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1.
The extension of the solvent influence of the shell into the volume of a polar medium was examined by means of anti‐collinear dipoles on the basis of the ET(30) solvent polarity scale (i.e., the molar energy of excitation of a pyridinium‐N‐phenolatebetaine dye; generally: ET=28 591 nm kcal mol?1/λmax) where no compensation effects were found. As a consequence, solvent polarity effects are concentrated to a very thin layer of a few thousand picometres around the solute where extensions into the bulk solvent become unimportant. A parallelism to the thin surface layer of water to the gas phase is discussed.  相似文献   

2.
The solvatochromic behavior of a penta‐tert‐butyl prydinium N‐phenolate betaine dye was studied using UV‐visible spectrophotometry in several binary mixture solvents. The solvent polarity parameter, ET (1) (kcal. mol?1) was calculated from the position of the longest‐wavelength intramolecular charge transfer absorption band of this penta‐tert‐butyl betaine dye. For binary solvent mixtures, all plots of ET (1) versus the mole fraction of a more polar component are nonlinear owing to preferential solvation of the probe by one component of the binary solvent mixture. In the computation of ET (1) it was assumed that the two solvents mixed interact to form a common structure with an ET (1) value not always intermediate between those of the two solvents mixed. The results obtained are explained by the strong synergism observed for some of the binary mixtures with strong hydrogen bond donors (HBD) solvents such as alcohols.  相似文献   

3.
The analysis of the activation parameters for the formal H‐atom transfer reaction between 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol (ChrOH) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (dpph?) reveals that these parameters are effective probes of the actual reaction mechanism. Indeed, the A factors measured in various polar and apolar solvents are localized in three distinct domains according to whether the reaction occurs via outer‐sphere electron transfer (ET) from the anion ChrO? or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). For instance, A = 5.9 × 105 M?1 s?1 and Ea = 2.5 kcal mol?1 in cyclohexane where the reaction proceeds by HAT, whereas in methanol, ethanol, and their mixtures with water where there is a substantial ET contribution A > 109 M?1s?1 and Ea > 7 kcal mol?1. Interestingly, in nonhydroxylic polar solvents, A~ 107 M?1s?1 and the Ea values reflect the H‐bond accepting ability of the solvent in agreement with the “standard” kinetic solvent effects on HAT reactions. Addition of small quantities of pyridine accelerates the reaction rates in these solvents. This suggests that the H‐bonded complex (ChrOH···Py) is able to react via intermolecular ET with dpph?. It is known, in fact, that pyridine lowers the oxidation potential of phenols by ~0.5 V and the ΔGET of ChrOH + dpph? consequently decreases by about 10 kcal mol?1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 524–531, 2012  相似文献   

4.
The photophysics and polarization of the phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence of erythrosin in conditions compatible with the current biological applications of the dye (aqueous buffers at pH 7.4 at ambient temperatures) and in ethanol have been studied as a function of dye concentration (10 ?7-10?5M) and temperature (245–333K). The emission decay is strictly single exponential and the detailed kinetic analysis of all the rate processes connected with the emitting T1 state showed that (1) the lowering of the emission lifetime at the higher temperatures is due to a very efficient self-quenching process, (2) the back intersystem crossing rate Tx S1 is temperature dependent (δETS7 kcal mol?1) but the T1S0 is not (Ea0.1 kcal mol?1) and (3) both intersystem crossing processes are very sensitive to solvent polarity, which accounts for the solvent dependence of the phosphorescence yield and lifetime. The high value of the phosphorescence anisotropy (r0= 0.25 lt 0.006) is independent of the excitation and emission wavelengths, and its evolution in time accurately reflects the rotational restrictions in solid solutions. The relevance of these findings to studies with protein-dye conjugates is also outlined to facilitate the design and interpretation of phosphorescence depolarization experiments that probe the (μs-ms dynamics of biomolecules and supramolecular systems.  相似文献   

5.
The formation of complexes at pH 4.7 of the Hg(II) with five monothiosemicarbazone and two dithiosemicarbazone has been studied. The mercury(II) reacts with monothiosemicarbazones of salicylaldehyde (λmax = 363 nm, E = 1.69 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1), pi-colinadehyde (λmax = 363 nm, E = 2.38 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1), 6-methyl-picolinaldehyde (λmax = 363 nm, E = 2.28 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1), di-2-pyridylketone (λmax = 380 nm, E = 2.08 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1), and o-naphthoquinone (λmax = 540 nm, E = 1.03 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1) and with dithiosemicarbazones of 1,4-dihydroxyphthalimide (λmax = 430 nm, E = 2.56 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1) and dipyridylglyoxal (λmax = 363 nm, E = 2.37 × 104liters · mol?1cm?1). A critical comparison of the stoichiometry and apparent stability constant of complexes with mono- and dithiosemicarbazones is given.  相似文献   

