包埋不同淡水耗氧菌BOD传感膜的光谱响应特征研究

利用四甲氧基硅烷（TMOS）、二甲基二甲氧基硅烷（DiMeDMOS）与聚乙烯醇（PVA）构成的有机改性材料分别包埋五种不同淡水耗氧菌,制备光化学生物耗氧量（BOD）的传感敏感膜,并在自行构建的BOD测定仪上考察其光谱响应行为。实验结果表明,分别包埋五种淡水耗氧菌和它们混合菌种的BOD传感膜对BOD的荧光强度响应范围为0～60 mg·L-1至0～120 mg·L-1,线性相关系数为0.976～0.997,响应时间为0.5～8.7 min,传感敏感膜可连续使用30 d以上。实验研究考察了不同实验条件下如温度和测定体系的pH对BOD传感膜响应的影响。实验结果发现,在4 ℃下保存12个月后,BOD传感膜仍保持原有响应值的85%以上,显示出较好的重复性和稳定性。初步应用结果表明,BOD传感膜可应用于地表水中的BOD检测。     

BOD光化学传感敏感膜荧光响应的研究

利用自行构建的BOD光纤传感装置对海水中BOD含量进行了检测,考察了海洋耗氧菌种在四甲基硅氧烷(TMOS)、二甲基二甲氧基硅烷(DiMe-DMOS)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)包埋情况下,对BOD的荧光响应行为以及耗氧菌种的加入量对BOD浓度的响应情况。传感膜对5 mg·L-1 BOD溶液测定的相对标准偏差为1.2%(n＝6),响应时间为3.2 min,敏感膜使用寿命大于12个月。实际海水样品检测表明,利用BOD光纤传感检测的结果与国标BOD₅方法,存在较好的一致性。     

基于钌配合物荧光猝灭氧二次传感BOD检测的研究

考察了利用溶胶-凝胶基质制备的氧荧光传感膜的光谱性质,实验结果表明,溶胶-凝胶基质与Ru(dpp)₃(ClO₄)₂配合物的基态之间不存在较强的相互作用,具有较好的透光性。将氧光化学传感器作为二次传感,制备了响应良好的光化学BOD微生物传感器,研究结果表明这种传感器对于较低浓度的BOD含量有着良好的线性范围,并且其响应活性保持良好,具有较长的使用寿命和良好的稳定性。     

双稳液晶电光调制器

本文介绍了一种新的液晶混合双稳光学装置(LCBOD),观察到了液晶BOD两种运用方式的光学双稳态,描述了液晶BOD在光学逻辑元件和超线性调制上的应用,还研究了液晶BOD的瞬态响应,观察到了“临界延迟”现象,测量了开关时间,实验结果与Garmire的理论相符。 关键词：     

基于回声状态网络的BOD在线软测量模型

针对污水处理过程的BOD建模问题,提出了一种基于回声状态网络的BOD在线软测量方法;基于梯度下降规则对回声状态网络的在线学习算法进行了研究;为保证学习算法的收敛性,基于Lyapunov理论对学习率范围进行了确定;实验表明,基于回声状态网络的在线BOD预测方法较常规神经网络预测精度提高约两个数量级,模型的适应性也大幅提高。     

一种红外双半波滤光片的设计和制造方法

针对唐晋发、郑权老师在《应用薄膜光学》一书中介绍的采用低折射率材料做间隔层，用16个λ/4层完成红外双半波滤光片的设计方法制作的薄膜易发生断裂，该文给出该膜系另一种设计计算方法，即采用高折射率材料做间隔层，用12个λ/4完成膜系设计。与前者相比，该方法节省了材料和时间。同时给出了镀制该膜系的工艺要点，并对镀膜过程中的初始真空度、蒸镀温度和2种材料的蒸发速率做了说明。指出在该工艺实施过程中，首先使用离子源对基底进行活化轰击，然后在蒸镀硫化锌和锗的过程中用离子源进行辅助蒸镀，可得到非常牢固的膜层。     

