Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Intensity Pattern Noise on the Displacement Measurement Precision of Digital Image Correlation Using Self-correlated Images

This paper discusses the effect of intensity pattern noise on the displacement measurement precision of digital image correlation (DIC). Through mathematical deduction, a formula is presented to estimate the displacement measurement error caused by intensity pattern noise. The resulting formula synthetically reflects the effects of the variance of noise, the intensity variance and the subset size on the displacement measurement precision. To verify the correctness of the resulting formula, two experiments are done. The first one is a real self-correlation experiment, and aims to analyze the effect of the subset size, while the second is a numerical self-correlation experiment, and is to analyze to the effect of the different noise levels. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The project is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (10572103).     

数字体图像相关方法中基于迭代最小二乘法的物体内部变形测量

本文提出一种基于迭代最小二乘法的亚体素位移测量算法.该算法模型结合了符合实际情况的线性灰度变化模型和线性位移映射函数,采用仅需变形后体图像一阶灰度梯度的迭代最小二乘法计算亚体素位移和位移梯度.由于该算法采用的模型符合实际情况,因而具有更高的位移测量精度和更广泛的适用性.此外,由于仅需变形后体图像的一阶灰度梯度,无需计算...     

Real-Time Displacement Measurement of a Flexible Bridge Using Digital Image Processing Techniques

In this study, real-time displacement measurement of bridges was carried out by means of digital image processing techniques. This is innovative, highly cost-effective and easy to implement, and yet maintains the advantages of dynamic measurement and high resolution. First, the measurement point is marked with a target panel of known geometry. A commercial digital video camera with a telescopic lens is installed on a fixed point away from the bridge (e.g., on the coast) or on a pier (abutment), which can be regarded as a fixed point. Then, the video camera takes a motion picture of the target. Meanwhile, the motion of the target is calculated using image processing techniques, which require a texture recognition algorithm, projection of the captured image, and calculation of the actual displacement using target geometry and the number of pixels moved. Field tests were carried out for the verification of the present method. The test results gave sufficient dynamic resolution in amplitude as well as the frequency. Use of this technology for a large suspension bridge is discussed considering the characteristics of such bridges having low natural frequencies within 3 Hz and the maximum displacement of several centimeters.     

用数字散斑相关法研究聚氨酯泡沫塑料的压缩力学性能

提出了一种改进的数字散班相关计算方法，使其能直接进行应变迭代，灵敏度可达１０００με，并对它进行了验证试验。对于两种不同密度的聚氨酯泡沫塑料，采用改进的数字散斑相关法对其压缩力学性能进行了测试，得到了其应力——应变关系及弹性模量等力学参数。     

基于三维数字图像相关方法的面部表情变形测量研究

目前关于人脸面部表情的相关研究正在逐渐应用到各领域,而其研究大多为基于数据库的定性分析。本文将三维数字图像相关方法用于人脸面部表情研究。首先,针对人脸面部图像的具体特点,在深入研究方法原理的基础上,提出以参数优化和消除刚体位移来提高实验测量精度。在此基础上,对普通表情和微表情状态下面部肌肉变形进行精确的计算和定量的研究,分析特定表情的形成原因。实验采用自传式回忆的方法唤起被测试者的基本情绪,随之进行模仿来诱发面部普通表情;采用指导性表达抑制的方法诱发被测试者的微表情。通过对特定表情状态下的肌肉运动进行全场和局部的计算,获得精确的三维位移场和位移矢量场。结果表明,面部微表情状态与普通表情状态的运动规律基本一致,只是位移幅度存在显著差异。实验测量结果与实际情况基本吻合,符合常规认知。不同的是本文将特定表情状态下面部肌肉的运动规律从以往的感性认知上升到精确计算和定量分析的水平,为面部表情的自动识别及形成机理的深入研究提供了良好的基础。     

Full-field Thermal Deformation Measurements in a Scanning Electron Microscope by 2D Digital Image Correlation

Using recently developed methods for application of a nano-scale random pattern having high contrast during SEM imaging, baseline full-field thermal deformation experiments have been performed successfully in an FEI Quanta SEM using 2D-DIC methods. Employing a specially redesigned commercial heating plate and control system, with modified specimen attachment procedures to minimize unwanted image motions, recently developed distortion correction procedures were shown to be effective in removing both drift and spatial distortion fields under thermal heating. 2D-DIC results from heating experiments up to 125°C on an aluminum specimen indicate that (a) the fully corrected displacement components have nearly random variability and a standard deviation of 0.02 pixels (≈25 nm at 200× and ≈0.5 nm at 10,000×) in each displacement component and (b) the unbiased measured strain fields have a standard deviation ≈150 × 10⁻⁶ and a mean value that is in good agreement with independent measurements, confirming that the SEM-DIC based method can be used for both micro-scale and nano-scale thermal strain measurements.