6.
Variable‐temperature NMR and ESR spectroscopic studies reveal that bis(dibenzo[a,i]fluorenylidene) 1 possesses a singlet ground state, 1 (S0), while the 90° twisted triplet 1 (T1) is populated to a small extent already at room temperature. Analysis of the increasing amount of paramagnetic 1 (T1) at temperatures between 300 and 500 K yields the exchange interaction Jex/h c=3351 cm?1 and a singlet–triplet energy splitting of 9.6 kcal mol?1, which is in excellent agreement with calculations (9.3 kcal mol?1 at the UKS BP86/B3LYP/revPBE level of theory). In contrast, the zero‐field splitting parameter D is very small (calculated value ?0.018 cm?1) and unmeasurable.  相似文献   

7.
The photophysical properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), a second-generation photosensitizer currently in phase II clinical trials, were investigated in homogeneous solution. Absorption, fluorescence, triplet-state, singlet oxygen (O2(1Δg)) sensitization studies and photobleaching experiments are reported. The ground state of this chlorin-type molecule shows a strong absorbance in the red (λ≈ 688 nm, ?≈ 33 000 M?1 cm?1 in organic solvents). For the singlet excited state the following data were determined in methanol: energy level, Es= 42.1 kcal mol?1, lifetime, Φf= 5.2 ns and fluorescence quantum yield, Φf= 0.05 in air-saturated solution. The triplet state of BPD-MA has a lifetime, τf >. 25 ns, an energy level, ET= 26.9 kcal mol?1 and the molar absorption coefficient is ?T= 26 650 M?1 cm?1 at 720 nm. A dramatic effect of oxygen on the fluorescence (φf) and intersystem crossing (φT) quantum yields has been observed. The BPD-MA presents rather high triplet (φT= 0.68 under N2-saturated conditions) and singlet oxygen (φΔ= 0.78) quantum yields. On the other hand, the presence of oxygen does not significantly modify the photobleaching of this photostable compound, the photodegradation quantum yield (φPb) of which was found to be on the order of 5 × 10?5 in organic solvents.  相似文献   

8.
The synthesis of a bithiophene‐bridged 34π conjugated aromatic expanded porphycene 1 and a cyclopentabithiophene bridged 32π conjugated anti‐aromatic expanded porphycene 2 by a McMurry coupling strategy is presented. Magnetic measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that both 1 and 2 exhibit an open‐shell singlet ground state with significant radical character (y0=0.63 for 1 ; y0=0.68, y1=0.18 for 2 ; y0: diradical character, y1: tetraradical character) and a small singlet–triplet energy gap (ΔES‐T=?3.25 kcal mol?1 for 1 and ΔES‐T=?0.92 kcal mol?1 for 2 ). Despite the open‐shell radical character, both compounds display exceptional stability under ambient air and light conditions owing to effective delocalization of unpaired electrons in the extended cyclic π‐conjugation pathway.  相似文献   

9.
Cyclometalated IrIII complexes with acetylide ppy and bpy ligands were prepared (ppy=2‐phenylpyridine, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) in which naphthal ( Ir‐2 ) and naphthalimide (NI) were attached onto the ppy ( Ir‐3 ) and bpy ligands ( Ir‐4 ) through acetylide bonds. [Ir(ppy)3] ( Ir‐1 ) was also prepared as a model complex. Room‐temperature phosphorescence was observed for the complexes; both neutral and cationic complexes Ir‐3 and Ir‐4 showed strong absorption in the visible range (ε=39600 M ?1 cm?1 at 402 nm and ε=25100 M ?1 cm?1 at 404 nm, respectively), long‐lived triplet excited states (τT=9.30 μs and 16.45 μs) and room‐temperature red emission (λem=640 nm, Φp=1.4 % and λem=627 nm, Φp=0.3 %; cf. Ir‐1 : ε=16600 M ?1 cm?1 at 382 nm, τem=1.16 μs, Φp=72.6 %). Ir‐3 was strongly phosphorescent in non‐polar solvent (i.e., toluene), but the emission was completely quenched in polar solvents (MeCN). Ir‐4 gave an opposite response to the solvent polarity, that is, stronger phosphorescence in polar solvents than in non‐polar solvents. Emission of Ir‐1 and Ir‐2 was not solvent‐polarity‐dependent. The T1 excited states of Ir‐2 , Ir‐3 , and Ir‐4 were identified as mainly intraligand triplet excited states (3IL) by their small thermally induced Stokes shifts (ΔEs), nanosecond time‐resolved transient difference absorption spectroscopy, and spin‐density analysis. The complexes were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet‐triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion and quantum yields of 7.1 % and 14.4 % were observed for Ir‐2 and Ir‐3 , respectively, whereas the upconversion was negligible for Ir‐1 and Ir‐4 . These results will be useful for designing visible‐light‐harvesting transition‐metal complexes and for their applications as triplet photosensitizers for photocatalysis, photovoltaics, TTA upconversion, etc.  相似文献   

