中微肥的生产及其应用

综述了中量和微量元素肥料生产的必要性、生产工艺的改进和在不同土壤条件、作物品种、肥料形式和栽培条件下的应用方法.解决好这一重要问题的关键在于:中微肥的生产,只有综合利用矿产资源和工业废弃资源,才能有效地降低生产成本;只有采取有机螯合的方法,才能保持中微肥的活性;以大量元素肥料为载体,可方便农民使用.     

中国的中药微量元素研究Ⅱ.微量元素:中药有效药成分的核心组分

在中国开展的中药微量元素研究证明,中药有效药成分由有机药成分和无机药成分组成,两者共生共存。从含水络合离子、天然有机金属配合物、中药有机药成分-微量元素配合物,以及中药有机药成分-微量元素复合物四个方面,论述了微量元素在中药有效药成分中的核心地位和核心作用。     

莫尔法沉淀滴定测定肥料中氯化物含量

我国目前常见的掺和肥料是以尿素、磷胺和氯化钾为主要成分，并混有植物所需的其它微量元素。其中氯化钾含量直接影响肥效，若施钾肥不当时，氯含量偏高，可直接影响植物生长，大大减少农林作物的单产量。     

复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物制备新工艺的研究

本文报道了以废羽毛为原料，采用矿物质硫酸盐的制备与中和脱酸、螯合反应结合的新工艺，以金属盐类作催化剂和硫酸水解法，制得了复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物。复合氮基酸生成率为７１．７％，微量元素螯合率达到９８％以上。该工艺简单易行，生产成本低。     

聚丙烯酰胺肟-羧酸螯合纤维对多种微量元素富集性能及机理的研究

近年来,利用巯基及它种螯合基纤维素富集测定多种微量元素的研究报导较多,但将螯合基团接在合成纤维上作为富集剂的报导尚少。我们曾用腈纶为原料合成聚丙烯酰胺肟-羧酸螯合纤维富集测定过数种微量元素。本文较系统地研究了该螯合纤维对30余种微量元素的定量富集酸度、吸附速度、洗脱酸度、饱和吸附量和共存离子的干扰,讨论了螯合纤维的稳定性、耐酸碱性、再生使用和富集机理,并进行了低浓度元素的富集和样品分析。实验表明,该螯合纤维是一种良好的高分子富集剂,它可以定量富集多种微量元素,具     

聚胺-聚脲螯合纤维的合成及性能研究——ICP化学光谱测定应用

利用螯合吸附剂从溶液中将金属离子进行选择性吸附,富集分离的方法已有文章详述。近年来用巯基棉及聚丙烯酰胺肟-羧酸螯合纤维富集多种微量元素的性能,机理研究及测试报道不少。本文利用氯纶为原料合成聚胺-聚脲螯合纤维,研究了在pH=5微酸性介质条件下,对铬、钛、钒、镓、铟、铅、锡等微量元素的富集性能进行了研究。此螯合纤维可定量吸附多种微量元素,具有富集倍数高,饱和吸附容量大,解脱性能及选择性好等特点,与ICP光谱测定结合,样品分析得到较满意的结果。     

中微量元素肥料的生产与应用研究进展

阐述了中微量元素肥料在农业生产中所发挥的重要作用,分析了我国中微量元素肥料的现状及发展前景,概述了中微量元素肥料生产的原料来源及工艺技术,对发展我国中微量元素肥料的生产和应用提出了合理建议。     

南药巴戟天中十二种无机元素与药效关系的进一步研究

在初步研究的基础上，进一步研究了不同产地巴戟天的无机元素含量差异，通过对比各元素含量、相关系数及TE图谱，说明地道药材与非地道药材的巴戟天，其特征元素的含量存在非常明显的差异，要使大面积扩种的药材提高药效，建议根据当地土壤含Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni的含量，以旋微量元素肥料的方法来补充这些元素在土壤中的不足。但在微量元素肥料配方中，应注意巴戟天吸收土壤中的元素时的协同作用和拮抗作用。     

