Cyclotron production of13N-labelled ammonia for medical use

A new method for the production of¹³N-labelled ammonia is described.     

Cyclotron production of radioisotopes for use in nuclear medicine

Preparation of a number of cyclotron produced short lived radiopharmaceuticals labelled with¹¹C,¹⁸F,¹³N,¹²³I and⁸¹Rb/⁸¹Kr are described.     

Cyclotron production of high-purity iodine-123 for medical applications

Iodine-123 is recognized today as the best radioiodine available for use in diagnostic nuclear medicine. At UC Davis, a continuous flow method was developed and has been operational since 1974 providing high-purity¹²³I made indirectly by means of the¹²⁷I(p, 5n)¹²³Xe→¹²³I reaction. Targetry and radiochemical systems are described, as well as in-progress developments for total system automation. A comparison of different quality¹²³I products is made based upon radionuclidic and dosimetry considerations. The high-purity, no-carrier-added¹²³I produced at Crocker Nuclear Laboratory is being used in many research labeling efforts in proteins, amino acids, antibiotics, fatty acids, and hormones.     

Biochemical studies of current environmental levels of trace elements: Cyclotron production of radiothallium and its use for metabolic investigations on laboratory animals

Carrier-free^201+202Tl have been produced in the cyclotron by (p, xn) reactions on mercury targets and used as a trcer for thallium in metallobiochemistry of heavy metal pollution. The separation of^201+202Tl radioisotopes from Hg involved a solvent extraction method leading to labelled univalent Tl(I) ions. This radioactive solution was used to prepare different^201+202Tl labelled compounds such as inorganic Tl(III) ions and organic dimethylthallium. Quality controls have been applied directly on the different radioactive solutions immediately before their administrations to rats in order to ensure that thallium had the chemical form expected. A summary of the main results concerning different aspects of the metabolic investigations on rats such as absorption, retention, excretion, transplacental transport and influence of the different chemical forms of thallium on its metabolism is also reported.     

Cyclotron production, radiochemical separation and quality control of platinum radiotracers for toxicological studies

The increasing concentration of Pt, Pd and Rh in the environment is mainly due to the release of these elements from the catalytic converters of the motorvehicles. This situation makes it necessary to carry out metallotoxicological experiments on both cell cultures and laboratory animals, in order to assess their impact on living organisms after a Long Term and Low Level Exposure (LLE). Both nuclear reactions^natIr(p,xn) and^natOs(α,xn) were investigated in the energy range up to 45 MeV for protons and 38 MeV for alpha-particles, in order to optimize the irradiation parameters for the production of^188,189,191Pt. Several sets of thin- and thick-target excitation functions were determined experimentally by cyclotron irradiation at both Milano and Ispra cyclotrons. This paper reports the irradiation parameters studied and adopted and two radiochemical procedures for the separation of radio-Pt from an Os target, as well as from ruthenium, iridium and gold impurities. These procedures were used to obtain very high specific activity Pt radionuclides in No Carrier Added (NCA) form. Radionuclidic, radiochemical and chemical purity measurements were carred out by the use of several techniques like ψ-spectrometry, ion-exchange radio-chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis.     

Cyclotron production of 68Ge with a Ga2O target

Systematic information of exchange behavior of Ge(IV) and Ga(III) in varying oxalic acid (0.05M and 0.25M) and sulphuric acid (0.005M-2M range) mixtures is presented. These findings were used to develop a separation involving ⁶⁸Ge from a Ga₂O target material. A method based on acid dissolution of the target and chromatography on an anion exchange resin (Bio-Rad^Ò AG1-X8) was developed. The separated ⁶⁸Ge has high radionuclidic purity and an acceptable chemical purity.     

Determination of sulfur in near-surface layers of materials by means of the32S(3He,p)34mCl nuclear reaction

The cross-sections of the³²S(³He, p)^34mCl nuclear reaction have been determined in the projectile energy region between 4.0 and 12.0 MeV with the aim of their use for the determination of sulfur in surface layers of materials by means of Charged Particle Activation Analysis (CPAA). The measured cross-sections indicate that the application of this reaction for the determination of ppm and sub-ppm concentrations of sulfur is possible depending on the matrix material (e.g. detection limit for S in GaAs is 2 ppm, whereas in Si 300 ppb).     

Versatility of potential biomedical use of functional polysuccinates

Polysuccinates with pendant allyl groups (PSAGE) were synthesized by melt copolymerization of succinic anhydride with allyl glycidyl ether and eventually other glycidyl ethers. It was found that PSAGE could be crosslinked by radical copolymerization with methyl methacrylate. Oxidized PSAGE considered as multifunctional epoxy resin was cured with use of glutaric anhydride to form solid material susceptible to hydrolytic degradation to water-soluble non-toxic products. Comb-like amphiphilic polysuccinates containing both pendant poly(oxyethylene) chains and epoxy groups have been synthesized as well and checked for their solubility in water. Properties of PSAGE-type polymers suggests their potential use as biomaterials and polymeric drug carries. Please note, in the print publication of D. Theis, T. Schmidt, K.-F. Arndt, Macromol. Symp. 210 (2004), 465, erroneously the DOI 10.1002/masy.200450651 is repeated. There, the DOI should read: 10.1002/masy.200450652     

Implementation of ISO Guide 34: Accreditation for reference material production

The National Analytical Reference Laboratory of the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories was initially accredited to ILAC Guide G 12:2000 in January 2000 and is currently accredited to ISO Guide 34 (2000) for the production of a range of pure organic substance reference materials. This paper discusses the practical challenges and rewards of developing and implementing a quality system for reference material production and discusses some of the barriers, and potential solutions, to more general implementation of third-party accreditation.     