10.
Ab initio calculations at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory have disclosed the conceivable existence of fluorine‐coordinated complexes of HHeF with alkali‐metal ions and molecules M+ (M+=Li+–Cs+), M+–OH2, M+–NH3 (M+=Li+, Na+), and MX (M=Li, Na; X=F, Cl, Br). All these ligands L induce a shortening of the H? He distance and a lengthening of the He? F distance accompanied by consistent blue‐ and redshifts, respectively, of the H? He and He? F stretching modes. These structural effects are qualitatively similar to those predicted for other investigated complexes of the noble gas hydrides HNgY, but are quantitatively more pronounced. For example, the blueshifts of the H? He stretching mode are exceptionally large, ranging between around 750 and 1000 cm?1. The interactions of HHeF with the ligands investigated herein also enhance the (HHe)+F? dipole character and produce large complexation energies of around 20–60 kcal mol?1. Most of the HHeF–L complexes are indeed so stable that the three‐body dissociation of HHeF into H+He+F, exothermic by around 25–30 kcal mol?1, becomes endothermic. This effect is, however, accompanied by a strong decrease in the H? He? F bending barrier. The complexation energies, ΔE, and the bending barriers, E*, are, in particular, related by the inverse relationship E*(kcal mol?1)=6.9exp[?0.041ΔE(kcal mol?1)]. Therefore the HHeF? L complexes, which are definitely stable with respect to H+He+F+L (ΔE≈25–30 kcal mol?1), are predicted to have bending barriers of only 0.5–2 kcal mol?1. Overall, our calculations cast doubt on the conceivable stabilization of HHeF by complexation.  相似文献   

11.
Five new materials based on pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized and characterized as organic light‐emitting devices. This report presents a novel approach to combine pyrazole with aromatic hydrocarbons via methylene. The formed molecules exhibited twisted structures, which resulted in high glass transition temperatures (Tg), which ranged from 83.0 to 101.1°C. They also had high optical band gaps (Eg); most of their optical band gaps are determined by the absorption edge technique as 3.43 to 3.66 eV, evaluated photophysical properties of these synthesized novel chromophores, the optical properties such as maximum absorption and emission wavelengths (λ; nm), molar extinction coefficients (ε; cm?1·M?1), Stokes' shifts (ΔλST; nm), and quantum yields (φF). These compounds exhibited intense absorption bonds between 230 and 350 nm, and the effect of solvent polarity on emission of these pyrazole derivatives was also studied. In addition, they showed blue fluorescence in different solvents and bathochromic shift with the increase in the solvent polarity.  相似文献   

12.
《Chemphyschem》2004,5(2):225-232
Kinetics and mechanism for the reaction of phenyl radical (C6H5) with ketene (H2Cβ?Cα?O) were studied by the cavity ring‐down spectrometric (CRDS) technique and hybrid DFT and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The C6H5 transition at 504.8 nm was used to detect the consumption of the phenyl radical in the reaction. The absolute overall rate constants measured, including those for the reaction with CD2CO, can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation k=(5.9±1.8)×1011 exp[?(1160±100)/T] cm3 mol?1 s?1 over a temperature range of 301–474 K. The absence of a kinetic isotope effect suggests that direct hydrogen abstraction forming benzene and ketenyl radical is kinetically less favorable, in good agreement with the results of quantum chemical calculations at the G2MS//B3LYP6‐31G(d) level of theory for all accessible product channels, including the above abstraction and additions to the Cα, Cβ, and O sites. For application to combustion, the rate constants were extrapolated over the temperature range of 298–2500 K under atmospheric pressure by using the predicted transition‐state parameters and the adjusted entrance reaction barriers Eα=Eβ=1.2 kcal mol?1; they can be represented by the following expression in units of cm3 mol?1 s?1: kα=6.2×1019 T?2.3 exp[?7590/T] and kβ=3.2×104 T2.4 exp[?246/T].  相似文献   

