Extraction of europium from nitrate solutions in the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and characterization of the products of pyrolysis of extracts

The extraction of europium by neat benzene and benzene solutions of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and benzoic acid (BA) was studied in the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THMAM). Based on europium distribution in these extraction systems in combination with the IR and luminescence spectra of extracts, we infer that well-extractable europium complexes with THMAM are formed. We demonstrate that introduction of THMAM into aqueous nitrate solutions considerably enhance europium extraction. The compositions are determined and some magnetic properties of pyrolysis products of extracts are studied.     

Terbium extraction in the presence of polyfunctional organic compounds and the composition of the extract pyrolysis products

Terbium extraction with benzene solutions of acetylacetone, bipyridine, and diphenylguanidine and their mixtures from aqueous chloride solutions, in particular, in the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane was studied. On the basis of terbium distribution in extraction systems in combination with IR and luminescence spectroscopy data for the extracts, the complexation of terbium with these ligands was discussed. The composition of the products of the pyrolysis of extracts was studied. It was shown that pyrolysis of saturated extracts can give nano-sized bulk samples and films on a quartz substrate for both terbium oxide and terbium and manganese mixed oxides.     

Extraction of Am(III) in the presence of lanthanides and yttrium by benzyldimethyldodecylammonium nitrate from acidic nitrate solutions

We have investigated the effect of coextraction of lanthanides and yttrium on the distribution coefficients D_Am in the extraction of americium by benzyldimethyldodecylammonium nitrate (BDMLNNO₃) from nitrate solutions. In the coextraction of lanthanides, the extraction of Am(NO₃)₃ is suppressed, which is markedly manifested in the extraction of light lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr); of the series of lanthanides their extraction is the highest. The effect of nitric acid and the possibility of separation of lanthanides and americium by the application of three-stage multiple extraction is discussed.     

Catalytic oxidation of organic compounds with oxygen in the presence of Mo-V-phosphoric heteropoly acid solutions

The studies carried out at the Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the selective catalytic oxidation of organic compounds with oxygen in the presence of aqueous solutions of Mo-V-phosphoric heteropoly acids (HPAs) are reviewed. Alkylphenols are oxidized into 1,4-quinones with a selectivity of 85–99%, and C₂-C₄ olefins in the presence of Pd complexes are oxidized into carbonyl compounds with a selectivity of 98–99%. The bifunctional (acidic and oxidizing) properties of HPA solutions were used for the first time to synthesize anthraquinones and vitamin K₃.     

Solvent extraction of europium from nitric acid solutions into chlorobenzene in the presence of calixarenes and dicarbollides

Several calixarenes were tested with the aim to find a synergic solvent extraction system with dicarbollide suitable for the extraction of europium from nitric acidic solutions. The best results were obtained with C₅₆H₇₂O₁₂S₄ and chlorobenzene. Data on the selectivity and interferences by other nitrates are given. The effect of the concentrations of the extractants and aqueous nitric acid was investigated. Basic data on the kinetics of the extraction reaction are presented. Attempts are described to transform this extraction reaction into an adsorption chromatographic arrangement.     

Superelectrophilic activation of polyfunctional organic compounds using zeolites and other solid acids

Zeolites and other available solid acids have been successfully applied to initiate reactions, which were earlier recognised to involve superelectrophilic intermediates and thus required excess of superacids to be carried out.     

Extraction of Ce(III) with naphthenic acid from nitrate solutions

Extraction of Ce(III) with naphthenic acid from nitrate solutions was studied. The composition of solvation complexes, extraction constants, and Gibbs energies of extraction were found from the dependences of the distribution coefficients on pH and compositions of the aqueous and organic phases.     

Extraction of rare-earth elements by diphenylphosphinylmethyl-2-phenylethylphosphinic acid from nitrate solutions

The extraction of trace amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y from HNO₃ solutions to organic solvents was studied using diphenylphosphinylmethyl-2-phenylethylphosphinic acid and its structural analogues containing two or three methylene groups between phosphorus atoms. The stoichiometry of extracted complexes was determined. The efficiency of lanthanide extraction into the organic phase was considered as dependent on the structure of the extractant, the nature of the organic solvent, and the composition of the aqueous phase. Original Russian Text ? A.N. Turanov, V.K. Karandashev, V.V. Ragulin, 2009, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2009, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 535–542.     

