量表法评价中学生化学科学探究能力

运用“基本要素分析法”对学生科学探究活动及能力进行要素分析,结合学生科学探究活动的实际特点,制定了科学探究能力的评价量表,为评价学生科学探究能力提供一个参照标准。     

新课程背景下化学科学探究活动的设计和评价

本文研究新课程背景下科学探究活动的设计和评价,探索网络环境下,“空气污染的成因与防治”科学探究活动的实施。通过创设“问题情境、任务驱动、自主探究、解释与结论、协作与交流、反思与评价”六个教学环节实施科学探究活动。并对科学探究活动作过程性、综合性、发展性、多元化的评价,有利于激发学生科学探究的兴趣,培养学生科学探究意识、协作精神、创新精神和实践能力,提高学生信息素养和科学探究能力。     

试论“中学生理解科学探究”评价指标体系的构建

在综合国内外科学教育专家、学者对“理解科学探究”所持观点的基础上,提出了“理解科学探究”评价框架。以此为基础,结合中学生的特点,构建出中学生“理解科学探究”的评价指标体系。     

发展元认知与实施自我评价

教学评价改革是基础教育改革中的重要环节,而学习中学生的自我评价是多样化评价的一种形式.本文提出从发展学生的元认知能力的角度来设计自我评价,并通过实施自我评价来促进学生科学素质的培养、促进元认知能力的发展.     

重视探究学习活动 发展学生科学探究能力

探究学习是提高学生科学探究能力的重要途径。探究学习活动中要突出学生自主活动,落实学生的主体性;通过合作学习,培育学生的合作精神;重视教师指导作用,发展学生探究能力;坚持科学评价,促进学生全面发展。     

运用建构主义理论进行化学教学的尝试

践行建构主义的理念,通过协作学习和自主学习,激发学生学习的内在动力,充分调动了学生的探究积极性,培养学生的创新精神和实践能力,并促进了合作学习以及学生的自我评价。     

美国纽约州化学探究评价体系及其启示

为了科学测评学生的化学探究水平,美国纽约州构建了一套新型的化学探究能力评价体系,采用了一种新型评价方式--工作单,包括创设情境、提出问题、制定计划、实验过程和评分标准等,保障了化学探究评价的有效实施。该评价体系对我国新课程化学探究评价具有一定的借鉴价值。     

工作单在科学探究能力评价中的运用研究

工作单在国际科学教育界被认为是评价科学探究能力的有效方式,其中结构性工作单是能用于大样本评价的最优秀的工作单类型。本研究尝试性地在高中化学教学中运用结构性工作单评价学生的科学探究能力。研究表明：(1)结构性工作单的提示信息文字相同但组织形式不同,给与学生的提示不同。(2)结构性工作单的提示信息表达形式不同,给与学生的提示不同。(3)结构性工作单中供作答的直线数目,一方面帮助学生发散思维,另一方面降低了学生书写信息的质量。     

基于工作单的科学探究能力评价

在基于工作单的科学探究能力评价项目中,学生先完成探究设计,然后在引导下实施探究、撰写报告,最后由教师对学生的探究设计和报告的工作单进行逐项评分。     

化学探究实验教学应该注重过程性适时评价和实验的有效整合

在开展探究性实验教学时，结合实例说明应重视探究实验的适时评价：实验前（课前）准备阶段，侧重如何指导学生进行自我主动评价；实验过程中的引导，侧重指导学生如何进行生生之间的主动评价和必要的师生之间的适时评价；实验后侧重师生的指导督促评价，指导学生进行反思小结和提升，并及时对实验进行整合。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.