13.
Rate constants for the thermal cyclodimerization of α, β, β-trifluorostyrene (TFS) were determined in six solvents at 393°K. The products of this reaction were mixtures of roughly equal amounts of cis-trans isomers. The rate constants in 3 solvents, were calculated according to Arrhenius equation. In n-hexane, log A = 6.02±0.18, Ea= 19.5±0.3 kcal.mol?1; in glyme, logA = 5.31 ± 0.19, Ea= 18.0±0.3 kcal.mol?1; in methanol, IogA=4.93±0.13, Ea=17.1±0.3 kcal mol?1. All data are consistent with a stepwise radical mechanism, and our reaction in this solvent series obeys an isokinetic relationship, with β = 478°K.  相似文献   

14.
The UV (λ>305 nm) photolysis of triazide 3 in 2‐methyl‐tetrahydrofuran glass at 7 K selectively produces triplet mononitrene 4 (g=2.003, DT=0.92 cm?1, ET=0 cm?1), quintet dinitrene 6 (g=2.003, DQ=0.204 cm?1, EQ=0.035 cm?1), and septet trinitrene 8 (g=2.003, DS=?0.0904 cm?1, ES=?0.0102 cm?1). After 45 min of irradiation, the major products are dinitrene 6 and trinitrene 8 in a ratio of ~1:2, respectively. These nitrenes are formed as mixtures of rotational isomers each of which has slightly different magnetic parameters D and E. The best agreement between the line‐shape spectral simulations and the experimental electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum is obtained with the line‐broadening parameters Γ(EQ)=180 MHz for dinitrene 6 and Γ(ES)=330 MHz for trinitrene 8 . According to these line‐broadening parameters, the variations of the angles Θ in rotational isomers of 6 and 8 are expected to be about ±1 and ±3°, respectively. Theoretical estimations of the magnetic parameters obtained from PBE/DZ(COSMO)//UB3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) calculations overestimate the E and D values by 1 and 8 %, respectively. Despite the large distances between the nitrene units and the extended π systems, the zero field splitting (zfs) parameters D are found to be close to those in quintet dinitrenes and septet trinitrenes, where the nitrene centers are attached to the same aryl ring. The large D values of branched septet nitrenes are due to strong negative one‐center spin–spin interactions in combination with weak positive two‐center spin–spin interactions, as predicted by theoretical considerations.  相似文献   

15.
Thermal decomposition of cyclopentadiene to c‐C5H5 (cyclopentadienyl radical) + H (1) and the reverse bimolecular reaction (?1) are studied quantum‐chemically at the G2M level of theory. The dissociation pathway has been mapped out following the minimum energy path on the potential energy surface (PES) calculated by the density functional UB3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) method. Using isodesmic reaction analysis, the standard enthalpy of formation for c‐C5H5 is found to be 62.5 ± 1.3 kcal mol?1, and the c‐C5H5? H bond dissociation energy is estimated as D°298(c‐C5H5? H) = 82.5 ± 0.9 kcal mol?1, in excellent agreement with the recent experimental values. Variational rate constants are computed on the basis of a scaled UB3LYP dissociation potential that fits the isodesmic/experimental enthalpy of Reaction (1). At the high pressure limit, k1 = 1.55 × 1018 T?0.8 exp(?42300/T) s?1 and k?1 = 2.67 × 1014 exp(?245/T) cm3 mol?1 s?1. The fall‐off effects are evaluated by a weak collision master equation/RRKM analysis. Calculated T, P‐dependent rate constants are in very good agreement with the most reliable experimental measurements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 139–151 2004  相似文献   

16.
The kinetics of the reactions of hydroxy radicals with cyclopropane and cyclobutane has been investigated in the temperature range of 298–492 K with laser flash photolysis/resonance fluorescence technique. The temperature dependence of the rate constants is given by k1 = (1.17 ± 0.15) × 10?16 T3/2 exp[?(1037 ± 87) kcal mol?1/RT] cm3 molecule?1 s1 and k2 = (5.06 ± 0.57) × 10?16 T3/2 exp[?(228 ± 78) kcal mol?1/RT] cm3 molecule?1 s?1 for the reactions OH + cyclopropane → products (1) and OH + cyclobutane → products (2), respectively. Kinetic data available for OH + cycloalkane reactions were analyzed in terms of structure-reactivity correlations involving kinetic and energetic parameters.  相似文献   