数字图像相关方法若干关键问题研究进展

本文报道了作者及其所在课题组近期在数字图像相关(DIC)测量方法上取得的重要研究进展。主要包括:(1)通过对DIC方法中反向组合高斯-牛顿算法的理论误差分析,提出了新的理论误差公式,进一步证明了反向组合高斯-牛顿算法在提高计算速度和测量精度方面的综合优势;(2)采用提出的理论误差公式,发展了数字散斑场的优化及制作方法,保证了测量结果的一致性和正确性;(3)基于相机阵列和图像拼接技术,发展了超分辨率数字图像相关方法,大大提高了DIC测量方法的应变测量分辨率;(4)提出了大视场条件下的三维系统标定方法,实现了三维测量系统的外参实时标定和多相机测量系统中相机位姿的自动矫正;(5)研制了便携式原位三维测量仪和多尺度DIC测量系统,实现了三维实时数字图像相关测量,进一步满足了DIC方法在工业在线检测和医学领域中的应用需求。     

Structural Analysis of Steel to Aluminum Welded Overlap Joint by Digital Image Correlation

In this paper, the structural analysis of steel to aluminum overlap joint is performed with digital image correlation. For this, it is necessary (i) to find the mechanical response in the two sheets after welding and (ii) to find some structural information in order to assess modeling. Because the overlap joint is a peculiar structure with non uniform stress distribution, finite element seems to impose itself in order to assess failure. Thus, local mechanical behavior must be identified. Digital image correlation is an accurate method of identifying material behavior after welding. Once identified, the mechanical response is introduced in a model. Structural finite element model is then compared with some structural experimental measurements (strain field and out of plane displacement field).     

Overview of High-temperature Deformation Measurement Using Digital Image Correlation

Background

Developments in digital image correlation (DIC) in the last decade have made it a practical and effective optical technique for displacement and strain measurement at high temperatures.

Objective

This overview aims to review the research progress, summarize the experience and provide valuable references for the high-temperature deformation measurement using DIC.

Methods

We comprehensively summarize challenges and recent advances in high-temperature DIC techniques.

Results

Fundamental principles of high-temperature DIC and various approaches to generate thermal environment or apply thermal loading are briefly introduced first. Then, the three primary challenges presented in performing high-temperature DIC measurements, i.e., 1). image saturation caused by intensified thermal radiation of heated sample and surrounding heating elements, 2) image contrast reduction due to surface oxidation of the heated sample and speckle pattern debonding, and 3) image distortion due to heat haze between the sample and the heating source, and corresponding countermeasures (i.e., the suppression of thermal radiation, fabrication of high-temperature speckle pattern and mitigation of heat haze) are discussed in detail. Next, typical applications of high-temperature DIC at various spatial scales are briefly described. Finally, remaining unsolved problems and future goals in high-temperature deformation measurements using DIC are also provided. 

Conclusions

We expect this review can guide to build a suitable DIC system for kinematic field measurements at high temperatures and solve the challenging problems that may be encountered during real tests.

     

Development of Patterns for Digital Image Correlation Measurements at Reduced Length Scales

Methods for patterning metal thin films at the microscale and nanoscale by applying the patterns to metallic and polymeric materials for use in shape and deformation measurements in a scanning electron microsope (SEM) or other high magnification imaging system are described. In one approach, thin films of metallic materials (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu, and Cr) are applied to a variety of substrates. The coated samples are then placed into a reaction vessel, where the specimens are heated and exposed to a nitrogen atmosphere saturated with selected volatile chemicals. This process results in nano-scale remodeling of the metallic films, thereby affording high contrast random patterns with different morphologies. In a second approach, thin films of metallic materials, including gold and silver, also have been applied using a simplified UV photolithographic method requiring a minimum amount of laboratory preparation. Using selected substrates, both methods have been used successfully to transfer patterns onto polymeric and metallic materials ranging from 50–500 nanometers with chemical vapor rearrangement and 2 to 20 microns with UV photolithography, providing a pattern that can be used with digital image correlation to quantify both the surface profile and also surface deformations at reduced length scales.     

