大白菜根肿病的傅里叶变换红外光谱早期快速检测

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对还未表现症状的大白菜根肿病病样进行早期快速检测。结果表明,健康与染病的根部样品谱图存在一定差异,染病的根部样品在红外光谱图中的1 227,1 143和1 105 cm-1有很强的吸收峰,而健康根部样品的谱图没有,结合吸收峰的峰面积值变化,可以对大白菜根肿病进行早期快速检测。同时,以聚合酶链式反应(PCR)进行检测加以佐证。二者在接种5天后均可以检测到大白菜根部组织中的根肿菌。这表明傅里叶变换红外光谱具有灵敏性高、 方便、 快速等优点,可以在病害未显症时进行早期快速检测,为植物病害的早期诊断提供了新的思路及方法。     

小米的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合主成分分析和聚类分析对白小米、黄小米、糯小米、青小米、陈黄小米、黑小米和大黄米进行鉴别研究。所有样品的傅里叶变换红外光谱整体相似,二阶导数光谱存在明显的差异。选取1800~1400cm-1范围内的二阶导数光谱数据对52份小米样品做多变量分析,结果显示,主成分分析的分类准确率为84.6%,系统聚类分析的分类准确率为92.3%。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合化学计量学能有效地区分不同品种的小米,为不同小米的分类鉴定提供新的方法与途径。     

柳树病叶的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术对三种柳树正常叶和病叶,同一枝条的幼叶、成叶、黄叶、病叶进行光谱测试,旨在分析柳树病叶发生的一些生理变化,并探讨柳树病变对系统聚类的影响。谱图显示不同阶段的叶片光谱变化主要在1800~800cm-1。对此波段进行二阶导数处理,清晰可看到蛋白质和木质素的叠加区域1700~1500cm-1,草酸钙特征峰1621、1318cm-1,糖类特征峰1075cm-1附近峰强有明显变化,用吸光度比A1621/A3390、A1318/A3390、A1075/A3390来比较草酸钙和糖类相对含量变化,用1700~1500cm-1波段的拟合峰面积比S酰胺I/S木质素、S酰胺Ⅱ/S木质素和S酰胺Ⅱ/S酰胺I来比较蛋白质相对含量变化。结果显示,病叶的草酸钙相对含量增加、多糖和蛋白质相对含量在减少。将叶片1800~800cm-1范围的二阶导数进行系统聚类,发现病叶化学成分的改变没有影响聚类效果,聚类正确率达100%。     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱和聚类分析的真菌鉴别

傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法(FTIR-ATR)应用于微生物的快速鉴定及分类是近几年发展起来的一门新型技术。该文应用FTIR-ATR光谱法与聚类分析方法相结合对重要的植物病原真菌进行鉴别。在PDA玻璃纸平板上培养了来自14个属的17株真菌,用FTIR-ATR光谱法测其红外光谱,获得了分辨率高、重现性好的真菌红外谱图,分析主要吸收峰的归属,确定了1800～1485,1485～1185与1185～900cm-1三个分析灵敏区,并在此基础上进行了系统聚类分析,使所有测试菌株都得到正确归类。结果表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术具有快速、准确、易操作等优点,将成为微生物研究领域的一个重要工具。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱用于肿瘤细胞株检测的研究

采取在体外培养胃癌细胞株(SGC7901), 将培养细胞涂于BaF₂窗片的方法,应用美国Nicolet(尼高力)公司Magna750-Ⅱ型红外光谱仪对细胞株进行透射红外光谱检测, 得到了时间轴上体外培养细胞株的光谱图, 将特征性光谱与胃癌组织光谱进行了比对。发现胃癌细胞株红外光谱特征与相应癌组织光谱特征存在异同,说明细胞胃癌组织所表现的红外光谱特征可以反映胃癌细胞本身的红外光谱特征, 同时也具有自身的复杂特点。实验为红外光谱法诊断胃癌奠定了细胞学基础。     

食用菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)研究了担子菌木耳目、非褶菌目和伞菌目6个科9个属的10种食用菌的子实体。将光谱分为5个区S1区(3 050～2 800 cm-1),S2区(1 750～1 500 cm-1),S3区(1 500～1 200 cm-1),S4区(1 200～950 cm-1),S5区(950～700 cm-1);在5个区中,强峰出现在S4区的1 080 cm-1附近和1 040 cm-1(1 020 cm-1)附近,以及S2区的1 640 cm-1附近,1 640 cm-1附近的峰为酰胺Ⅰ振动峰,前两峰为糖类振动峰。根据5个区光谱峰值和吸收强度比,可以鉴别不同的食用菌。700～950 cm-1范围有可能作为区分不同属蘑菇间的指纹区。     