膨体聚四氟乙烯膜的亲水改性及其在微生物燃料电池中的应用

膨体聚四氟乙烯(ePTFE)膜以聚四氟乙烯为原料膨化拉伸而成,具有耐酸碱、强度高、生物适应性强、抗污染性高等优点。本文对已商品化的ePTFE膜进行亲水处理,并对无膜以及使用Nafion 117质子交换膜,未处理的ePTFE膜,亲水处理的ePTFE膜时的微生物燃料电池的性能进行了比较。实验发现ePTFE膜经过亲水处理后其与水的接触角从122°变化为64°;使用亲水性ePTFE膜的微生物燃料电池获得的最大功率密度为1303 mW/m~2,高于无膜(1170mW/m~2),使用Nafion 117(840 mW/m~2)和未处理ePTFE膜(678 mW/m~2)时的功率密度。结果表明ePTFE膜可以作为微生物燃料电池的分隔物,并且通过改善膜表面与水的接触角可以在增加质子传递效率的同时减小氧气的渗透,进而提高微生物燃料电池的电池性能。     

石英基底上可见光区减反射涂层的双层膜系设计

针对石英光学基底合理设计多层膜系是提高光学器件透射率的关键方法。设计了两种不同的膜系结构，运用导纳轨迹法分析这两种膜系的设计原理。利用光学薄膜设计软件Filmstar分别得到两种膜系的最优解，以使在可见光区膜系的平均透射率尽可能接近于100%。     

具有非线性反馈的光学双稳态装置

一、前 言 双稳态光学器件(BOD)具有双稳态电子器件类似的功能,可以用作存储器、放大器、振荡器、限幅器和开关元件等.如果实现微型化,做成集成光路元件,其开关速度估计可达1ns对于光学信息处理和光通讯的应用具有重要意义,可能成为未来光学数字计算机的一种基础逻辑元件.因而近年来引起人们的重视. 目前国外研究的BOD器件有两种类型,一类是纯光学的。即将非线性光学介质(如饱和吸收染料,金属蒸汽等)置于F-P谐振腔中构成;另一类是光电结合的,即利用电光普克尔效应构成.而电光BOD器件主要有两种方案:一种是P,W,Smith等人提出的F-P谐振…     

流动沸腾空穴核化机理的实验研究

针对水在垂直矩形通道内的流动沸腾,对空穴核化的机理进行了实验研究.不同表面物性的沸腾对比发现良好湿润性表面成核更为持续稳定.空穴成核过程中形成的低过热区域超出了气泡直径大小,影响因数在1.3～1.8范围内变化.微液膜蒸发模型分析液膜厚度在活化核心处最小,而热流密度刚好相反.流动条件加强了气泡脱离运动,致使主流对流冷却作用增强,影响范围超出了气泡直径区域.核心间的相互作用导致核心状态出现间断性,同时主流对流冷却也是重要原因.     

土壤修复过程中盐含量及其光谱特征分析研究

基于盐渍土修复过程中盐分含量和同步实测光谱数据,通过对原始光谱数据、平滑光谱数据及平滑后的不同变换光谱数据等八种光谱数据集,分别以相关系数的极值和不同相关系数范围两种方法分析其最佳敏感波段范围,深入分析了不同变换下土壤的光谱响应特征。在此基础上,运用偏最小二乘回归方法,以全波段(400～1 650 nm)和分析获得的最佳敏感波段建立了基于修复过程的土壤盐含量和光谱反射率的关系模型。结果表明：针对八种光谱数据集,采用两种方法提取的土壤最佳敏感波段,均集中在947.11～949.31,1 340.27,1 394.11,1 419,1 457.81～1 461.31,1 537.68～1 551.39和1 602.32 nm;且最佳波段的土壤盐含量反演模型,以模型评价参数的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE),以及赤池信息量准则(akaike’s information criterion, AIC)作为选择最佳模型的标准,均以SGSD(Log R)模型的建模和预测结果比其他光谱变换的模型更为显著。基于全波段的PLSR建模效果总体上稍优于最佳波段的模型,其中以SGSD的预测精度最为突出,其模型的决定系数R2与标准差RMSEP分别为0.673和1.256;基于两种方法获得的最佳波段的PLSR模型与全波段对比在模型精度方面虽有一定差距,但从模型的复杂程度比较,具有模型简单、变量更少及运算量小的特点。该研究可在土壤盐含量及其光谱特征的研究中,为实现土壤盐渍化定量、快速、便捷的监测和检测提供参考。     