硼酸盐的结构化学

硼化合物在工业上有着广泛的应用,例如玻璃、陶瓷、搪瓷、制革、造纸等工业上常用到硼砂和硼酸;在医药上常用硼酸作消毒剂;在农业上硼作为微量元素肥料,它可使农作物产量提高;但更突出的是近年来由于高能燃料发展的需要,硼化合物更日益显得重要,对天然硼矿的开采和研究日渐增多。     

农作物微量元素缺乏的诊断及防治

阐述了微量元素与农作物生长的关系、在自然界的循环过程以及在植物体中的生理功能,分析了农作物缺乏微量元素的原因、症状、诊断方法以及微量元素肥料合理施用的措施和发展前景。     

Characterization and phytoavailability evaluation of micronutrients and contaminants in some Brazilian phosphate fertilizers

Brazilian fertilizer legislation considers the total concentration of micronutrients as being the guarantee of their presence in fertilizers. This fact allows the use industrial by-products as micronutrient source for fertilizers, which brings the risk of the presence of high amounts of toxic elements that may lead to soil contamination. The purpose of this study was to determine the micronutrient and contaminant contents in six Brazilian commercial phosphate fertilizers and to evaluate the phytoavailability of elements from soils treated with these fertilizers. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) followed by gamma-ray spectrometry was the analytical method used to determine the contents of the elements. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, Na, Sb and Zn were detected in fertlizers. Concentrations in vegetal tissue were not modified by the treatments, except for Cd, which was increased due to fertilizers application.     

云南烟草专用肥的微量元素研究

施肥是烤烟栽培的关键技术之一,烟叶产量和质量的高低在很大程度上取决于施肥是否合理。通过对几种烤烟专用肥的水溶态营养元素的研究,为烤烟的合理施肥提供科学依据。     

“常乐”稀土微肥对糯玉米冠层光合特性及产量的影响

在50,100,200,400,600,800 mg.kg-1浓度的"常乐"稀土微肥条件下,研究了其对糯玉米冠层叶的叶绿素含量、荧光参数及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,糯玉米授粉后棒三叶的叶绿素含量及荧光参数的增大幅度明显随常乐处理剂量的增大而呈规律性变化:即T1至T4处理不仅叶绿素含量呈现明显增大趋势,而当处理浓度为600 mg.L-1时叶绿素含量则表现下降,而且PSII的潜在活性(FV/F0)、光化学最大效率(FV/Fm)和量子效率(ΦPSII)亦表现出相似的规律;但PSII的光化学猝灭系数(qP)则随常乐处理浓度的增大,表现出先增后减的规律,优势明显并具有较高的光合速率,尤其是400 mg.kg-1光合功能强,籽粒产量最高达16320.0 kg.hm-2。另外,授粉后的生育期也对鲜食糯玉米冠层叶绿素荧光参数具有明显正效应,在授粉后16 d时,不同浓度"常乐"稀土微肥处理的鲜食糯玉米不同叶位叶光合速率最大。     

Assessment of agronomic efficacy of phosphatic fertilizers for cotton crop in vertisol using <Superscript>32</Superscript>P radiotracer technique

A short-term greenhouse pot culture study was carried out to study the agronomy efficacy of P sources for cotton crop in a vertisol. The sources of P were single super phosphate (SSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and nitrophosphate tagged with ³²P and applied at three rates (30, 60 and 90 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹). The results indicated that the dry matter yield (DMY) of cotton shoot, P uptake, percent P derived from fertilizer (%Pdff) and Avalue of the soil increased significantly with increasing fertilizer rate, whereas the percent fertilizer P utilization (%FUP) was found to be higher at lower fertilizer rates. Among the fertilizer sources SSP was found to be superior in enhancing DMY of cotton, P uptake and %FUP as compared to other fertilizers. %Pdff was found to be at par in SSP and DAP treatments and was significantly higher in comparison to NP and reverse was true in case of A-value of the soil. Results on equivalent ratio showed that SSP and DAP are equally efficient, whereas, 1 kg P as SSP was equivalent to 7.47 kg P as NP. In general, efficacy of phosphatic fertilizers for cotton crop in vertisol was found to be in order of SSP>DAP>NP.     