Quantification of Three-Dimensional Surface Deformation using Global Digital Image Correlation

A novel method is presented to experimentally quantify evolving surface profiles. The evolution of a surface profile is quantified in terms of in-plane and out-of-plane surface displacements, using a Finite Element based Global Digital Image Correlation procedure. The presented method is applied to a case study, i.e. deformation-induced surface roughening during metal sheet stretching. The surface roughness was captured in-situ using a confocal optical profiler. The Global Digital Image Correlation method with linear triangular finite elements is applied to track the three-dimensional material movement from the measured height profiles. The extracted displacement fields reveal the full-field kinematics accompanying the roughening mechanism. Local deviations from the (average) global displacements are the result of the formation, growth, and stretching of hills and valleys on the surface. The presented method enables a full-field quantitative study of the surface height evolution, i.e. in terms of tracked surface displacements rather than average height values such as Root-Mean-Square or height-height correlation techniques. However, the technique does require that an initial surface profile, i.e. contrast, is present and that the contrast change between two measurements is minimal.     

基于图像相关分析的狗骨式钢框架子结构试验节点区变形场测量

为研究狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域在循环荷载作用下的损伤演化规律,采用图像相关技术对3榀、3层、单跨1/3缩尺的狗骨式钢框架子结构底层节点区域的应变场及变形进行了监测,重点分析了不同循环加载方式作用下狗骨式节点区域的应变场、节点域剪切变形的历程,并与传统测试方法所记录结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,加载方式对狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域的变形、应变及其损伤程度均有显著影响;图像相关技术可获得节点区域的变形及应变场,较传统测试方法更具优势;测点峰值应变及变形同传统方法测试结果吻合良好。     

Digital Image Mechanical Identification (DIMI)

A continuous pathway from digital images acquired during a mechanical test to quantitative identification of a constitutive law is presented herein based on displacement field analysis. From images, displacement fields are directly estimated within a finite element framework. From the latter, the application of the equilibrium gap method provides the means for rigidity field evaluation. In the present case, a reconditioned formulation is proposed for a better stability. Last, postulating a specific form of a damage law, a linear system is formed that gives a direct access to the (non-linear) damage growth law in one step. The two last procedures are presented, validated on an artificial case, and applied to the case of a biaxial tension of a composite sample driven up to failure. A quantitative estimate of the quality of the determination is proposed, and in the last application, it is shown that no more than 7% of the displacement field fluctuations are not accounted for by the determined damage law.     

基于三维DIC方法的高强钢拉伸力学性能测定

高强度钢在建筑等工程领域发挥着极为重要的作用,因此准确测定其力学性能具有至关重要的意义．鉴于传统机械引伸计在小尺寸试样变形测试中的不便性,利用三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)方法,对8.8级螺栓和Q690钢这两类试样在单轴拉伸试验全过程中的变形进行了测试,分别得到了应力-应变曲线、弹性模量、屈服强度、强度极限、断后延伸率和断面收缩率,由于试样在屈服阶段应变增加而应力基本不变,因此同时研究了该阶段中试样从弹性变形演化到塑性变形的发展规律．实验结果表明三维DIC在小尺寸试样力学性能测试方面具有很强的优越性,可用来灵活地测量变形并研究变形的演化规律．     