农作物锈病叶傅里叶变换红外光谱检测方法研究

在农作物生产中,不合理使用化学农药来防治植物病害的现象普遍存在,严重影响产品品质及食用安全,快速鉴别植物病害并采取合理的防治措施对提高农作物品质具有重要意义。利用红外光谱三级鉴别法（傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、二阶导数红外光谱（SD-IR）及二维相关红外光谱（2D-IR））对蚕豆、玉米、葱和蒜正常叶、锈病叶病斑处及病斑附近绿色部位进行了研究。结果显示,正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的光谱吸收峰强度和形状存在微小差异。原始光谱中正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的几个吸收强度比存在差异,蚕豆的正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的吸收强度比A_{1 410}/A_{1 646}分别为0.698,0.624和0.616,A_{2 926}/A_{1 646}相应比值分别为0.665,0.638和0.552;玉米的相应比值A_{1 649}/A_{1 055}分别为0.813,0.696,0.691,A_{1 382}/A_{1 055}相应比值分别为0.552,0.478和0.465,A_{2 926}/A_{1 055}相应比值分别为0.574,0.467和0.469;葱的相应比值A_{1 382}/A_{1 061}分别为0.843,0.821和0.704,A_{2 923}/A_{1 061}相应比值分别为0.707,0.680和0.489;以上锈病叶病斑处及病斑附近绿色部位的几个峰强比均比正常叶小。二阶导数红外光谱在1 800～800 cm-1范围内,正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的吸收峰的形状及强度显示明显差异。二维相关红外光谱显示,正常叶、锈病叶病斑处及病斑附近绿色部位在860～1 690 cm-1范围内自动峰和交叉峰的位置、数目及强度存在显著差异。蚕豆正常叶出现4个强自动峰,2组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现5个强自动峰,4组强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现2个最强自动峰和5个中强自动峰,5组强正交叉峰;蚕豆锈病叶病斑处自动峰强度最强,而正常叶的各个自动峰的强度最低。玉米正常叶出现9个强自动峰,12组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现11个强自动峰,3组最强的正交叉峰和11组中强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现6个强自动峰,3组强正交叉峰;蒜正常叶出现9个强自动峰,8组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现2个最强自动峰和9个次强自动峰,10组强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现6个强自动峰,1组强正交叉峰;玉米和蒜病斑附近绿色部位的各个自动峰的强度最强,而锈病叶病斑处自动峰和交叉峰强度最弱。葱正常叶出现9个强自动峰,5组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现8个强自动峰,3组强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现3个强自动峰,无正交叉峰出现。葱正常叶的各个自动峰的强度最强,而锈病叶病斑处自动峰强度最弱。结果表明,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合二阶导数红外光谱及二维相关红外光谱能简单、快速地鉴别研究农作物锈病叶,有望为农作物病害提供一种光谱检测方法。     

块菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

块菌是珍稀野生食用菌,其蛋白质和糖类含量较高,块菌多糖具有潜在的药用价值。文章利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)对五种云南野生块菌作了研究。结果表明,块菌属真菌有其独特的光谱特征,全谱最强峰为出现在1 042和1 077 cm-1附近的强双峰。在脂分子的羰基峰1 742 cm-1及糖类异构体的指纹区1 200～750 cm-1,不同种类、不同产地块菌的光谱有明显差异,另外,正常块菌和霉变块菌的光谱亦有明显差异,主要体现在谱峰吸收强度的变化上,部分谱峰吸收强度比的变化表明,块菌样品变质前后,其蛋白质和糖类物质的含量发生了变化。FTIR光谱提供了块菌成分的有关化学信息,为鉴别块菌和区分块菌的种类、质量提供了简便快捷的手段。     

几种花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)对7种植物[玉兰、香水百合、天竺葵(粉红,红色)、兰花、菊花、马蹄莲]花粉进行了研究。结果显示,花粉样品的红外光谱主要由蛋白质、多糖、脂类物质的特征吸收峰组成。不同种花粉的红外光谱的差异表现为脂类物质的特征吸收峰强度的变化,多糖特征吸收峰峰形的区别,以及蛋白质和多糖的特征峰强度比的不同。不同颜色的天竺葵光谱差异较小,仅脂类特征吸收峰略有差异。研究表明,利用红外光谱建立数据库,有可能依据花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别植物。     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱的土传真菌分类研究

