Enantiomer separation of chiral pharmaceuticals by capillary electrochromatography

Enantiomer separation of chiral pharmaceuticals by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is achieved with open-tubular capillaries (o-CEC), with packed capillaries (p-CEC) or with monolithic capillaries. In o-CEC, capillaries are coated with a thin film containing cyclodextrin derivatives, cellulose, proteins, poly-terguride or molecularly imprinted polymers as chiral selectors. In p-CEC, typical chiral HPLC stationary phases such as silica-bonded cyclodextrin or cellulose derivatives, proteins, glycoproteins, macrocyclic antibiotics, quinine-derived and 'Pirkle' selectors, polyacrylamides and molecularly imprinted polymers are used as chiral selectors. Chiral monolithic stationary phases prepared by in situ polymerization into the capillary were also developed for electrochromatographic enantiomer separation.     

大分子键合型手性固定相的研究进展

高效液相色谱（HPLC）被广泛认为是分离制备光学纯单一对映体最有效的方法。在高效液相色谱手性拆分中,手性固定相的性能直接影响到色谱柱的手性分离能力。在众多手性固定相中,键合型手性固定相具有溶剂耐受性好,分离模式灵活等优点,是很重要的一大类手性固定相。本文主要针对大分子键合型手性固定相,包括多糖衍生物键合型手性固定相、蛋...     

温度对蛋白和β-环糊精手性固定相拆分对映体的影响

 采用三聚氯氰为活化剂分别合成了牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)、人血清白蛋白 (HSA)和 β 环糊精手性固定相 ,研究了温度在色氨酸 ,华法令 ,酮基布洛芬和丹酰化苏氨酸手性拆分中的影响。结果表明 ,在蛋白手性固定相上对映体间的熵变对色氨酸 ,华法令和酮基布洛芬的拆分有很大的影响 ,而丹酰化苏氨酸对映体在 β 环糊精手性固定相上的拆分为典型的焓控过程 ,与蛋白柱有着不同的热力学特性。由于键合方式不同 ,色氨酸在我们合成的BSA手性固定相上的最佳分离温度为 35℃左右 ,而不是文献报道的以戊二醛为活化剂的 2 4℃。     

Chiral Method Development Strategies for HPLC using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Stationary Phases

Chiral HPLC methods using macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases have been widely used and reported; however, the development of efficient methods to separate and quantify the analytes with high resolution is a challenging task. Therefore, the knowledge regarding the optimization of chromatographic parameters regarding this type of chiral chromatography is essential. This review presents and discusses the optimization of HPLC conditions and parameters for the chiral resolution of racemic drugs on macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases. Strategies for chiral method development are presented, using polar ionic, reversed phase, normal phase and polar organic modes. The effect of the most important chromatographic parameters, such as mobile phase composition, flow rate and temperature on the enantioseparation are discussed aiming the adequate screening and optimization protocol for each mode.     

HPLC separation of amino acid enantiomers and small peptides on macrocyclic antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases: a review

The search for new and effective chiral selectors capable of separating a wide variety of enantiomeric compounds is an ongoing process. In the past decade, macrocyclic antibiotics have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance by means of HPLC, TLC and electrophoresis. More chiral analytes have been resolved through the use of glycopeptides than with all the other macrocyclic antibiotics combined (ansamycins, thiostrepton, aminoglycosides, etc.). The glycopeptides avoparcin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and vancomycin have been extensively used as chiral selectors in the form of chiral bonded phases in HPLC, and HPLC stationary phases based on these glycopeptides have been commercialized. Teicoplanin, vancomycin, their analogs and ristocetin A seem to be the most useful glycopeptide HPLC bonded phases for the enantioseparation of proteins and unusal native and derivatized amino acids. In fact, the macrocyclic glycopeptides are to some extent complementary to one another: where partial enantioresolution is obtained with one glycopeptide, there is a high probability that baseline or better separation can be obtained with another. This review sets out to characterize the physicochemical properties of these antibiotics and their application in the enantioseparations of amino acids. The mechanism of separation, the sequence of elution of the stereoisomers and the relation to the absolute configuration are also discussed.     

High-performance liquid chromatography chiral stationary phases based on low-molecular-mass selectors

A review of HPLC chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on low molecular mass selectors is given. The review is focused on brush- and monomeric-type CSPs obtained by covalent linkage of chiral selectors, with emphasis on those obtained by total synthesis. Emphasis is given to new, emerging aspects like enantioseparations on receptor-like chiral stationary phases and dynamic enantioselective chromatography of stereolabile compounds.     