数字图像相关的噪声导致系统误差及散斑质量评价标准

数字图像相关中散斑质量评价标准应该综合考虑系统误差和随机误差的作用。之前的工作考虑了无图像噪声情况下插值引起的系统误差,本文则进一步研究了有图像噪声情况的系统误差,并与随机误差综合考虑提出了完善的散斑质量评价参数。本文推导了有噪声情况下系统误差的解析形式,揭示了噪声引入系统误差产生的内在本质在于插值引起噪声不确定性对亚像素位置的依赖。依据理论分析,插值噪声耦合函数的概念被引入,它由插值基函数平移平方和的斜率决定,表征了噪声引入系统误差随亚像素位置的变化。插值耦合函数将之前的研究成果纳入统一的理论体系,并从本质上解释了高阶B-样条插值对应的噪声引起系统误差较小的现象。数值模拟与本文的理论分析显示一致,在真实的亚像素平移实验验证中,本文将公式推广到非均匀噪声情况,并与实验结果获得了较好的吻合。基于对系统误差的理论分析,综合考虑系统误差和随机误差影响,提出了两种计算误差评估参数:总误差的最大值和平方平均值,并提出了快速估计算法且通过数值模拟进行了验证。计算误差评估参数实际也是一种散斑质量评价参数,提出的评估参数弥补了现存散斑质量评价参数未足够考虑插值影响的缺陷,是更完善的散斑质量评价标准。本文应用新提出的散斑评价参数对一些常见散斑图进行了评价,并将其用于对模拟散斑图的优化。     

Fatigue Damage Development in 14MoV6-3 Steel for Power Plant Pipes Monitored by Digital Image Correlation

In this paper,fatigue damage development of 14MoV6-3(13HMF)power engineering steel was studied through different experimental and analytical approaches.The specimens machined from the as-received pipe were subjected to fatigue loading and simultaneously monitored using the digital image correlation(DIC)technique.The damage development was analysed through microstructural observations of fracture surfaces and further described as a function of the fatigue damage parameter D and the fatigue damage measure φ.The combination of such parameters'evolution with the number of cycles to failure and the DIC technique enables a determination of separate stages of damage development.It was found that dynamics of damage could be effectively exposed within the first 100 cycles.     

三维DIC在铸铁拉伸试验中的应变测量精度研究

基于三维数字图像相关方法(3D-DIC)的拉伸实验研究了铸铁的拉伸力学性能,分别得到了应力-应变曲线、弹性模量、抗拉强度、延伸率等拉伸力学性能参数．将3D-DIC应力-应变的测试结果与目前实验中使用广泛的接触式引伸计方法的实验结果作了对比,得到两者的应力-应变曲线基本重合,弹性模量相差不超过4%．此外,还对3D-DIC和机械引伸计的应变绝对误差和相对误差作了详细比较,实验表明3D-DIC在铸铁拉伸力学性能测试中具有足够的应变测量精度,完全可以取代传统引伸计成为一种有效的非接触式变形测量手段．     

Deformation and Rigid-body-motion Measurement by Multiple Interferometric Strain/Slope Rosettes

The multiple interferometric strain/slope rosette (Multi-ISSR) is a method extended from the interferometric strain/slope rosette (ISSR) to measure relative displacements of multiple strain gages and rigid-body-motion. The Multi-ISSR consists of more than three micro-indentations depressed onto a material surface. Upon laser beam illumination of the Multi-ISSR, light reflecting and diffracting from the Multi-ISSR indentations interfere to result in fringe patterns. The complicated patterns are analyzed to measure deformation and rigid-body-motion. Optical theory of the Multi-ISSR is developed and the governing equation for measuring deformation and rigid-body-motion is derived. Derivation of the general Multi-ISSR governing equation for the case of three indentations is presented and compared with the governing equation of the published ISSR.     

A Study of Large Plastic Deformations in Dual Phase Steel Using Digital Image Correlation and FE Analysis

Large plastic deformation in sheets made of dual phase steel DP800 is studied experimentally and numerically. Shear testing is applied to obtain large plastic strains in sheet metals without strain localisation. In the experiments, full-field displacement measurements are carried out by means of digital image correlation, and based on these measurements the strain field of the deformed specimen is calculated. In the numerical analyses, an elastoplastic constitutive model with isotropic hardening and the Cockcroft–Latham fracture criterion is adopted to predict the observed behaviour. The strain hardening parameters are obtained from a standard uniaxial tensile test for small and moderate strains, while the shear test is used to determine the strain hardening for large strains and to calibrate the fracture criterion. Finite Element (FE) calculations with shell and brick elements are performed using the non-linear FE code LS–DYNA. The local strains in the shear zone and the nominal shear stress-elongation characteristics obtained by experiments and FE simulations are compared, and, in general, good agreement is obtained. It is demonstrated how the strain hardening at large strains and the Cockcroft–Latham fracture criterion can be calibrated from the in-plane shear test with the aid of non-linear FE analyses. An erratum to this article can be found at