CdS nanoparticles deposited on montmorillonite: preparation, characterization and application for photoreduction of carbon dioxide

CdS nanoparticles were precipitated by the reaction of cadmium acetate with sodium sulphide in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) and deposited on montmorillonite (MMT). The resulting CdS-MMT nanocomposite contained 6 wt.% of CdS and 30 wt.% of CTA. Band-gap energy of CdS was estimated at 2.63±0.09 eV using the Tauc plot. The size of CdS nanoparticles was calculated from the band-gap energy at 5 nm and from the micrographs of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 5 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) recognized the cubic structure of CdS (Hawleite). The dynamic light scattering (DLS) method confirmed that CdS nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of MMT particles. CTA was found to be intercalated into MMT and adsorbed on its external surface. CdS-MMT was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide dissolved in NaOH solutions. The yields of originating gas products can be arranged in the order: H(2) ? CH(4) > CO. Amounts of these products were 4-8 folds higher then those obtained with TiO(2) Evonic P25. Hydrogen reduced CO(2) to CO and CH(4).     

CdS/TiO2复合纳米粒子的光学性质

在Brij35/正己醇/环己烷/水构成的反相微乳体系中，分别合成了CdS、TiO2纳米粒子和TiO2包覆CdS（CdS/TiO2）的复合纳米粒子.测定了它们的紫外-可见吸收和荧光光谱.结果表明， CdS/TiO2复合纳米粒子在可见光区的吸收比相应的两组分的吸收之和更强.纳米CdS和纳米TiO2均有较强的荧光.而且在相同浓度时纳米TiO2的荧光比纳米CdS的荧光更强.但在CdS/TiO2复合纳米粒子中，TiO2的荧光被淬灭，而CdS的荧光稍有降低.     

CdS修饰TiO2纳米带制备及光催化降解有毒有机污染物

以硫酸钛为原料,在210℃低温下,水热制备TiO₂纳米带.通过沉淀法用CdS修饰TiO₂纳米带表面,制得TiO₂@CdS复合光催化剂,采用XRD、TEM和反射紫外对其结构及光化学特性进行初步表征.以可见光(λ≥450 nm)光催化降解罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)、水杨酸(Salicylic Acid,SA)及2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-Dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)为探针反应,研究反应温度、介质和负载CdS对TiO₂@CdS结构性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的TiO₂纳米带分散性好.复合粉末由锐钛矿相TiO₂和立方相CdS组成.常温25℃中性介质中用CdS修饰的TiO₂的活性,在可见光照射下,为单纯TiO₂纳米带的29倍.同时,TiO₂也促进了CdS可见光光催化活性的提高.通过跟踪降解体系紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(FTIR)和总有机碳(TOC)测定,结果发现TiO₂@CdS/vis体系在pH 7.0时,对SA的降解率较TiO₂纳米带有显著地提高,反应15 h和21 h后,RhB和2,4-DCP的矿化率分别可达到47.8%和30.8%.     

CdS/TiO2光催化去除水体中氨氮的研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同比率的CdS掺杂TiO₂复合纳米颗粒催化剂,并用其进行了紫外光、日光灯和太阳光全波长光催化去除水中氨氮和其它形式无机氮的对比实验研究.考察了添加催化剂的量、CdS复合比率、有氧化态氮亚硝酸根或硝酸根与氨氮共存时光催化脱氮的耦合效果、外加光源等对脱除氨氮效率的影响,并研究了后3个因素对CdS光腐蚀程度的影响.对于氨氮初始质量浓度为50mg/L的模拟废水,在通空气搅拌条件下,n(CdS):n(TiO₂)=0.17的CdS/TiO₂催化剂脱氮效果最佳,此时经紫外光照2h后脱除氨氮效率达41.5%.实验结果表明:复合催化剂中CdS的含量是影响光催化活性和光腐蚀程度的重要因素.     