Cyclotron production of rhodium-101m from natural palladium radiochemical methods and preliminary biological studies

Rh coordination complexes having anticancer properties have been known since 1931.^101mRh has excellent decay properties and can be used to study the biological behaviour of Rh-complexesin vivo. A method for its production using cyclotron technology is described. The yields for¹⁰¹Pd,¹⁰⁰Pd,^101mRh, and¹⁰⁰Rh, produced by proton bombardment of natural Pd, are reported for proton energies from 40- to 60-MeV.^101mRh thick-target yields of 0.9 m Ci/μAh at 32.7 h EOB were measured. A method is proposed to prepare No Carrier Added (NCA)^101mRh in a chemical form suitable for labeling and/or clinical research,^101mRh-chloride,^101mRh-acetate, and^101mRh-DTPA complexes were prepared and used to determine theirin vivo distribution in tumor-bearing laboratory animals. Results of these studies indicated the kidneys and liver being the primary rarget organs. However, bone and tumor uptakes for^101mRh-DTPA were significantly different, with bone levels continuing to increase at 48-h and tumor levels maximizing at ≈24-h post administration. The half-life of^101mRh was measured as 4.26±0.01 days. Work presented at the Second International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, July 3–7, 1978, Oxford, England.     

Routine production of38K for medical use

A method for a simple and fast production of³⁸K for medical use has been developed. Different target materials have been tested, yield of³⁸K and contaminants examined and chemical procedure and target system developed.     

Cyclotron production of <Superscript>169</Superscript>Yb: a potential radiolanthanide for brachytherapy

In the present study, ytterbium-169 was produced via the ¹⁶⁹Tm(p, n)¹⁶⁹Yb nuclear process at the AMIRS (Cyclone-30, IBA, Belgium) cyclotron, irradiating Tm₂O₃ with proton particles of 15 MeV primary energy and 20 μA current for 20 min. Deposition of Tm₂O₃ on Cu substrate was carried out via by the sedimentation method. The 543 mg of thulium(III)oxide with 108 mg of ethyl cellulose and 8 mL of acetone were used to prepare a Tm₂O₃ layer of 11.69 cm². Yields of about 0.643 MBq ¹⁶⁹Yb per μAh were experimentally obtained. ¹⁶⁹Yb was separated in 80 ± 5% radiochemical yield using liquid–liquid extraction. Solvent extraction of no-carrier-added ¹⁶⁹Yb from irradiated thulium(III)oxide target hydrochloric solution was investigated using di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP).     

Methods of element analysis by the use of charged particles from the Hamburg Isochronous Cyclotron

The applicability of charged particles induced cyclic activation analysis as well as elastic scattering reactions are investigated to determine elemental concentrations in environmental material. The nuclear reactions are induced by the well focused proton-(25 MeV) and helium-3 beam (40 MeV) of the Hamburg Isochronous Cyclotron.     

Glyconanoparticles for biomedical applications

Over the past two decades, glycosylated nanoparticles (i.e., glyconanoparticles having sugar residues on the surface) received much attention for biomedical applications such as bioassays and targeted drug delivery. This minireview focuses on three aspects: (1) glycosylated gold nanoparticles, (2) glycosylated quantum dots, and (3) glyconanoparticles self-assembled from amphiphilic glycopolymers. The synthetic methods and the multivalent interactions between glyconanoparticles and lectins is shortly illustrated.     

Synthesis and general properties of silated-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in prospect of biomedical use

Synthesis of grafting silane on a hydro soluble cellulose ether (HPMC) was described. In alkaline medium, this derivate is under gel form. With a decrease of the pH, a self-hardening occurs due to the silanol condensation. For potential biomedical use, we described the silated-HPMC synthesis, the gel behavior after steam sterilization and the parameters of the silanol condensation i.e. pH, silane percentage and temperature. Minimum kinetic of the condensation was observed for pH between 5.5 and 6.5. So temperature catalyzed the reaction and the self-hardening speed was increased by silane percentage.     

Prospects for the use of fluidized-bed devices for production of coatings

It is shown that, currently, the most effective grinding and dispersant equipment in the technology of coating production are fluidized-bed devices—devices in which grinding and dispersion of pigments and fillers occur via ferromagnetic bodies driven by an electromagnetic field.     

Determination of lithium by reactor activation analysis using the reaction chain:6Li(n,t)4He;32S(t,n)34mCl

The occurrence, in a nuclear reactor, of the reaction chain:⁶Li(n,t)⁴He;³²S(t,n)^34mCl has been experimentally established. Experimentation for its application to the activation analysis determination of lithium has been carried out, and a radiochemical method for separation of^34mCl is presented. The sensitivity is 0.4 g for the following conditions; 15 min irradiation (thermal flux: 1.5·10¹³ n·cm^–2·s^–1); 30 min decay; 2,000 s measurement (semiconductor detector).