Advances in enantiomeric resolution on monolithic chiral stationary phases in liquid chromatography and electrochromatography

During the last decade, chiral monolithic stationary phases have been prepared and used for rapid enantioseparations in CEC and HPLC. Various chiral selectors are used to prepare these CSPs. The preparation, properties, and applications of these CSPs are discussed in this paper. Attempts have been made to describe optimization strategies and the chiral recognition mechanisms. A comparison of chiral separations in CEC and HPLC is described. Efforts have also been made to predict the future perspectives and challenges of chiral monolithic stationary phases. The most effective chiral selectors include polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, and macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics. These chiral phases produced acceptable analytical enantiomeric separation of a variety of racemates. However, the development of these CSPs for preparative‐scale separations is needed.     

Enantiomer separation of drugs by capillary electrophoresis using proteins as chiral selectors

The separation of drug enantiomers using proteins as the chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is considered in this review. The proteins used include albumins such as bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin and serum albumins from other species, glycoproteins such as alpha1-acid glycoprotein, crude ovomucoid, ovoglycoprotein, avidin and riboflavin binding protein, enzymes such as fungal cellulase, cellobiohydrolase I, pepsin and lysozyme and other proteins such as casein, human serum transferrin and ovotransferrin. Protein-based CE is carried out in two modes: in one proteins are immobilized or adsorbed within the capillary, or protein-immobilized silica gels are packed into the capillary (affinity capillary electrochromatography mode), and in the other proteins are dissolved in the running buffer (affinity CE mode). Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of the two modes and the factors affecting the chiral separations of various drugs by protein-based CE are discussed.     

Reversible and irreversible denaturation of proteins in chromatographic systems

Protein denaturation in typical chromatographic mobile phases is examined from kinetic and equilibrium viewpoints, preliminary to consideration of the binding of proteins to stationary phases. Protein binding to a stationary phase may result in concomitant stabilization or destabilization. Experiments to clarify mechanisms and/or to lead to stabilization of proteins against denaturation are discussed. Among the work to be discussed are the ion exchange chromatography of α-chymotrypsinogen and hen egg lysozyme with mobile phases containing urea; reverse phase HPLC of RNase A and serum albumin with conventional mobile phases; and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of enolase, carbonic anhydrase, lysozyme, RNase A, and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, mediated by the surfactant CHAPS.     

Twenty years of research on silica-based chiral stationary phases

This review provides an overview of twenty years of pioneering work (from 1985 to 2005) of our research group in the preparation and application of enantioselective packing materials for HPLC. After a brief introduction to the rational design of a new chiral stationary phase, a detailed presentation in chronological order of appearance in the literature is given of the currently developed repertoire of chiral stationary phases and their typical applications. Emphasis is placed on the different synthetic strategies exploited to obtain highly efficient, stable, and versatile chiral stationary phases.     

聚甲基丙烯酸葡萄糖酯及聚甲基丙烯酸纤维二糖酯高效液相色谱手性固定相的性能测评

首先合成了甲基丙烯酸葡萄糖酯和甲基丙烯酸纤维二糖酯,然后通过甲基丙烯酸-3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙酯分别聚合在硅胶上,并将其作为高效液相色谱手性固定相。分别以正己烷-异丙醇(体积比为90:10)、正己烷-异丙醇-三乙胺(体积比为90:10:0.2)和正己烷-异丙醇-三氟乙酸(体积比为90:10:0.2)溶液作为流动相,对15种包含醇类、胺类、酰胺类和酮类的外消旋体化合物进行手性拆分。拆分结果表明,葡萄糖和纤维二糖聚合物固定相对大多数醇类和胺类以及部分酰胺类和酮类外消旋体化合物有较好的手性识别能力,并且二者的手性识别能力还具有一定的互补性。该研究表明,单糖和二糖聚合物固定相可成为一类新型的高效液相色谱手性固定相。     

Development of silica-based stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography

Stationary phases are the basis of the development and application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this review we focused on the development of silica-based stationary phases, including the synthesis of silica gel and the application of silica in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), chiral separation chromatography, and ion chromatography. New stationary phases, advances in ionic liquid-modified silica, silica-based core-shell materials, and silica-based monolithic columns for HPLC are introduced separately.     

HPLC chiral stationary phases produced with isolated human serum albumin fragments.

The enantioselectivity of HPLC chiral stationary phases produced with human serum albumin (HSA) fragments was investigated. An HSA fragment (HSA-FG75) was isolated by size-exclusion chromatography following peptic digestion of HSA. The isolated HSA-FG75 was mainly an N-terminal half peptide with an average molecular weight of about 35,000 daltons. The HSA and HSA-FG75 proteins were bound to aminopropylsilica gels activated by N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate. Though the HSA-FG75 column showed lower enantioselectivities for all of the racemates tested than the intact HSA column, the enantioseparations of the racemates tested were attained with a shorter analysis time on the HSA-FG75 column. These results are ascribable to removal of the non-specific binding sites of HSA, changes in the globular structure of the HSA fragment and/or changes in the local environment around the binding sites. Further, the HSA-FG75 column was as stable as the intact HSA column for repetitive injection of samples.     