Tailored surface free energy of membrane diffusers to minimize microbial adhesion

Biofouling is considered to be the limiting factor of the majority of membrane processes. Since microbial adhesion is a prerequisite for membrane biofouling, prevention of microbial adhesion and colonization on the membrane surfaces will have a major impact in preventing biofouling. In this paper the effects of surface free energies on bacterial adhesion were investigated and the optimum surface free energy of membranes on which bacterial adhesion force is minimal was obtained. A graded nickel–polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite coating technique was used to tailor the surface free energy of membrane diffusers to the optimum value. Initial experimental results showed that these coatings reduced microbial adhesion by 68–94%.     

纤维素菌体残留物提取类腐殖质的红外光谱研究

微生物驱动下,纤维素分解及转化在腐殖质形成中具有重要作用。采用红外光谱辅以元素分析的技术手段对单一真菌(木霉、青霉和黑曲霉)及复合菌液体摇瓶培养70 d后菌体残留物的类腐殖质(类胡敏酸HLA和类胡敏素)结构进行了分析对比。结果表明：(1)两技术手段的结合有助于菌体残留物HLA分子结构的阐明,然而在表征残留物类Hu结构方面,尚需进一步探讨;(2)木霉有利于其所形成菌体残留物HLA分子的缩聚作用,而青霉则更有利于该组分的降解;(3)青霉和复合菌对残留物HLA分子表现为氧化降解作用;(4)复合菌和黑曲霉均有助于培养液无机氮化合物向残留物HLA和类Hu组分中有机氮成分的转移,促使其氨基C含量增加,为腐殖化进程提供氮源。     

Determination of the relative power density distribution in a heterogeneous reactor from the results of measurements of the reactivity effects and the neutron importance function

A method for experimental determination of the relative power density distribution in a heterogeneous reactor based on measurements of fuel reactivity effects and importance of neutrons from a californium source is proposed. The method was perfected on two critical assembly configurations at the NARCISS facility of the Kurchatov Institute, which simulated a small-size heterogeneous nuclear reactor. The neutron importance measurements were performed on subcritical and critical assemblies. It is shown that, along with traditionally used activation methods, the developed method can be applied to experimental studies of special features of the power density distribution in critical assemblies and reactors.     

Comparison of CW-EPR and ESEEM technique for determination of water permeability profile in liposome membranes

The hydrophobicity profile across a membrane is an important parameter of biological membranes as it defines the barrier for permeation of polar molecules into the cell interior and of the stability of transmembrane proteins. In this work, the hydrophobicity profile was measured by conventional continuos-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) and by electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) in two liposome suspensions with different ionic strengths in order to compare the sensitivity of both methods for the determination of the water penetration depth into the liposome membrane. Multilamellar liposomes from egg-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate were prepared in deuterium oxide, buffered with phosphate buffer with or without NaCl at the phosphate concentrations 0.1 or 0.01 M. Liposomes were spin labeled with stearic acids spin probes with the nitroxide group at different positions on the acyl chain. The deuterium penetration depth was measured by the ESEEM technique and the signal was analyzed in the frequency domain (Fourier transform [FT]-ESEEM). The ratio of the intensities of FT-ESEEM lines at deuterium and hydrogen Larmor frequencies was used as a measures of the water penetration depth. It was also indirectly determined from the hyperfine splitting constants in frozen and in fluid state, measured by CW-EPR, as they depend on the polarity of the nitroxide group environment. The comparison of the two techniques demonstrated that FT-ESEEM is more sensitive to the changes on the surface of the membrane and thus more appropriate for the determination of the hydrophobic barrier than the conventional CW-EPR method.     