A Review on Current Status of Biochar Uses in Agriculture

In a time when climate change increases desertification and drought globally, novel and effective solutions are required in order to continue food production for the world’s increasing population. Synthetic fertilizers have been long used to improve the productivity of agricultural soils, part of which leaches into the environment and emits greenhouse gasses (GHG). Some fundamental challenges within agricultural practices include the improvement of water retention and microbiota in soils, as well as boosting the efficiency of fertilizers. Biochar is a nutrient rich material produced from biomass, gaining attention for soil amendment purposes, improving crop yields as well as for carbon sequestration. This study summarizes the potential benefits of biochar applications, placing emphasis on its application in the agricultural sector. It seems biochar used for soil amendment improves nutrient density of soils, water holding capacity, reduces fertilizer requirements, enhances soil microbiota, and increases crop yields. Additionally, biochar usage has many environmental benefits, economic benefits, and a potential role to play in carbon credit systems. Biochar (also known as biocarbon) may hold the answer to these fundamental requirements.     

Innovative Formulations of Phosphate Glasses as Controlled-Release Fertilizers to Improve Tomato Crop Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality

Three phosphate glass compositions, VF1, VF2, and VF3, containing macro and micronutrients with different [K₂O/(CaO+MgO)] ratio, were formulated to be used as controlled release fertilizers for tomato crop, depending on their chemical durability in water and their propriety with respect to the standards of controlled-release fertilizers. This study investigated the influence of [K₂O/(CaO+MgO)] ratio variation on glass properties. For this, the elaborated glasses have undergone a chemical characterization using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, a thermal characterization using differential thermal analysis, a physicochemical characterization based on density and molar volume measurements, and a structural characterization using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the chemical durability was determined by measuring the percentage of weight loss and the pH. Results revealed that the glass structure and composition have the mean role in controlling the release of nutrients in water. By increasing [K₂O/(CaO+MgO)] ratio, the dissolution rates of the glasses increased due to the shrinking in the rate of crosslinking between phosphate chains, accompanied with a diminution in transition and crystallization temperatures, and an increase in the molar volume. An agronomic valorization of VF1 and VF2 glass fertilizers, which showed dissolution profiles adequate to the criteria of controlled-release fertilizers, was carried out to evaluate their efficiency on tomato crops. These glass fertilizers improved soil mineral content and tomato performances in comparison to the control and NPK treatments with the distinction of VF2. The results highlight the effectiveness of these smart fertilizers toward their potential large-scale application to improve crop production and quality for high nutritional value foods.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel controlled release nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer hybrid nanocomposite based on banana peel cellulose and layered double hydroxides nanosheets

In the present study, a novel environment-friendly hybrid nanocomposite of Banana Peel Cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid)/PVA (BPC-g-PAA/PVA) hydrogel and Layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheets was developed using in situ graft polymerization for slow release of NP (nitrogen, phosphorous) fertilizers and water retention. The hybrid nanocomposite hydrogel containing NP fertilizers was characterized using FTIR, and SEM. The effects of pH changes and different saline solutions on the swelling behavior, fertilizer release and water retention properties of the nanocomposite were investigated.The nanocomposite hydrogel showed a pH dependent swelling, as in the pH range of 7–10, the hydrogel had higher water absorbency. However, pH had opposite effects on the release of fertilizers. Phosphorus release had an increasing trend from pH 2 to 7 and it reached its maximum value at normal pH while nitrogen had a higher release rate at acidic pH and by increasing pH from 2 to 7, the release of nitrogen decreased gradually. Water absorption and fertilizer release of hydrogel was influenced by different cations in the order of Ca²⁺ < K⁺ < Na⁺. Water retention study in loamy sand soil showed that the nanocomposite hydrogel significantly improved the water retention of the soil for a longer period of time, compared to neat BPC-gPAA. This result indicated that incorporation of LDH nanosheets in hydrogel matrix improved its water retention property. The obtained results revealed that the nanocomposite of BPC-g-PAA/PVA hydrogel and LDH nanosheets can be a promising controlled release fertilizer formulation with enhanced water retention properties for agricultural applications.     