17.
The equilibrium association free enthalpies ΔGa for typical supramolecular complexes in solution are calculated by ab initio quantum chemical methods. Ten neutral and three positively charged complexes with experimental ΔGa values in the range 0 to ?21 kcal mol?1 (on average ?6 kcal mol?1) are investigated. The theoretical approach employs a (nondynamic) single‐structure model, but computes the various energy terms accurately without any special empirical adjustments. Dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT‐D3) with extended basis sets (triple‐ζ and quadruple‐ζ quality) is used to determine structures and gas‐phase interaction energies (ΔE), the COSMO‐RS continuum solvation model (based on DFT data) provides solvation free enthalpies and the remaining ro‐vibrational enthalpic/entropic contributions are obtained from harmonic frequency calculations. Low‐lying vibrational modes are treated by a free‐rotor approximation. The accurate account of London dispersion interactions is mandatory with contributions in the range ?5 to ?60 kcal mol?1 (up to 200 % of ΔE). Inclusion of three‐body dispersion effects improves the results considerably. A semilocal (TPSS) and a hybrid density functional (PW6B95) have been tested. Although the ΔGa values result as a sum of individually large terms with opposite sign (ΔE vs. solvation and entropy change), the approach provides unprecedented accuracy for ΔGa values with errors of only 2 kcal mol?1 on average. Relative affinities for different guests inside the same host are always obtained correctly. The procedure is suggested as a predictive tool in supramolecular chemistry and can be applied routinely to semirigid systems with 300–400 atoms. The various contributions to binding and enthalpy–entropy compensations are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Variable‐temperature NMR and ESR spectroscopic studies reveal that bis(dibenzo[a,i]fluorenylidene) 1 possesses a singlet ground state, 1 (S0), while the 90° twisted triplet 1 (T1) is populated to a small extent already at room temperature. Analysis of the increasing amount of paramagnetic 1 (T1) at temperatures between 300 and 500 K yields the exchange interaction Jex/h c=3351 cm−1 and a singlet–triplet energy splitting of 9.6 kcal mol−1, which is in excellent agreement with calculations (9.3 kcal mol−1 at the UKS BP86/B3LYP/revPBE level of theory). In contrast, the zero‐field splitting parameter D is very small (calculated value −0.018 cm−1) and unmeasurable.  相似文献   

19.
Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations in tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) ruled out the hypothetical Friedel–Crafts (FC) route for ammonia elimination from L ‐tyrosine due to the high energy of FC intermediates. The calculated pathway from the zwitterionic L ‐tyrosine‐binding state (0.0 kcal mol?1) to the product‐binding state ((E)‐coumarate+H2N? MIO; ?24.0 kcal mol?1; MIO=3,5‐dihydro‐5‐methylidene‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐one) involves an intermediate (IS, ?19.9 kcal mol?1), which has a covalent bond between the N atom of the substrate and MIO, as well as two transition states (TS1 and TS2). TS1 (14.4 kcal mol?1) corresponds to a proton transfer from the substrate to the N1 atom of MIO by Tyr300? OH. Thus, a tandem nucleophilic activation of the substrate and electrophilic activation of MIO happens. TS2 (5.2 kcal mol?1) indicates a concerted C? N bond breaking of the N‐MIO intermediate and deprotonation of the pro‐S β position by Tyr60. Calculations elucidate the role of enzymic bases (Tyr60 and Tyr300) and other catalytically relevant residues (Asn203, Arg303, and Asn333, Asn435), which are fully conserved in the amino acid sequences and in 3D structures of all known MIO‐containing ammonia lyases and 2,3‐aminomutases.  相似文献   

20.
As a novel ultraviolet (UV) absorbent with excellent performance in UVA section (320 ~ 400 nm), 2‐{2‐hydroxy‐4‐[(octyloxycarbonyl)ethylideneoxy]phenyl}‐4,6‐Bis(4‐biphenylyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (CGL‐479) was synthesized in a simple method with a total yield of 45.3% in four steps. Its outstanding UV absorption capability (λmax = 326 nm, εmax = 4.15 × 104 L?mol?1?cm?1), high thermostability [T5 (the temperature of losing 5% in weight) = 385 °C], and compatibility with polymer materials make it a potential substitute of the traditional UV absorbents.  相似文献   

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