Polystachyne F, a 5,10-seco-neoclerodane from Salvia polystachya

A new 5,10-seco-neoclerodane diterpene, polystachyne F (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia polystachya. Its structure was established on the basis of its spectroscopic properties and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Some correlations in the NOESY spectrum of 1 suggested the existence of a conformational equilibrium.     

Guaianolides from Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae)

A new sesquiterpene-lactone (nubenolide) belonging to the guaianolide class along with its acetate (nubenolide acetate) and a dimer (bisnubenolide) have been isolated from Salvia nubicola collected from Quetta, Pakistan. Structures of all three new metabolites were elucidated with the aid of spectroscopic techniques including 2D-NMR. However, the structure of nubenolide was finally confirmed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction method.     

Hydrangenone, a new isoprenoid with an unprecedented skeleton from Salvia hydrangea

Hydrangenone, a new heptacyclic isoprenoid with a 6/7/6/5/5 membered carbon ring skeleton, was isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia hydrangea. The structure was established by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods. The relative and absolute configuration of 1 was assigned by NOESY and X-ray crystallographic analysis and by comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 1 showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity, with an IC(50) value of 1.4 μM against P. falciparum. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also proposed.     

Structure of salvigenolide,a novel diterpenoid with a rearranged neo-clerodane skeleton from salviafulgens

From the aerial parts of Salvia fulgens Cav. (Labiatae) a new diterpenoid with a rearranged neo-clerodane skeleton was isolated. This novel compound named salvigenolide, showed a six-seven A/B ring system with a trans fussion. A probable biogenetic route is proposed. Its structure and relative stereochemistry as in $\text{1}$, were established by spectroscopic means and X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Salviskinone A, a diterpene with a new skeleton from Salvia przewalskii

A novel compound, named salviskinone A (1), was isolated from Salvia przewarskii. The compound has a rearranged carbon skeleton with a methyl unit at C-5 from abietane-type diterpene. Its structure and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, including HREIMS and 2DNMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectra.     

A New Acenaphthylene and Bioactive Constituents of Salvia arisanensis

Chemistry of Natural Compounds - A new acenaphthylene derivative, salviarisanal (1), has been isolated from the aerial part of Salvia arisanensis, together with six known compounds, carnosol (2),...     

Synthetic studies on neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia splendens: oxidative modifications of ring A

Salvinorin A (1), a neoclerodane diterpene from the hallucinogenic mint Salvia divinorum, is the only known naturally occurring non-nitrogenous and specific κ-opioid agonist. Some oxidative modifications of the A ring in the congeners of 1 isolated from Salvia splendens salviarin, splenolide B, splendidin, and in the non-natural 8-epi-salviarin gave new derivatives, some of which were tested as agonists at opioid receptors. However, none of these compounds was active. The presence of the C-18, C-19 lactone could be at the origin of the observed lack of binding affinity.     

Salvifarinin A,a neo-clerodane diterpenoid with a 6/5/7 tricyclic skeleton from Salvia farinacea

Salvifarinin A (1), a rearrangement product of Languidulane-type clerodane diterpenoids with a 6/5/7 tricyclic ring skeleton fused with γ-lactone ring and furan ring, and two new biogenetically related diterpernoids, salvifarinins B (2) and C (3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia farinacea. The absolute configuration of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, and confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and bio-inspired semisynthesis. The plausible biogenetic pathway was also proposed. Compound 2 displayed a potent effect on reducing hepatic steatosis.     

Przewalskin B, a novel diterpenoid with an unprecedented skeleton from Salvia przewalskii maxim

Przewalskin B (1), a novel diterpenoid possessing a unique skeleton, was isolated from a Chinese medicinal plant Salvia przewalskii. Its structure and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by extensive NMR analysis and a single-crystal X-ray study. A possible biosynthetic pathway for 1 was proposed. Compound 1 exhibited modest anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 = 30 microg/mL. [structure: see text].     

Splendidins A – C,Three New Clerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia splendens

Three new clerodane diterpenoids, splendidins A–C ( 1 – 3 , resp.), were isolated from Salvia splendens, together with six known ones. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Splendidin C ( 3 ) was the first diterpenoid glucoside reported from this plant. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity; however, none of them were cytotoxic.     

New adduct of abietane-type diterpene from Salvia leriifolia Benth.

A new adduct of abietane-type diterpene, salvialeriicone (1), was isolated from Salvia leriifolia Benth., along with a new chemical entity nor-abietane diterpene, 2-isopropyl-8,8-dimethyl-7,8-dihydrophenanthrene-1,4,5(6H)-trione (2). Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy.     

