手性介质的光学物理性质及其研究进展

文章总结了手性介质的概念、分类及其光学物理性质，综述了近年来手性介质在非线光学领域以及其他方面的研究进展。     

基于面向对象分类约束的融合方法研究

像素级融合方法中常出现色彩突变或色彩失真现象。通过分类信息对融合进行约束可以部分消除目标地物边界的这些现象。然而传统的基于像素分类的影像融合方法由于分类中的“椒盐效应”,导致融合效果受到一定的影响和限制。采用面向对象分类约束的方法对该融合方法进行改进。首先采用面向对象分类方法进行影像分类,解决了基于像素分类中的“椒盐效应”问题;其次将分类结果作为影像融合的约束条件,利用色度饱和度明度(HSV)变换进行融合;最后将该方法的结果与多种融合方法的结果进行定量比较,发现该方法除在目视上取得很好的增强效果外,在信息熵、方差等指标上也取得了很好的效果。     

顾及极化特征的SAR与光学影像融合与分类EI北大核心CSCD

全极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有丰富的极化信息,对地物识别具有显著优势,提出了一种顾及极化特征的SAR与中分光学影像融合的方法,对全极化SAR影像进行极化目标分解,采用改进的色度、饱和度、明度(HSV)变换方法融合极化特征波段与中分光学影像,并基于面向对象的方法对融合影像进行地物分类。结果表明,该融合方法优于传统单极化SAR与中分光学影像的HSV融合方法,能够有效利用全极化SAR的极化纹理信息。面向对象分类方法能够降低SAR对融合影像的斑点噪声影响,地物总体分类精度优于高分光学影像,且对于极化信息敏感的地物,其分类精度明显优于高分光学影像。     

基于BP神经网络的焊点自动光学检测

提出了一种新的表面组装焊点的自动光学检测分类方法。采用单层环形光源获取焊点图像,并根据归一化分割曲线方程将焊点图像分成四部分,分别提取其特征。使用BP神经网络将焊点按照锡量多少分成三类:少锡,容许和多锡。实验结果证明该方法分类正确率达到了99.2%,具有较高的实用价值。     

复杂海况下海洋生态环境多维度光学监测方法

针对溢油、赤潮等典型海洋生态环境污染和灾害,传统监测手段在海雾、耀斑、复杂光照等复杂海况干扰下存在“看不远”“辨不出”“认不清”三大难题。通过对比多种光学监测手段的优缺点,提出“光谱+偏振+红外探测”的多维度光学监测方法,梳理了典型海洋目标多维特性生成、传输、获取、处理与识别反演方法的现状与不足,提出了海洋目标多维度光学信息获取机制、复杂海况下多维度光学特性生成机理和传输演化机理、海洋目标多维度高分辨信息解混、重构与增强方法,以及目标识别反演方法等5个重点发展方向,指明了技术路线和解决途径,设计了多维度光学监测系统总体方案。最后,在室外开展了5种溢油种类、2种赤潮优势种的定性和定量化可控试验,利用偏振探测实现了油种的分类和赤潮优势种的区分,这为机载多维度高分辨海洋光学监测系统的深入研究与应用奠定了基础。     

采用自注意力机制的OCT图像AMD亚型分类研究

目前基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的视网膜光学相干层析成像(OCT)图像分类方法存在对于小范围病变区域识别不清的问题,导致在判断年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)疾病干湿性、脉络膜新生血管形成(CNV)的活动性时准确率不高,而正确判断病变类型对于眼科医生制定治疗方案至关重要。为此本文提出了一种基于自注意力机制的CNN模型MobileX-ViT,将传统卷积层和自注意力模块结合,同时提取浅层网络的特征信息并获取图像的全局信息,以提高模型分类准确率。实验证明,相比于经典CNN分类模型Inception-V3、ResNet-50、VGG-16和MobileNeXt,文章提出模型在分类准确率上分别提高了5.6%、5.3%、4.5%和2.8%,证明了模型的有效性,为解决目前视网膜OCT图像分类中对于小范围病变区域识别不清的问题提供了新的方法。     

迁移学习在OCT视网膜图像自动分类上的应用

利用光学相干断层技术(OCT)产生的视网膜疾病图像是分类眼科疾病的重要措施。目的是利用四种不同分类模型的迁移学习方法对糖尿病黄斑水肿、老年性黄斑变性、玻璃疣三种病变的OCT视网膜图像进行自动分类,实现迁移学习在OCT图像分类上的应用。将VGG-16、Inception V3、MobileNet V2、ShuffleNet-V2这四种神经网络模型在大规模图像分类数据集预训练好后,进行模型微调和训练参数更新,进而找到实现上述三种眼科疾病自动分类的最优模型,达到高效的OCT视网膜病变自动分类效果。实验结果表明,四种模型中轻量型MobileNet V2经模型微调后的评价指标优于其他模型。     