Preparation and electrorheological characteristic of CdS/Polystyrene composite particles

Cadmium sulfide/polystyrene (CdS/PS) hybrid particles were synthesized and their physical characteristics including electrorheology were examined. Monodisperse CdS/PS nanocomposite particles with diameters of 2 μm were obtained via dispersion polymerization. To form cadmium sulfide nanoparticles onto the PS surface, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate was used as a functional monomer for coordinating with Cd²⁺ ions. Finally, cadmium sulfide nanoparticles with size < 10 nm were formed with the release of S²⁻ ions from thioacetamide. The morphology of the as-prepared CdS/PS nanocomposite particles clearly showed that the CdS particles are present on the surface of the PS. The optical properties were also studied. In addition, their electrorheological characteristics were confirmed by using optical microscopy with applied electrical field. Recently, dielectric properties of CdS nanoparticles were already reported; however, electrorheological characteristics of CdS/PS nanocomposite particles were investigated for the first time.     

TiO_2/CdS/Ru(bpy)_2(NCS)_2作为太阳电池光阳极的探讨

将 Cd S纳米粒子复合在 Ti O2 纳米多孔膜上 ,用染料 Ru( bpy) 2 ( NCS) 2 对此复合半导体纳米膜电极进行敏化 ,测量了不同 Cd S复合量的 ITO/Ti O2 /Cd S/Ru( bpy) 2 ( NCS) 2 光阳极组成光电池的能量转换效率 .实验证明 ,ITO/Ti O2 /Cd S/Ru( bpy) 2 ( NCS) 2 作为太阳电池光阳极的能量转换效率与 Ti O2 /Cd S复合半导体中 Cd S的含量有关 .当 Cd S复合时间为 5 min的电池的短路电流为 5 .2 3A/m2 ,开路电压为 0 .71 6 V,能量转换效率为 0 .77% .     

CdS/TiO2复合纳米微粒的原位合成及性质研究

采用一种新方法,在TiO₂表面原位合成CdS纳米微粒,并用红外光谱跟踪了CdS/TiO₂复合纳米微粒的形成过程.紫外吸收光谱研究表明TiO₂对CdS纳米微粒的形成有很好的稳定作用,荧光光谱研究结果表明,这种纳米异质结构有着良好的电荷分离.     

Monodisperse rutile microspheres with ultrasmall nanorods on surfaces: Synthesis, characterization, luminescence, and photocatalysis

This work demonstrates the process of building optoelectrically cooperative surface wetting in smart and precise way. The superhydrophobic photosensitive film is constructed with TiO(2) nanotube arrays. Compared with conventional organic dyes, CdS quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizer layer are modified on TiO(2) nanotubes surface to improve photosensitivity of the composited surface in visible light region, which offer the benefit for designing and fabricating solid state hetero-junction devices. ITO glass is introduced as top electrode to apply electrical and optical stimuli and the patterned wetting is instantly obtained with masking light through ITO. The optoelectrically cooperative wettability conversion occurred on superhydrophobic TiO(2) nanotube surface at critical voltage of 12 V, which was decreased by 18 V comparing with only using electric stimulus. This study provides potential applications for TiO(2) nanotube arrays to the associated research of liquid reprography, location-controlled microfluidic device and lab-on-chip.     

电沉积法制备介孔TiO_2/CdS薄膜光电极

采用阴极恒电位沉积法,在介孔TiO2薄膜上制备了介孔TiO2/CdS薄膜光电极,用XRD,SEM,Raman,SPS和UV-Vis等多种手段对薄膜电极进行了表征.结果表明,CdS成功沉积到介孔TiO2的表面和孔道内,形成了异质结结构.通过光电流作用谱考察了该复合体薄膜电极的光电性能,结果表明,与单纯的介孔TiO2薄膜相比,其光电转换效率显著提高,这是由于CdS具有吸收可见光的特性以及CdS与介孔TiO2形成异质结从而使得光生载流子更容易分离的结果.     

一步温和水热法制备具有改善光催化活性和稳定性的碳包覆CdS纳米粒子

首次报道在130oC低温条件下,以乙酸镉和葡萄糖分别作为镉源和碳源,硫脲同时充当硫源和葡萄糖水热碳化的催化剂,通过一步水热碳化法制备了碳包覆的CdS (CdS@C)纳米材料。与相同条件下制备的纯CdS相比,合成的CdS@C粒子具有更小的粒子尺寸、良好的分散性以及更均匀的粒子分布。而且,葡萄糖在水热碳化过程中能够促使CdS优先形成立方晶相。此外,粒子表面的碳物种能拓宽CdS的可见光吸收范围,稍微降低它的带隙能,减缓CdS的光生电子-空穴对的复合和光腐蚀。因此,它能改善CdS在可见光辐射下催化氧化降解甲基橙的活性和稳定性。     