Analysis of Salvia officinalis plant extracts by capillary electrophoresis

Salvia officinalis (commonly called Sage) and similar plants contain many compounds of pharmaceutical interest and are used as a tea or in various pharmaceutical products. In this work, the use of CE for analysis of aqueous or ethanolic extracts from various Salvia plants has been studied. Especially, several buffers like borate, phosphate, acetate, etc., were examined under different concentrations, pH, separation voltage, injection time, and other parameters to find the optimal separation conditions. The optimization was also performed using experimental design and artificial neural networks. The optimal conditions were: separation voltage +20 kV, 40 mM buffer borate, pH 9.2, injection time 5 s, and UV detection at 280 nm. A new CE method has been developed, validated, and applied to analyze samples of S. officinalis from various countries.     

New germacrane sesquiterpenes from Salvia chinensis

Two new germacrane sesquiterpenes, called salviadienol A (1) and salviadienol B (2), together with five known compounds, methyl-ent-4-epi-agath-18-oate (3), angelicoidenol (4), clovane-2beta,9alpha-diol (5), dehydrovomifoliol (6) and blumenol A (7), were isolated from Salvia chinensis. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectral characteristics.     

Tri-nordammarane triterpenoids and neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia aspera (Labiatae)

From the aerial parts of Salvia aspera one new tri-nordammarane named amblyol (1) was isolated besides amblyone (2). An X-ray analysis was performed on compound 1. In addition, three known neoclerodane diterpenoids were also isolated. The structures of these compounds were established by spectral and chemical methods. The presence of dammarane triterpenoids in a Mexican Salvia is described for the first time.     

Salvinicins A and B, new neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum

[reaction: see text] Two new neoclerodane diterpenes, salvinicins A (4) and B (5), were isolated from the dried leaves of Salvia divinorum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, including (1)H and (13)C NMR, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC. The absolute stereochemistry of these compounds was assigned on the basis of single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of salvinicin A (4) and a 3,4-dichlorobenzoate derivative of salvinorin B.     

Przewalskin A: A new C23 terpenoid with a 6/6/7 carbon ring skeleton from Salvia przewalskii maxim

Przewalskin A (1), a novel C23 terpenoid with a 6/6/7 carbon ring skeleton, was isolated from Salvia przewalskii. Its structure was determined by comprehensive 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis and subsequently confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of its PDC oxidation derivative (2). Compounds 1 and 2 showed modest anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 = 41 and 89 microg/mL, respectively.     

Relative stereochemistry of a diterpene from Salvia cinnabarina

The relative stereochemistry of 3,4-secoisopimara-4(18),7,15-triene-3-oic acid, a diterpenoid with antispasmodic, hypotensive and antibacterial activities isolated from Salvia cinnabarina, was determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis of a single crystal of a suitable crystalline derivative.     

Salvileucalin B, a novel diterpenoid with an unprecedented rearranged neoclerodane skeleton from Salvia leucantha Cav

Salvileucalin B (2), having an unprecedented rearranged neoclerodane skeleton, was isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia leucantha Cav. (Labiatae) along with salvileucalin A (1). The absolute structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and vibrational circular dichroism. Compound 2 represents a novel neoclerodane, characterized by a tricyclo[3.2.1.0 (2,7)]octane substructure incorporating the exocyclic C-20 methylene of 1. This molecule exerted cytotoxic activity against A549 and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 5.23 and 1.88 microg/mL, respectively.     

Identification of Salvia species using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis

Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as Danshen, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hematological abnormalities. The root and rhizome of Salvia przewalskii and Salvia yunnanensis have been found as substitutes for Salvia miltiorrhiza in the market. In this study, the chemical information of 14 major compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography method. Stepwise discriminant analysis was adopted to select the characteristic variables. Partial least squares discriminant and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed to classify Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes. The results showed that all of the samples were correctly classified both in partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the four compounds (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid A). This method can not only distinguish Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes, but also classify Salvia przewalskii and Salvia yunnanensis. The method can be applied for the quality assessment of Salvia miltiorrhiza and identification of unknown samples.     

Forensic analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia divinorum</Emphasis> using multivariate statistical procedures. Part I: discrimination from related <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia</Emphasis> species

Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was extracted from S. divinorum plant leaves using a 5-min extraction with dichloromethane. Four additional Salvia species (Salvia officinalis, Salvia guaranitica, Salvia splendens, and Salvia nemorosa) were extracted using this procedure, and all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Differentiation of S. divinorum from other Salvia species was successful based on visual assessment of the resulting chromatograms. To provide a more objective comparison, the total ion chromatograms (TICs) were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Prior to PCA, the TICs were subjected to a series of data pretreatment procedures to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. Successful discrimination of S. divinorum from the other four Salvia species was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot. To provide a numerical assessment of the discrimination, a series of statistical procedures such as Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student’s t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores. The statistical procedures were then compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications.