利用示波器测量μ子寿命

μ子是地球表面的主要宇宙射线,可以通过碘化钠等常见闪烁体探测器进行探测.本文介绍了一种利用高采样率的示波器对探测器所捕捉到的μ子信号及其衰变信号进行数字化采集、线下软件分析的实验方法,进而得到μ子寿命.本实验操作相对简单,可以在不使用放射源和传统核电子学的情况下,拓展为近代物理或专业物理实验中的一个粒子探测前沿项目.     

测量宇生μ子寿命验证堆积事例处理新方法

提出了一种在数据分析中降低堆积事例误差的一种修正方法,并通过塑料闪烁体搭建的宇生μ子时间符合探测器开展寿命测量实验进行验证。寿命测量实验研究表明,主要本底事件来自电子学噪声和堆积事例。为了弥补在本地实验室中,μ子衰变事例在总体宇生μ子事例中较为稀有的短板,我们使用蒙特卡罗模拟程序产生大样本量,进一步验证该分析方法的有效性。修正后的最终实验结果为$tau_{mu}^{rm exp} = 2.19 pm 0.07$ μs,而修正前的实验结果为$tau_{mu}' = 2.27 pm 0.07$ μs。(95%置信度水平)。预计,统计学处理堆积事例的方法将适用于符合测量与堆积事例伴生的同类型实验。     

符合计数法测量宇生μ子的通量

搭建了宇生 μ子探测器,采用符合计数法测量了宇生μ子通量和空间分布.探讨了甄别器阈值标定、宇生μ子计数率与工作电压的关系、塑料闪烁体板间间距对计数率的影响.通过改进测量装置的几何结构,研究了宇生μ子空间角的分布情况,验证了宇生μ子计数率与探测器摆放天顶角呈co s2θ关系.     

利用阻性板探测器测量宇宙射线μ子的径迹

阻性板探测器具有时间分辨好、稳定性高以及造价低等优点.将阻性板探测器平台引入实验教学中,设计了基于多层阻性板探测器的实验平台,调试气路,选择合适的参量,设置电路时序逻辑,用示波器直观显示宇宙射线μ子在气体介质中的径迹为直线,体现了μ子具有强穿透性.通过对实验数据进行处理,重建了 μ子运动径迹,计算出一维位置分辨.     

μ子对撞机的研究进展

μ子对撞机的研究进展目前，理论方面认定，“超标准模型”新物理将出现在ＴｅＶ量级或接近ＴｅＶ量级能量的夸克－反夸克和轻子－反轻子对撞中．为了充分研究ＴｅＶ能级物理，至少要有一台几个ＴｅＶ能量的强子－强子对撞机，用来广泛寻找新物理，还需一台或更多的ＴｅＶ...     

宇宙线大气簇射μ子定点密度及原初能谱“膝”的研究

用梁王山宇宙线观测站的数据研究宇宙线大气簇射μ子定点密度谱,谱呈现明显的拐折.通过MonteCarlo模拟,得到拐点对应的能量约为1.7×10¹⁵eV,拐点前后原初能谱指数差约为0.43,证实了KASCADE实验μ子定点密度谱呈现拐折的首次观测结果,又一次推证了原初宇宙线能谱膝的存在.     

宇宙线μ子的大气契仑柯夫光像

给出理想条件下聚光镜焦平面上单个μ子大气契仑柯夫光像的理论结果．简要地介绍在标定第二代大气契仑柯夫光成像望远镜中的应用．     

水基切伦科夫μ子探测器的研究

利用高速带电粒子在透明介质中产生切伦科夫辐射的特性,以蒸馏水作为辐射介质,搭建了一个小尺寸(π×22.52cm2×45 cm)的切伦科夫探测器,对能量在GeV量级的μ子进行了相应的测量,考虑其他能量损耗、光传输和收集效率、阴极量子效率后,实验结果与理论估计值有比较高的相符度,可以初步断定仪器具备探测GeV量级μ子的能力.     

μ子催化冷核聚变

本文介绍冷核聚变的历史和最新进展，并介绍利用冷核聚变生产商品能源的可能性及需解决的问题．     

KIMS地下实验中μ子本底的研究

KIMS是寻找和研究暗物质WIMP的实验组. 在WIMP寻找实验中,μ子是十分重要的一种本底. 我们对地下700m深的Yangyang实验室内的μ子通量进行了测量. 介绍了μ子探测器的结构和性能测试. 描述了对μ子入射位置和角度分布的分析,并进行了蒙特卡罗模拟. 实验室内的μ子通量测量值为(7.0±0.4))×10^-8/s/cm²/sr.     

一种实现显微荧光寿命图的测量方法

将脉宽120fs、重复率76MHz激光引入激光扫描显微镜的激发光路,利用其扫描系统对荧光标记样品激发扫描,将激发出的荧光从荧光探测光路引入备用的外部探测口;在探测口接一快速光电倍增管,将光电倍增管的信号送给时间相关单光子计数器,获得时间相关的荧光强度图;最后通过计算机处理获得荧光寿命图。应用此系统对青色荧光蛋白(CFP)、黄色荧光蛋白(YFP)荧光寿命进行了测量,并应用CFP、YFP实现荧光共振能量转移的测量。通过实验看出利用已有的激光扫描显微镜,配合较先进的寿命测量方法,可以很好地实现显微荧光寿命图的测量。     

用束流位置监测器测量上海光源束流寿命

通过理论分析研究了电磁耦合型束流位置探测器（BPM）用于束流寿命测量的可行性,并在上海光源储存环上进行了束流实验,对其性能进行了评估。实验结果表明,与目前常用的直流流强变压器（DCCT）系统相比,BPM给出的束流寿命具有更高的带宽和分辨力,有利于进行不同时间尺度的束流寿命评估,而且可以通过多个平均的方式来进一步提高测量精度。     

血卟啉和核黄素荧光寿命的测量

本文选用了波长为1.054μm的磷酸盐钕玻璃锁模激光器输出的单个PS激光脉冲,经KDP晶体倍频后的绿光(λ=0.527μm)做激发光源。用条纹相机测定了血卟琳、核黄素有机生物大分子的激发单态S_1的寿命。并就氧分子的猝灭效应对寿命的影响进行了初步讨论。     

Neutron lifetime measurement with the UCN trap-in-trap MAMBO II

We have measured the free neutron lifetime τn${\tau }_n$ by storage of ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) in a Fomblin coated UCN trap of in situ variable size. The method was initially developed by W. Mampe et al. (1989) [10] with MAMBO I and improved by the addition of a prestorage volume yielding a well defined UCN spectrum for storage in the main trap. By extrapolation to infinite trap size using the time scaling method we obtain for the free neutron lifetime τn=(880.7±1.3±1.2) s${\tau }_n=(880.7\pm 1.3\pm 1.2)\text{s}$. Data from different UCN spectra, trap temperatures and storage times were used for the evaluation. The present result is compared with other experimental neutron lifetime data.     

Origin of cosmic rays

Cosmic rays were discovered in 1911 but it is only now that some ideas are beginning to emerge as to their origin. This paper will examine the present evidence concerning the origin question over the whole energy range, from 10⁹ eV to 10²⁰ eV. At the lowest energies, (10⁹–10¹⁰ eV), the new subject of gamma ray astronomy plays a crucial role and a galactic origin is favoured. At higher energies (10¹²–10¹⁷ eV) recent measurements of the anisotropies in arrival directions also suggest a galactic origin, although the evidence is not as strong. At the very highest energies it seems likely that some, at least, of the particles come from outside the galaxy although the non-existence of the cut-off at about 6 × 10¹⁹ eV arising from interactions with the cosmological relict radiation provides a paradox. The likely future areas of advance in this fascinating subject will be indicated. Based on the B. B. Roy memorial lectures delivered at Calcutta University, February 1–3, 1978.     

High-resolution positron lifetime measurement using ultra fast digitizers Acqiris DC211

This work demonstrates that a significant improvement of the timing resolution, simultaneously keeping coincidence count rate high enough, can be achieved by use of the state-of-the-art ultra fast 8-bit digitizers which replace the traditional analog timing modules. Performance of the digital spectrometer in conditions of a routine measurement is compared with that of the same detectors connected to the analog setup. It was found that employment of the digital setup leads to an improvement of timing resolution from 169 ps for the traditional analog setup down to 146 ps for the digital setup.     

Cosmology with cosmic microwave background anisotropy

Measurements of CMB anisotropy and, more recently, polarization have played a very important role in allowing precise determination of various parameters of the ‘standard’ cosmological model. The expectation of the paradigm of inflation and the generic prediction of the simplest realization of inflationary scenario in the early Universe have also been established — ‘acausally’ correlated initial perturbations in a flat, statistically isotropic Universe, adiabatic nature of primordial density perturbations. Direct evidence for gravitational instability mechanism for structure formation from primordial perturbations has been established. In the next decade, future experiments promise to strengthen these deductions and uncover the remaining crucial signature of inflation — the primordial gravitational wave background.     

Model-independent approach for dark matter phenomenology: Signatures in linear colliders and cosmic positron experiments

We have studied the phenomenology of dark matter at the ILC and cosmic positron experiments based on model-independent approach. We have found a strong correlation between dark matter signatures at the ILC and those in the indirect detection experiments of dark matter. Once the dark matter is discovered in the positron experiments such as the PAMELA, its nature will be investigated in detail at the ILC.      

Significance of the second dip in the ultra-high energy cosmic ray spectrum

A new feature in the spectrum of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) has been announced in the paper by Berezinsky, Gazizov and Kachelrieβ. The ratio of the solution of the exact transport equation to its solution in the continuous energy loss limit shows intriguing features which, according to the Authors, are related to the very nature of the energy loss processes of UHECR: the very sharp second dip predicted at 6.3 × 10¹⁹ eV can be used as an energy calibration point and also as the UHECR mass indicator for big future cosmic ray experiments. In the present paper we would like to advocate that this statement is an overinterpretation. The second dip is a result of an inappropriate approximation used, and thus it cannot help to understand the nature of UHECR in any way.      

Fluorescence lifetime distributions in membrane systems

Membranes are complex biological systems that display heterogeneity at all spatial scales. At a molecular level, the heterogeneity arises from lipid and protein composition. At the cellular level, heterogeneity is due to membrane organization and large scale morphology. A quantitative evaluation of membrane heterogeneity at a microscopic level is very important for several fields of membrane studies. We have developed a method for the analysis of the decay of fluorescent membrane probes that can provide a quantity sensitive to membrane heterogeneity. This method is based on the analysis of the fluorescence decay using continuous lifetime distributions. The major challenge in the interpretation of the analysis results is in the identification, at a molecular level, of the mechanisms that influence the fluorescence decay. In this review we illustrate the principles of data analysis and we show examples of identification of the measured parameters with specific variables that affect membrane heterogeneity.