Determination of seven plant nutritional elements in potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer from northeastern China

Contents of seven plant nutritional elements in potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer were determined by ICP-MS. Correlation coefficients of the detected elements changed between 0.9631 and 0.9999, the limits of detection range from 0.18 to 0.77 μg/L, and relative standard deviations range from 1.17% to 3.82% for all the elements, ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) is a good method to determine plant nutritional elements simultaneously. Data showed that brand 1 is a real KH₂PO₄ fertilizer, but P and K concentrations are obviously lower than the labeled value; another brand contained little KH₂PO₄, so this fertilizer is a false fertilizer. We can know that KH₂PO₄ fertilizers contain some other plant nutritional elements, such as B, Si and Zn, so KH₂PO₄ fertilizers not only provide K and P but also some trace elements.     

Characterization of Controlled Release Fertilizer by Infrared Microspectroscopy

The feasibility and potential of infrared microspectroscopy for quantitatively characterizing the dynamic changes in the coating of controlled release fertilizer granules are discussed to better characterize the release of nutrients. Two polymer-coated compound fertilizers were selected as typical samples. A frozen section technique was used for sample pretreatment, where freeze-dried controlled release fertilizer granules were cut into 20-µm-thick sections. Optimal parameters for the spectral range, spectral resolution, and pixel dimensions in the transmission spectra were determined to be 4000–750?cm^?1, 16?cm^?1, and 6.25?×?6.25?µm, respectively. A mean spectrum of four scans was used in data processing for second-derivative analysis with nine smoothing points. This work is aimed to quantitatively distinguish between the coating and fertilizer core according to radial variations in second-derivative spectra using characteristic wavelengths that represent the coating and fertilizer core. During nutrient release, the fertilizer core gathered gradually and adhered in uniform distribution around the coating, while some nutrients were trapped in micropores. The coating thickness of the controlled release fertilizers fluctuated within 37.5––55 and 15–55?µm, respectively. Although measurement results based on infrared microspectroscopy were in accordance with the scanning electron microscopy observations, they were shown to be more accurate and were not influenced by the coating mixed with the fertilizer core. Furthermore, infrared microspectroscopy was effectively used to quantify the dynamic thickness of the coating of controlled release fertilizer granules and visually characterize fertilizer penetration through the coating.     

便携式X射线荧光光谱法在化肥砷、隔、铅、铬、汞快速检测中的应用

为评估便携式X射线荧光光谱法(PXRF)对化肥中砷、隔、铅、铬、汞五种重金属含量测定的可靠性,使用PXRF法分别对4个模拟污染化肥样品,以及在全国11个省、直辖市或自治区抽样的103个化肥样品进行测定,与肥料检测国家标准(GB/T 23349-2020)中实验室分析方法的测定结果进行了比较。结果表明：PXRF法对模拟污染化肥样品中As、Cd、Pb元素测定的准确度在90% ~ 115%之内,相对标准偏差小于10%,对Cr的测定准确度在115% ~ 140%之间,相对标准偏差在3.99% ~ 15.83%之间,对Hg的测定准确度在70% ~139%之间,相对标准偏差在3.68% ~ 9.37%之间。PXRF法测定的结果与实验室分析法所确定的参考值有较好的相关性,R2 在0.8906 ~ 0.9816之间,PXRF法各元素的最低检出含量低于国家标准限值或与之相当。因此PXRF法能满足肥料中五种重金属含量的快速筛查要求,可作为辅助手段用于肥料重金属污染抽查,有效减少抽样量,提高抽样效率。