CdS敏化对TiO2纳米薄膜电极光生电荷转移特性的影响

1991年Gratzel等[1]以敏化的TiO2纳米薄膜电极组成的液体结光电化学太阳能电池(PEC),其光电转换效率(IPCE)达到10%. 最近,选用固态电解质使这种PEC的IPCE达到33%[2].于是用有机染料[3,4]及窄带隙半导体纳米微粒[5]敏化的电极受到了广泛关注.     

Photosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 by self-assembled layers of CdS quantum dots

CdS quantum dots can be self-assembled on high surface area nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes; spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical studies indicate that the size, and hence the absorption edge, of the CdS particles can be controlled; efficient photosensitization of the TiO2 electrode by the Q-particles has been achieved.     

Motion of integrated CdS nanoparticles by phase separation of block copolymer brushes

A new method of reversibly moving CdS nanoparticles in the perpendicular direction was developed on the basis of the phase separation of block copolymer brushes. Polystyrene-b-(poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly(cadmium dimethacrylate)) (PS-b-(PMMA-co-PCdMA)) brushes were grafted from the silicon wafer by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). By exposing the polymer brushes to H2S gas, PS-b-(PMMA-co-PCdMA) brushes were converted to polystyrene-b-(poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly(methacrylic acid)(CdS)) (PS-b-(PMMA-co-PMAA(CdS))) brushes, in which CdS nanoparticles were chemically bonded by the carboxylic groups of PMAA segment. Alternating treatment of the PS-b-(PMMA-co-PMAA(CdS)) brushes by selective solvents for the outer block (a mixed solvent of acetone and ethanol) and the inner PS block (toluene) induced perpendicular phase separation of polymer brushes, which resulted in the reversible lifting and lowering of CdS nanoparticles in the perpendicular direction. The extent of movement can be adjusted by the relative thickness of two blocks of the polymer brushes.     

CdS and Cd carboxylate nanoclusters dispersed in polymer matrix produced by a freeze drying method

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoclusters were prepared by a freeze drying method from two types of cadmium carboxylates. One was cadmium methacrylates that were part of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) ionomer. The other was cadmium acetates that were dispersed in PMMA. X-ray diffraction was mainly used to study the formation and the size of nanoclusters. The size of CdS made from the ionomer was 0.9 nm, whereas that from the composite of cadmium acetate and PMMA was 2 nm. This was consistent with the size difference of the precursors of CdS: i.e., Cd carboxylate nanoclusters (ionic aggregates) were smaller in the ionomer than in the PMMA mixture, because ionic groups in the ionomer were constrained due to their connectivity to backbone chains and thus forming smaller ionic aggregates. Once stabilized, however, CdS nanocluster sizes were unchanged despite thermal treatments at up to 220 °C for 24 h for both systems. Structural transformations from a freeze dried cadmium carboxylate powder, to a CdS-containing powder, and to a heat-treated CdS-containing sample are speculated for both types of systems.     

Electrospun nanofibers of TiO2/CdS heteroarchitectures with enhanced photocatalytic activity by visible light

Herein, we have demonstrated that the electrospun nanofibers of TiO(2)/CdS heteroarchitectures could be fabricated through combining electrospinning technique with hydrothermal process. The configuration, crystal structure, and element composition of the as-prepared TiO(2)/CdS heteroarchitectures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), resonant Raman spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the high-density hexagonal wurtzite CdS crystalline particles of ca. 6-40 nm in diameter were uniformly and closely grown on anatase TiO(2) nanofibers. Especially, the light-absorption properties as well as photocatalytic characteristics of pure TiO(2) nanofibers and TiO(2)/CdS heteroarchitectures with different amount loading of CdS were also investigated. The absorption of TiO(2)/CdS heteroarchitectures was extended to the visible due to effective immobilization of sensitizing agent CdS on TiO(2). In contrast with the pure TiO(2) nanofibers, the TiO(2)/CdS heteroarchitectures showed excellent photocatalytic activity by using rhodamine B dye as a model organic substrate under visible-light irradiation. It was worth noting that the cooperative photocatalytic mechanism of the TiO(2)/CdS heteroarchitectures was also discussed.     