应用FTIR-ATR光谱技术与多元统计分析相结合的方法对镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌、核盘菌、瓜果腐霉菌和辣椒疫霉菌等重要的土传致病真菌进行鉴别.对测得的FTIR光谱进行了归一化和二阶求导处理,选择了适合于真菌分类识别的14个光谱特征波段.在此基础上,采用典型判别分析和系统聚类分析对不同菌株进行了识别.结果表明,不同菌种间识别准确率达到100%,而镰刀菌种内不同菌株间识别准确率为95.56%,说明傅里叶变换红外光谱技术在植物病原真菌分类识别方面具有较大的应用潜能.     

Detection of soybean rust contamination in soy leaves by FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy

In this work the Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopy from 4000 to 400 cm^-1 was applied, by the first time to our knowledge, to diagnostic the soy bean rust or Asian rust contamination on soy leafs caused by the fungi Phakopsora pachyrhizi. The obtained results shown that a premature, fast and precise diagnosis can be achieved using this technique before it can be detect by the conventional visual method. The early identification of the fungi infection avoid massive lost in the soy production and decrease the intense use of fungicide whose is necessary when the infection is in advanced stagy.     

叶绿素荧光PCA-SVM分析的黄瓜病虫害诊断研究

为了对植物病虫害进行快速准确检测,采用荧光光谱技术并结合支持向量机分析方法建立了黄瓜病虫害诊断模型。通过Savitzky-Golay平滑法(SG),SG平滑法+快速傅里叶变换(FFT)和SG平滑法+一阶导数变换(FDT)三种方法对原始光谱进行降噪处理,并利用主成分分析法(PCA)对降噪后的光谱进行降维,根据累积贡献率选取7个主成分进行分析。将样本数据随机分为训练集和预测集,利用四种核函数条件下的支持向量机算法建立了预测模型,并进行预测。以训练集交叉验证的分类准确率最大值为指标,对四种核函数模型进行参数优化,并对比其分类性能,结果表明,经SG+FDT+PCA预处理后,具有多项式核函数的支持向量机对黄瓜病虫害的鉴别准确率达到98.3%,具有很好的分类和鉴别效果。     

基于类间方差的MODIS森林火灾火点检测方法

提出一种基于火点与背景的类间方差和烟雾掩膜的红外光谱火点检测算法。该算法的潜在火点判定阈值设为305K,再利用MODIS热红外光谱通道亮温数据的类间方差值将森林火灾火点从背景中区分出来,并对低温闷烧火点采用烟雾掩膜进行识别。应用该算法对福建省和黑龙江地区的林火数据进行探测处理,与传统MODIS火点检测方法比较分析表明,该算法使用简单高效,在不同环境适应性较强,可以更准确地检测到高温明火点和一些低温闷烧火点,降低了火点的误报率和小火点的漏报率,检测效果更理想。     

Study of gas detection based on integrated cavity output spectroscopy

A trace gases detection system based on integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) was developed, where a NIR tunable diode laser (TDL) was used as light source, an optical cavity composed by two plan-concave mirrors with reflection near 99.7% was used as the absorption cell. Trace water vapour (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO) and mixture of CO₂ and CO were tested by ICOS based on the characteristics absorption. The wavelength calibration, cavity transmission characteristics, quantitative measurement ability and sensitivity of the TDL-ICOS were also studied, and a evaluated minimum detectable sensitivity of 1.15 × 10^?7 cm^?1 was obtained when the system was used to CH₄ detection. The experiment results show that TDL-ICOS is expected to be a reliable and promising system for the detection of trace gases since it has some advantages such as real-time monitoring, simple device, easy operation, high sensitivity, good stability and quantitative ability.     