基于深度学习的光学元件表面疵病识别北大核心CSCD

精密光学元件表面疵病的人工检测分类方法效率低,且准确率易受疲劳等人工因素影响,而基于传统机器学习方法的分类准确率有待进一步提高。提出了一种基于深度学习卷积神经网络的光学大尺寸元件表面疵病识别方法。首先,通过现场实验采集并整理了大尺寸镜面疵病样本;接着,基于单通道灰度图像构建融合梯度的三通道图像,挖掘更深入的特征表达;最后,基于经典的LeNet网络,提出了面向激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)的光学元件表面疵病识别网络ICFNet,该网络不需要复杂的手工特征设计和提取,仅使用原始灰度图像就实现高效的疵病识别。实验结果表明:针对包含麻点、划痕和灰尘的三类疵病数据,ICFNet相较于使用多项特征和支持向量机的传统方法拥有较好的分类准确率。     

自由曲面成像光学系统的设计方法及其应用

得益于自由曲面更多的设计自由度和强大的像差校正能力，人们设计出了众多具有超高性能、紧凑结构及新奇功能的成像光学系统。但自由曲面的数学复杂性以及非旋转对称性也对传统的成像光学系统设计方法提出了很大的挑战。简要概括了自由曲面成像光学系统的发展历史和现状。详细介绍了自由曲面成像光学系统的多种设计方法。分类总结了具有高性能、新结构和新功能的自由曲面成像光学系统在各领域的应用。最后，对自由曲面成像光学系统未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

彩色纹理分析中的多特征数据融合方法

在小波分解基础上将纹理特征、颜色特征及纹理与颜色的空间相关特征进行融合，提出了一种新颖的彩色纹理特征提取方法，同时结合20类真实彩色自然纹理，针对塔式小波分解(PWD)，不完全树型小波分解(ICTSWD)和小波包分解(WPD)进行了多特征融合和分类比较，实验结果表明：塔式小波分解基础上的多特征融合，其正确分类率为85．78％；小波包分解基础上的多特征融合，其正确分类率为91．03％，但其特征维数呈指数增长；而不完全树型小波分解有选择地进行通道分解，其维数大大下降，多特征融合后的正确分类率达到90．63%，同时也表现出良好的抗噪能力。     

Radiography of biological specimens with alpha particles and the CR-39 SSNTD

This work studies the alpha particle radiography technique in conjunction with the CR-39 SSNTD. The irradiations were made in the CV-28 cyclotron at IEN/CNEN/RJ using a 7 MeV/nucleon alpha particle beam. The best etch time to obtain radiographs was determined as six hours. A calibration curve was obtained, so to allow a quantitative interpretation of the images to be performed. Its behavior was checked by several experiments with other energy degrading materials. Several radiographs of “in-vitro” biological specimens were obtained. The results showed the potential capability of this technique for studies in paleontology.     

Tomosynthesis: A holographic method for variable depth display

A circular symmetric tomosynthetic arrangement has been investigated using holographic storage techniques. With a set of 24 single radiographs a 3D image of a human orbita region has been generated by image integration leading to a continuously variable depth display of arbitrary layers. The received resolution in a particular layer was about 3 1p/mm. An estimate will be given for the number of necessary radiographs to compare the blurr quality of discrete sample procedures in tomosynthesis with a continuous motion in tomography. Finally a short outline will be given for a possible real-time procedure.     

MR imaging findings in recurrent primary osseous Ewing sarcoma

The objective of this study was to determine the value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in diagnosing local recurrence of Ewing sarcoma. We retrospectively reviewed radiographs, Tc^99m-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) skeletal scintigraphy, computed tomography scans, and MR studies of 11 patients who had local recurrences of osseous Ewing sarcoma following initial responses to chemotherapy and local radiation. The MR images were compared to those of a control group of nine patients who had no evidence of relapse. T₁- and T₂-weighted MR images identified 9 of the 11 recurrences. Computed tomography was diagnostic in 4 of 6 cases evaluated, Tc^99m-MDP bone scintigraphy in 4 of 11 cases, and plain radiographs in 2 of 10. MR findings at relapse included changes in signal intensity, increased extent of abnormal marrow signal on T₁- and T₂-weighted images, and identification of a new soft tissue mass. These findings suggest that MR imaging is valuable in the routine follow-up of parimary osseous Ewing sarcoma.     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: Early MRI detection and radiological correlation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and conventional radiographs were compared in 49 hips with Avascular Necrosis (AVN). MRI detected AVN in 25% of the hips during the preradiological stage of the disease. Both MRI and conventional radiographs accurately detected AVN in the remaining 75% of hips. Correlation between the patterns observed with the two techniques reflected the underlying histopathologic events. The reactive interface between infarcted bone and viable bone could be identified on MRI as a low signal intensity (SI) band. On conventional radiographs the reactive interface appeared as a sclerotic band. The adjacent hyperemic zone was seen on MRI as a high SI band and as a lucent zone on the plain films. Variations of this pattern occurred as related to the extend and duration of AVN and to the individual's ability to mount a healing response. Minor degrees of collapse of the femoral head were better identified with plain radiographs but MRI demonstrated small areas of hyperintensity probably corresponding to early subchondral fractures.     

