foams used in marine and aerospace applications. Results specialized to glass-vinyl ester syntactic foams demonstrate that particle wall thickness can be used to control crack stability and growth characteristics as well as tailoring the magnitude of the shielding phenomenon. Predictions are compared to finite element findings for validation and to results for penny-shaped cracks to elucidate the role of crack curvature.     

Experimental study on cracking behaviour of moulded gypsum containing two non-parallel overlapping flaws under uniaxial compression

Failure of rock mass that is subjected to compres-sive loads occurs from initiation, propagation, and linkage of new cracks from preexisting fissures. Our research inves-tigates the cracking behaviour and coalescence process in a brittle material with two non-parallel overlapping flaws using a high-speed camera. The coalescence tensile crack and tensile wing cracks were the first cracks to occur from the pre-existing flaws. The initiation stresses of the primary cracks at the two tips of each flaw were simultaneous and decreased with reduced flaw inclination angle. The following types of coalescence cracks were identified between the flaws: pri-mary tensile coalescence crack, tensile crack linkage, shear crack linkage, mixed tensile-shear crack, and indirect crack coalescence. Coalescence through tensile linkage occurred mostly at pre-peak stress. In contrast, coalescence through shear or mixed tensile-shear cracks occurred at higher stress. Overall, this study indicates that the geometry of preexisting flaws affect crack initiation and coalescence behaviour.     

Basic solutions of a 3-D rectangular limited-permeable crack or two 3-D rectangular limited-permeable cracks in?piezoelectric materials

The solutions of a 3-D rectangular limited-permeable crack or two 3-D rectangular limited-permeable cracks in piezoelectric materials were given by using the generalized Almansi’s theorem and the Schmidt method. At the same time, the electric permittivity of the air inside the rectangular crack was considered. The problem was formulated through Fourier transform as three pairs of dual integral equations, in which the unknown variables are the displacement jumps across the crack surfaces. To solve the dual integral equations, the displacement jumps across the crack surfaces were directly expanded as a series of Jacobi polynomials. Finally, the effects of the electric permittivity of the air inside the rectangular crack,the shape of the rectangular crack and the distance between two rectangular cracks on the stress and electric displacement intensity factors in piezoelectric materials were analyzed.     

Bifurcation of collinear crack system under dynamic compression

The evolution pattern of collinear crack array plays a very important role in the final failure pattern of rock and predicting earthquake. Crack interactions lead to the nonhomogeneous pseudo-traction, then result in bifurcation of crack growth pattern. Bifurcation condition of crack growth pattern can be expressed by the crack growth length/spacing ratio. For collinear cracks loaded by dynamic compressive loads, uniform crack growth pattern yields to non-uniform crack growth pattern when the crack growth length/spacing ratio is larger than a critical value. In this paper, crack interactions are studied using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. The analytical solution of the critical value for two collinear cracks and infinite collinear cracks is given out. The critical value is sensitive to pre-existing crack length, the friction coefficient, the orientation of pre-existing crack, crack growth velocity.     

Variation of the stress intensity factor along the crack front of interacting semi-elliptical surface cracks

Summary  In this study, the interaction between two semi-elliptical co-planar surface cracks is considered when Poisson's ratio ν = 0.3. The problem is formulated as a system of singular integral equations, based on the idea of the body force method. In the numerical calculation, the unknown density of body force density is approximated by the product of a fundamental density function and a polynomial. The results show that the present method yields smooth variations of stress intensity factors along the crack front very accurately, for various geometrical conditions. When the size of crack 1 is larger than the size of crack 2, the maximum stress intensity factor appears at a certain point, β₁=177^∘, of crack 1. Along the outside of crack 1, that is at β₁=0∼90^∘, the interaction can be negligible even if the two cracks are very close. The interaction can be negligible when the two cracks are spaced in such a manner that their two closest points are separated by a distance exceeding the small crack's major diameter. The variations of stress intensity factor of a semi-elliptical crack are tabulated and charted. Received 30 August 1999; accepted for publication 22 February 2000     

Multiple cracks in thermoelectroelastic bimaterials

The formulation for thermal stress and electric displacement in an infinite thermopiezoelectric plate with an interface and multiple cracks is presented. Using Green's function approach and the principle of superposition, a system of singular integral equations for the unknown temperature discontinuity defined on each crack face is developed and solved numerically. The formulation can then be used to calculate some fracture parameters such as the stress–electric displacement and strain energy density factor. The direction of crack growth for many cracks in thermopiezoelectric bimaterials is predicted by way of the strain energy density theory. Numerical results for stress–electric displacement factors and crack growth direction at a particular crack tip in two crack system of bimaterials are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed formulation.     