A new apparatus for the extraction of organic compounds from aqueous solutions

A new apparatus for the extraction of organic compounds from sea water is described. With this apparatus it is possible to extract 54 standard compounds with high recovery percentages from 9 1 of sea water with 3 ml ofn-hexane. The analysis time (about 1 h) is appreciably lower than those of the extraction methods based on RP-18 and Carbopack-B adsorption (about 15 h). Furthermore, it is possible to analyze samples without filtration. An application of this method to the analysis of Tirreno sea water is reported.     

Extraction of uranyl nitrate from aqueous nitrate solutions by open cell polyurethane foam sponge (OCPUFS)

The extraction of uranyl nitrate into open cell polyurethane foam sponge (OCPUFS) from aqueous solution, in the presence of salting agents, has been examined. The extraction efficiency was observed to depend on the concentration of uranyl and nitrate ions. The charge of the cation was also found to influence the distribution ratio. The effect of the change in temperature and pH was also studied. The results are interpreted in terms of OCPUFS acting as a viscous organic ether of moderate dielectric constant.     

Radiation-induced nitration of organic compounds in aqueous solutions

Radiation-induced nitration of organic compounds in aqueous solutions was studied. It was found that γ-irradiation of solutions containing acetic and nitric acid and/or their salts gives nitromethane. Dependences of the product yield on the absorbed dose and the contents of components were established. The mechanism of radiation nitration involving radicals is discussed.     

Extraction kinetics of iron(III) from aqueous nitrate solutions to toluene solutions of tri-n-butylacetohydroxamic acid

The forward and reverse extraction rate of Fe³⁺ at time zero between aqueous nitrate solutions and toluene solutions of tri-n-butylacetohydroxamic acid, HX, has been studied as function of the composition of the system and the stirring speed of the two phases. Experimental information has been also obtained on the degree of aggregation of HX, its surface active properties, its solubility in the aqueous phase as well as on the equilibrium distribution of Fe(III). Rate equations have been derived. The rate determining step of the extraction reaction has been shown to be the reaction of the free and hydrolyzed iron ions, Fe³⁺ (hydrated) and FeOH⁺ (hydrated), with the HX undissociated molecules. The reactions occur simultaneously in the aqueous phase (homogeneous path) and at the interface (heterogeneous path). A correlation between the rate constants and the equilibrium constant of the extraction reaction of Fe(III) has been established.     

Temperature effect on the synergic extraction of europium by thenoyltrifluoroacetone in the presence of heterocyclic bidentate amines from acetate buffer solutions

Temperature effect on the synergic extraction of Eu(III) by thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) in the presence of 2,2-bipyridyl(bipyr) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) from sodium acetate buffer solution at pH 4.20 has been investigated. Extractions were carried out at 15, 25, and 35°C. It was observed that the increasing temperature favours the extraction of Eu(III) by HTTA alone while the reverse is true for synergic extractions. The extraction data indicate the formation of synergic adducts containing only one molecule of the bidentate amine i.e. Eu(TTA)₃. B where B=bipyr or phen. The synergic reaction is favoured by the enthalpy changes alone. Thermodynamic parameters suggest a mechanism for the synergic extraction which involves complex formation with an increase or expansion of the coordination number of the central metal atom. Larger synergic and enthalpy changes observed for phen as compared to bipyr are probably due to the cis position of its N-atoms readily available for chelate ring formation.     

Ion beam induced emissions from solid europium compounds

Impact of energetic heavy particles on europium compound surfaces gives rise to radiative optical emission from reflected and sputtered particles and from the excited states of the solid compounds. In the present paper we discuss the optical spectrum and the sputtered secondary ion mass spectrum observed when solid europium oxide (Eu₂O₃) and europium chloride (EuCl₃) are bombarded with 90 keV Ar⁺ ions from an ion accelerator. We observe the reduction reaction in solid europium chloride (EuCl₃) by bombardment with a 20 A/cm² beam of 90 keV Ar⁺ ions.     

Extraction of rare-earth elements from nitrate solutions by fullerene black impregnated with tetraphenylmethylenediphosphine dioxide

The distribution of trace amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y nitrates between HNO₃ aqueous solutions and fullerene black (a product of electric are evaporation of graphite) impregnated with tetraphenylmethylenediphosphine dioxide (L) as a function of the concentrations of HNO₃ in the aqueous phase and L in the sorbent phase was considered. It was shown that REE(III) ions pass into the sorbent phase in the form of Ln(NO₃)₃L₃ solvated nitrates; the efficiency of extraction of these ions decreases with an increase in the REE atomic number in the periodic table.