Small plasma focus studied as a source of hard X-ray

An experimental study on hard X-ray pulses emitted by a small plasma focus is performed, regarding its application to biological radiographs in fast dynamic situations. It is found that the radiation intensity in a single shot is high enough to obtain fine resolution radiographs in very short exposures (about 10 ns). As an example, a radiograph on a live mouse is shown. It is found that the relation between responses of different detectors, i.e., thermoluminescence dosimeters and scintillator-photomultiplier, is linear     

高能X光照相中密度重建的共轭梯度算法

通过对高能X光照相过程的物理分析,得到了辐射照相的点扩展函数,给出了估价函数的表达式.并以典型的法国试验客体模型为例,将共轭梯度算法应用到高能X光照相的密度重建中,得到了较满意的结果.这种方法从模拟辐射照相过程出发,将辐射照相的模拟结果与实际测量结果做比较并找出最大可能解.可在一定程度上克服其它密度重建算法通过反卷积过程消除模糊效应所引起的不确定性.     

The pilot experimental study of 14 MeV fast neutron digital radiography

14 MeV Fast neutrons has good penetrability and the 14 MeV fast neutron radiography can meet the need of Non-Destructive Test of the structure and lacuna of heavy-massive sample, whose shell is made of heavy metal and in which there are some hydrogen materials, and the study of fast neutron digital radiography just begins in China. By the use of a D-T accelerator, a digital imaging system made up of a fast neutron scintillation screen made of ZnS(Ag) and polypropylene, lens and a scientific grade CCD, the experimental study of fast neutron radiography has been done between 4.3×10¹⁰−6.8×10¹⁰ n/s of neutron yield. Some 14 MeV fast neutron digital radiographs have been gotten. According to experimental radiographs and their data, the performance of the fast neutron scintillation screen and the basic characters of 14 MeV fast neutron radiography are analyzed, and it is helpful for the further research. Supported by the Science and Technology Fund of China Academy of Engineering Physics (Grant No. 251)     

In situ monitoring of hydrogen loss during pyrolysis of wood by neutron imaging

Hydrogen is an element of fundamental importance for energy but hard to quantify in bulk materials. Neutron radiography was used to map in situ loss of elemental hydrogen from beech tree wood samples during pyrolysis. The samples consisted of three wood cylinders (finished dowel or cut branch) of approximately 1 cm in length. The samples were pyrolyzed under vacuum in a furnace vessel that was placed inside a cold neutron imaging beamline using a temperature ramp of 5 °C/min from ambient up to 400 °C. Neutron radiographs with exposures of 30 s were sequentially recorded with a charge-coupled device over the course of the experiment. Relative absorbance/scattering of the neutron beam by each sample was based on intensity (or brightness) values as a function of pixel position. The much larger neutron cross section for hydrogen compared to carbon and oxygen enables almost direct conversion of neutron attenuation into sample hydrogen content for each time step during the pyrolysis experiment. Target and vessel temperatures were recorded concurrently with collection of the radiographs so that changes could be directly correlated to different states of pyrolysis. The most visible change appeared at the initial phase of the 400 °C plateau as evidenced by strong hydrogen loss and primarily diametric shrinking of the samples. The loss of elemental hydrogen between initial and final states of pyrolysis was estimated to be about 70%.     

Implosion of indirectly driven reentrant-cone shell target

We have examined the implosion of an indirectly driven reentrant-cone shell target to clarify the issues attendant on compressing fuel for a fast ignition target. The target design is the hydrodynamic equivalent of a NIF cryoignition target scaled to be driven by Omega. Implosions were imaged with backlit x radiographs and modeled with LASNEX. The simulations were generally in good agreement with the experiments with respect to the shell diameter, density, and symmetry, but did not show the prestagnation central absorption maximum. The existence of material between the original cone and the shell is sensitive to gold M-band radiation, which penetrates the shell and ablates gold from the cone. The simulated radiographs using recently measured M-band fractions showed absorption between the cone and shell similar to the experiment. This gold ablation might be a problem in a cryoignition target.     

辐射图像脉冲去噪方法

为去除辐射图像中的脉冲噪音,建立了一种先进行脉冲噪音检测再进行噪音数据修复的联合去噪音方法.首先采用测地膨胀方法从减灰度图像出发对原图像进行形态学灰度重构,再采用灰度阈值法从原图像与重构图像的差值图像中分割检测出脉冲噪音,然后采用改进非本地均值方法对噪音数据进行修复.改进非本地均值方法对相似像素的选择范围进行了限制,从原理上避免了传统非本地均值方法用于去除辐射图像脉冲噪音时易发生的以错纠错问题,本文对其进行了数学表述.实验证明,该方法对不同类型辐射图像的脉冲噪音均具有较好滤除效果,表现出良好的噪音数据修复和图像细节保护能力.