A novel determination of activation quantities and reaction order(s) for the hydrothermal destruction and its applications

Abstract

A novel determination method of activation quantities and reaction order(s) of hydro-thermal reactions was developed in order to achieve economically, easily and speedily research and development of new hydrothermal plants. This method is called the NIT method (abbreviation of ‘Nonisothemal method’) in the case of a batch reactor and the F-NIT method (abbreviation of ‘nonisothermal method for flow reactor’) in the case of a plugged flow reactor. The main merit of the NIT method (or the F-NIT method) is to give access to the determination of activation quantities and/or reaction orders by measuring the changes in amount of chemical species under nonisothermal conditions.

After summary of the recently published NIT method, the newly F-NIT method is described briefly. Then the two types of hydrothermal fluids (hydrothermal steam and supercritical/subcritical water) are applied to the destruction of phenol under nonisothermal conditions. The activation quantities can be obtained at once by use of these methods and are compared with the reported values in the scWO.     

Development of Methods to Measure Carbon Isotope Ratios of Bacterial Biomarkers in the Environment

Abstract

The δ¹³C value of bacterial carbon is an important parameter in microbial ecology for studying the carbon flow within a microbial community and for the identification of ecological important strains involved in the mineralization of certain carbon pools in the environment. In our study, biomarkers were isolated from bacteria from a microbial consortium derived from two chemostats and δ¹³C values were measured. Similar isotope ratios between biomarkers such as fatty acids and outer membrane protein, biomass and substrate were observed. The δ¹³C analyses of outer membrane protein F of Pseudomonas and biomarker fatty acids were combined to follow bacterial assimilation of ¹³C labelled 4-chlorocatechol. This new approach was also used in the environment where soil samples were cultivated with different ¹³C traced substrates.

The isotopic analyses of bacterial biomarkers indicated that carbons of histidine were widely incorporated into bacterial biomarkers, in contrast to 4-chlorocatechol which was less often used as a substrate. Results indicate that by isolating bacterial biomarkers and measuring their δ¹³C values, activities of microbial communities in a complex environmental sample can be determined. This new method has the potential to elucidate individual carbon sources for individual bacterial taxa in microbial ecology.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定氧化铁皮中的硅和钙

采用偏硼酸锂和四硼酸锂混合熔剂熔融法制样,波长色散X射线荧光光谱法同时测定了氧化铁皮中的SiO2和CaO。考察了熔剂、脱模剂等对熔片的影响。用本方法测定氧化铁皮试样中SiO2和CaO的相对标准偏差分别为0.4%和0.6%,分析结果与其他方法测定值一致。与化学法相比,该方法快速、简便、精密度好和准确度高。     

Effects of ultrasound-assisted chitosan grafted caffeic acid coating on the quality and microbial composition of pompano during ice storage

The effects of ultrasound-assisted chitosan grafted caffeic acid coating on the quality and microbial composition of fresh pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) fillets during ice storage for 24 days were evaluated. Samples were treated by distilled water (CK), ultrasound (US), chitosan grafted caffeic acid coating (G), and chitosan grafted caffeic acid coating with ultrasound-assisted (USG). Results showed that samples treated with USG could inhibit the formation of corrupt substances such as TVB-N, TBA, biogenic amines (BAs), hypoxanthine (Hx), and hypoxanthine riboside (HxR) when compared to the CK group. The results of high-throughput sequencing technology observed that the major bacteria genus of fresh samples was Acinetobacter. The diversity of bacterial communities at the initial stage was more diverse than that at the end of stage. With the extension of storage time, the USG treatment could maintain the microbial diversity. The dominant microbiota was Shewanella and Brochothrix in the CK group after 24 days of storage. In addition, Brochothrix in treated groups was effectively decreased. The microbial communities of samples in all treatments were changed during storage. At the end of storage, there was a significant difference in bacterial composition between the CK and treated samples, indicating that the treatment can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms, especially spoilage microorganisms, and reduce the quality deterioration caused by bacteria.