Optical properties of core/shell typed PMMA/CdS nanoparticles prepared by in situ and ex situ surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

Core/shell poly(methyl methacrylate)/cadmium sulfide (PMMA/CdS) nanoparticles were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) auxiliary monomer. According to the addition time of Cd²⁺ ions, the synthesis of the hybrid nanoparticles was conducted in in situ and ex situ techniques. The core/shell PMMA/CdS nanoparticles synthesized by the post-addition (ex situ) of Cd²⁺ ions showed a wide size distribution and interference fringes in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. However, these results were improved when the PMMA/CdS nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of Cd²⁺ ions (in situ method). The in situ method made it possible to obtain monodisperse hybrid nanoparticles and fairly narrow band-gap emission.     

超薄骨架有序介孔CdS/NiS的制备及光催化产氢性能

采用有序介孔氧化硅为硬模板, 通过纳米浇筑法制备了由螺旋骨架构建的有序介孔硫化镉(CdS)光 催化材料. 该光催化材料具有约5 nm厚的超薄骨架和大的比表面积(238 m²/g), 能有效缩短光催化反应中 光生电荷迁移到表面进行反应的距离并同时提供更多的反应活性位点, 从而增强光催化性能. 通过原位化学沉积法将不同量的助催化剂硫化镍(NiS)沉积到有序介孔CdS表面, 得到了一系列超薄骨架有序介孔CdS/NiS复合光催化材料. 可见光照射下的光催化产氢活性测试结果表明, 负载适量NiS的有序介孔CdS具有显著增强的光催化产氢活性(3.84 mmol?h^-1?g^-1), 约为负载相同量NiS的普通商业化CdS材料(0.22 mmol?h^-1?g^-1)的17.5倍.     

Electrochemical synthesis of free-standing CdS nanoparticles in ethylene glycol

A novel one-step electrochemical method for the preparation of capping-free cadmium sulfide nanoparticles is described. With gold as the working electrode, capping-free CdS nanoparticles are synthesized very conveniently at 70°C in the ethylene glycol (EG) solution of elementary sulfur, cadmium salt, and supporting electrolyte at −0.1 V. By carefully selecting the reductive potential, elementary sulfur is reduced while the reduction of Cd²⁺ is blocked by the formation of a sulfur monolayer on the gold electrode surface. The produced S²⁻ reacts with cadmium cations in the solution to produce CdS. In this method, magnetic stirring can effectively prevent the deposition of CdS on the electrode surface. XRD analysis indicates that the product is pure cubic-phase CdS. The size and morphology of the particles are studied by TEM. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 1060–1064. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

硬脂酸镉在纳米尺寸CdS微粒制备中的作用(英文)

采用CdS和CdSt2 同阳离子共沉淀的方法制备了一种新型的纳米尺寸CdS微粒具有“三明治”结构 ,并且是尺寸可控的 ,在制备过程中硬脂酸镉起着重要作用。这种“三明治”CdS纳米微粒易于分离并不易被空气所氧化。对自组装“三明治”CdS纳米微粒的形成机理进行了讨论。     

P3HT/CdS/TiO2/ZnO一维有序核壳式纳米棒阵列的构制及其在杂化太阳电池中的应用研究

采用恒电位法在铟锡氧化物导电玻璃(ITO)上制备了高度有序一维ZnO纳米棒阵列,将ZnO纳米棒阵列在TiO2溶胶中采用提拉法制备出了一维TiO2/ZnO核壳式纳米棒阵列.在一维TiO2/ZnO核壳式纳米棒阵列上电沉积CdS纳米晶得到一维CdS/TiO2/ZnO核壳式纳米棒阵列,然后在一维CdS/TiO2/ZnO核壳式纳米棒阵列上电沉积聚3-己基噻吩(P3HT)薄膜得到P3HT/CdS/TiO2/ZnO核壳式纳米结构薄膜.以该纳米结构薄膜电极为光阳极制备出新型纳米结构杂化太阳电池,研究了该类电池的光电转换性能,初步探讨了该类电池的工作机理.