基于近红外光谱技术的瓶装醋定性检测

采用近红外光谱直接对四种瓶装醋进行检测,并与比色皿检测方法获得的谱图进行了比较。结果发现,两种检测方法获得的谱图在近红外区域有明显差别,瓶装醋在1 480和1 900nm附近无吸收峰,而在1 660nm附近有一吸收峰,明显区别于比色皿检测获得的谱图;瓶装醋检测获得的吸光度最大值不超过4,而用比色皿所测值约为6,说明玻璃包装对其检测有一定的影响。本研究采用一阶导数法来消除此影响,并用主成分-神经网络方法建立了瓶装醋的定性分析模型,模型预测精度达到100%,表明一阶导数可以消除玻璃包装对瓶装醋近红外检测的影响,实现定性分析的目的。     

蚕豆病害叶的FTIR研究

用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合统计分析对蚕豆锈病、茎基腐病、轮纹病、黄化卷叶病和正常叶片进行鉴别研究。结果显示病害叶片和正常叶片的红外图谱相似,仅有几个吸收强度比存在差异;对光谱进行二阶导数分析发现,病害叶片和正常叶片的二阶导数光谱在1 200～700cm-1范围差异明显,对该区域内的光谱数据进行相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,结果显示,正常叶片之间、同种病害样品之间相关系数都在0.928以上,而病害叶片和正常叶片以及不同病害样品之间的相关系数降低;45个样品聚类分析和主成分分析正确率分别为73.3%和82.2%。傅里叶变换红外光谱技术具有快速、无损、准确等优点,有望为蚕豆病虫害诊断提供新的方法与途径。     

Breath ammonia detection based on tunable fiber laser photoacoustic spectroscopy

A new detection method for ammonia in high concentration of CO₂ and H₂O is reported, which uses a wavelength modulated photoacoustic spectrometer based on a near-infrared tunable erbium-doped fiber laser in combination with an optical fiber amplifier. The multi-wavelength (1522.44 nm, 1522.94 nm and 1545.05 nm) photoacoustic signal measurement is established to detect multi-spectrum signal in samples. The problem of ammonia detection in high concentration of CO₂ and H₂O is resolved at atmospheric pressure. The minimum detection limit of 16 ppb (signal-to-noise ratio = 1) in simulated breath samples (5.3% CO₂ and 6.2% H₂O (100% relative humidity at 37°C)) is achieved.     

Self-calibration wavelength modulation spectroscopy for acetylene detection based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

The expressions of the second harmonic(2f) signal are derived on the basis of absorption spectral and lock-in theories.A parametric study indicates that the phase shift between the intensity and wavelength modulation makes a great contribution to the 2f signal.A self-calibration wavelength modulation spectroscopy(WMS) method based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TOLAS) is applied,combining the advantages of ambient pressure,temperature suppression,and phase-shift influences elimination.Species concentration is retrieved simultaneously from selected 2f signal pairs of measured and reference WMS-2f spectra.The absorption line of acetylene(C_2H_2) at 1530.36 nm near-infrared is selected to detect C_2H_2 concentrations in the range of 0-400 ppmv.System sensitivity,detection precision and limit are markedly improved,demonstrating that the self-calibration method has better detecting performance than the conventional WMS.     

Impact of humidity on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy based detection of HCN

The architecture and operation of a trace hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and using a λ=1.53 μm telecommunication diode laser are described. The influence of humidity content in the analyzed gas on the sensor performance is investigated. A kinetic model describing the vibrational to translational (V–T) energy transfer following the laser excitation of a HCN molecule is developed. Based on this model and the experimental data, the V–T relaxation time of HCN was found to be (1.91±0.07)10^-3 s Torr in collisions with N₂ molecules and (2.1±0.2)10^-6 s Torr in collisions with H₂O molecules. The noise-equivalent concentration of HCN in air at normal indoor conditions was determined to be at the 155-ppbv level with a 1-s sensor time constant. PACS 82.80.Kq; 42.62.Fi     

Open-path trace gas detection of ammonia based on cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy

A compact open-path optical ammonia detector is developed. A tunable external-cavity diode laser operating at 1.5 μm is used to probe absorptions of ammonia via the cavity-enhanced absorption (CEA) technique. The detector is tested in a climate chamber. The sensitivity and linearity of this system are studied for ammonia and water at atmospheric pressure. A cluster of closely spaced rovibrational overtone and combination band transitions, observed as one broad absorption feature, is used for the detection of ammonia. On these molecular transitions a detection limit of 100 ppb (1 s) is determined. The ammonia measurements are calibrated independently with a chemiluminescence monitor. Compared to other optical open-path detection methods in the 1–2 μm region, the present result shows an improved sensitivity for contactless ammonia detection by over one order of magnitude. Using the same set-up, a detection limit of 100 ppm (1 s) is determined for the detection of water at atmospheric pressure. Received: 19 January 2000 / Revised version: 6 March 2000 / Published online: 7 June 2000