Dynamic stress intensity factors of two 3D rectangular cracks in a transversely isotropic elastic material under a time-harmonic elastic P-wave

The dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) of two 3D rectangular cracks in a transversely isotropic elastic material under an incident harmonic stress wave are investigated by generalized Almansi’s theorem and the Schmidt method in the present paper. Using 2D Fourier transform and defining the jumps of displacement components across the crack surface as the unknown functions, three pairs of dual integral equations are derived. To solve the dual integral equations, the jumps of the displacement components across the crack surfaces are expanded in a series of Jacobi polynomials. Numerical examples are provided to show the effects of the geometric shape of the rectangular crack, the characteristics of the harmonic wave and the distance between two rectangular cracks on the DSIFs of the transversely isotropic elastic material.     

Stress intensity factors for anisotropic layered composites: Part II—isolated double periodic cracks

The formulation in Part I (Theoret. Appl. Fracture Mech. 17, 205–219 (1992)) of this work for collinear cracks in alternate layers of an anisotropic laminate is extended to a system where each of the cracked layer contains a periodic array of parallel cracks. These cracks are also collinear such that they are periodic in two mutually perpendicular directions. Finite Fourier transform is applied at discrete points for one of the space variables reducing the problem to a singular integral equation. The unknown is expressible in terms of the crack opening displacement as in Part I. Displayed graphically are the normalized stress intensity factor, effective stiffness of the laminate, and the interlayer stresses. The local stress intensity factor for the double array crack system is always less than that for a single isolated crack depending on the periodicity ratio. The interlayer stresses directly ahead of the crack are elevated, the intensity of which increases with decreasing distance between the crack tip and interface. Increase in the thickness of the adjoining layer tends to decrease the interlayer stresses nearest to the crack tip, a result that is to be expected.     

基于局域分析的疲劳短裂纹群体演化随机模型

采用局域裂纹数密度描述金属材料中不同局部区域的疲劳短裂纹群体损伤的发展情况通过考虑在不同局域存在的材料性质的随机涨落及局部损伤对损伤总量发展的影响，建立了局域裂纹数密度演化随机方程对方程数值求解从而模拟了材料的疲劳短裂纹损伤过程结果显示出主裂纹出现的随机性，并讨论了裂纹总数与最大裂纹尺度在统计意义上的演化特征     

考虑混凝土塑性耗散的CDM-XFEM裂缝计算方法

混凝土结构在服役期间受外界载荷的影响容易产生裂缝, 导致结构刚度降低、构件承载性能衰退, 而采用准确的计算方法预测混凝土裂缝的发展是治理裂缝的基本前提, 也是保障结构安全的重要手段. 连续损伤力学方法(continuou damage method, CDM)能够描述微裂缝的扩展过程, 但不能表示离散的开裂面, 且存在网格诱导偏差及虚假应力传递的弊端, 扩展有限单元法(mechanics-extended finite element method, XFEM)能够描述宏观裂纹的扩展过程, 但不能反映微裂缝的动态扩展, 两者计算出的裂纹分布与实际差异均较大. 现有的CDM-XFEM方法已经能够模拟混凝土微裂缝及宏观裂缝发展的整个过程, 但忽略了宏观裂缝出现时混凝土产生的塑性应变, CDM与XFEM的能量转化过程欠缺平衡性. 因此, 本文重点考虑能量转化时的塑性耗散, 选取指数型函数为粘结裂缝的牵引-分离模式, 基于能量及应力等效的条件重新构建了CDM与XFEM之间的能量转化方程. 采用广义逆最小二乘法求解能量转化系数, 确定能量转化时的临界位移, 并给出了裂缝面水平集的更新算法及整体计算方法的程序流程. 以双切口混凝土受剪拉开裂试验为例, 采用多种裂缝计算方法与试验进行了对比. 结果表明, 采用考虑混凝土塑性耗散的CDM-XFEM方法算出的裂缝分布及拉力-张开位移曲线与试验结果差异最小, 说明采用考虑混凝土塑性耗散的CDM-XFEM计算方法能够更好地计算混凝土裂缝.