葡萄糖和N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖作为手性固定相的研究

以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷和3-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷作为键合臂,将葡萄糖和N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖键合到硅胶上作为高效液相色谱手性固定相,对15种手性化合物进行拆分.研究结果表明:不同的键合臂对它们的手性分离能力有较大的影响,葡萄糖及其衍生物是一类具有良好实用前景的手性固定相.     

New chiral and restricted-access materials containing glycopeptides as selectors for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chiral drugs in biological matrices

Two new chiral and restricted-access materials containing glycopeptide antibiotics as chiral selectors (chiro-Glyco-RAM) were designed, suitable for the direct HPLC injection of biological fluids containing chiral drugs without any sample pre-treatment or pre-columns coupling. The external surface of the porous silica support was covered with a bio-compatible hydrophilic polymeric network (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) while the chiral phase based on either teicoplanin (TE) or teicoplanin aglycone (TAG) was exclusively confined to the internal region. The chiro-Glyco-RAM supports were synthesized by the following steps: (a) introduction of 3-aminopropyl groups on 100 A pore size silica gel; (b) activation of the aminopropylated silica with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane; (c) functionalization of the external region of the porous silica with PVA; (d) covalent linking of TE/TAG to the internal surface. The average pore diameter of the chiro-Glyco-RAM supports, calculated by inverse size-exclusion chromatography (ISEC), was about 80 A and able to exclude macromolecules heavier than about 20,000 Da (such as the most abundant serum proteins) from the pores. The recovery of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was almost quantitative. HPLC analyses of model chiral drugs were performed using hydro-organic mobile phases consisting of an organic solvent (acetonitrile or methanol) and aqueous solutions of ammonium acetate (0.020 M) or ammonium formate (0.0025-0.0050 M).     

Retention mechanism of high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation on macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases

The development of methods for the separation of enantiomers has attracted great interest in the past 20 years, since it became evident that the potential biological or pharmacological applications are mostly restricted to one of the enantiomers. In the past decade, macrocyclic antibiotics have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. The glycopeptides avoparcin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and vancomycin have been extensively used as chiral selectors in the form of chiral bonded phases in HPLC, and HPLC stationary phases based on these glycopeptides have been commercialized. In fact, the macrocyclic glycopeptides are to some extent complementary to one another: where partial enantioresolution is obtained with one glycopeptide, there is a high probability that baseline or better separation can be obtained with another. This review sets out to characterize the physicochemical properties of these macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics and, through their application, endeavors to demonstrate the mechanism of separation on macrocyclic glycopeptides. The sequence of elution of the stereoisomers and the relation to the absolute configuration are also discussed.     

Enantioselective HPLC separation of bioactive C5-chiral 2-pyrazolines on lux amylose-2 and lux cellulose-2: Comparative and mechanistic approaches

Stereoselective analytical HPLC separations have been developed for a series of biologically active chiral 2-pyrazolines (1-22) to be used in monitoring their resolution reactions or to custom semipreparative HPLC separations prior to biological assessment of both enantiomers. Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), namely, Lux amylose-2 and cellulose-2, have been used. Both normal (n-hexane/ethanol) and polar organic (ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, or mixtures thereof) elution modes were very beneficial for the achievement of baseline separations. The impact of various chemical moieties embedded in the structures of 2-pyrazolines 1-22 and the adopted stationary phases on chiral recognition has been investigated. A case of reversed order of elution following alterations in either stationary phase or elution mode has been observed. Our findings recommend that normal elution mode can be used for optimizing semipreparative HPLC methods whereas polar organic mobile phases (such as acetonitrile and ethanol) are more suited to stereoselective reactions monitoring, routine quality control work, or for pharmacological and toxicological assays. These results settle the implementation of polysaccharide-based CSPs using different elution modes and declare the practicality of such CSPs in stereoselective HPLC.     

硅胶基质高效液相色谱填料研究进展

高效液相色谱(HPLC)不仅是一种有效的分析分离手段,也是一种重要的高效制备分离技术。色谱柱是HPLC系统的核心,不同性能的填料是HPLC广泛应用的基础。硅胶是开发最早、研究最为深入、应用最为广泛的HPLC固定相基质,其制备方法主要有喷雾干燥法、溶胶-凝胶法、聚合诱导胶体凝聚法及模板法等。近年来,亚2μm小粒径硅胶、核-壳型硅胶、双孔径硅胶、介孔性硅胶、有机杂化硅胶等新型硅胶应用于HPLC并取得了色谱分离技术的飞速发展,例如基于亚2μm填料的超高压液相色谱技术、基于核-壳型填料的快速分离技术、基于杂化硅胶填料的高温液相色谱技术等。硅胶经表面化学键合、聚合物包覆等有机改性可制得先进的大分子限进填料、温敏性填料、手性填料等,大大扩展了HPLC的应用范围。本文对液相色谱用硅胶的制备方法、改性与修饰方法以及硅胶基质固定相的评价方法加以系统综述,概述了新型硅胶在HPLC中的应用进展,并对硅胶基质填料的发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。