Chemoselective deprotection of acid labile primary hydroxyl protecting groups under CBr4-photoirradiation conditions

The CBr₄-photoirradiation in methanol generates a controlled source of HBr, which can chemoselectively deprotect commonly used hydroxyl-protecting groups in saccharides and nucleosides, such as tert-butyldimethylsilyl, isopropylidene, benzylidene and triphenyl ethers in the presence of other acid-labile functional groups.     

A one-pot selective deprotective acetylation of benzyl ethers and OTBDMS ethers using the BF3·Et2O-NaI-Ac2O reagent system

An efficient selective deprotection followed by acetylation of several benzyl ethers, including 6-OBn ethers of monosaccharides, and -OTBDMS ethers has been developed by using the BF₃·Et₂O-NaI-Ac₂O reagent system. In addition, both benzylidene and isopropylidene groups are deprotected to form the corresponding diacetates.     

CBr4-photoirradiation protocol for chemoselective deprotection of acid labile primary hydroxyl protecting groups

CBr₄-photoirradiation protocol was found to be a mild, highly efficient and selective method for deprotection of isopropylidene, benzylidene, triphenylmethyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl protecting groups on sugar molecules. The conditions of this reaction can also be used to cleave peptides off from acid-labile resin linkers in solid-phase peptide synthesis.     

Zur Kenntnis cyclischer Acylale, 9. Mitt.: Die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf Isopropyliden-benzylidenmalonat

Zusammenfassung Durch Einwirkung von CH₂N₂ auf Isopropyliden-benzylidenmalonat (I) entsteht 2-Phenylcyclopropan-1,1-dicarbonsäure-isopropylidenacylal (II) und 2-Benzylcyclopropan-1,1-dicarbonsäure-isopropylidenacylal (III). Der Konstitutionsbeweis für die Reaktionsprodukte wird erbracht, der Chemismus ihrer Bildungsreaktion diskutiert und weiters über einige Umsetzungen mit ihnen berichtet.The reaction of diazomethane with isopropylidene benzylidene malonate (I) leads to the formation of 2-phenylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid isopropylidene acylal (II) and 2-benzylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid isopropylidene acylal (III). Evidence for the structure of the reaction products II and III is given, the mechanism of their formation discussed and several of their reactions reported.Mit 1 AbbildungEinige wichtige Ergebnisse der in dieser Arbeit mitgeteilten Untersuchungen wurden bereits in zwei kurzen vorläufigen Mitt.¹ veröffentlicht. Hier sollen die dort erwähnten Befunde ergänzt und das experimentelle Material nachgetragen werden.     

Asymmetric tritiation of N-acetyl dehydrophenylalanyl-(S) phenylalanine (methylester) catalyzed with a rhodium (+) diop complex

Rhodium-(+)diop complex catalyzes the stereoselective addition of two tritium atoms in Ac-ΔPhe-(S) PheOMe (diop stands for isopropylidene - 2,3 - dihydroxy - 2,3- bis - diphenylphosphino - 1,4 - butane). Tritiated Ac(S) Phe-(S) PheOMe and Ac-(R) Phe-(S) PheOMe were obtained with a theoretical specific radioactivity. Each diastereoisomer was isolated in a pure state, their ³H-nmr spectra indicated the ratio and the sites (C_α-C_β) of ³H labelling. ³H-³H and ¹H-¹H coupling constants used together allowed the unequivocal assignment of the three staggered rotamers around C_α-C_β in the N-terminal phenylalanine moiety. The scope of the reaction for selective preparation of tritiated dipeptides is discussed.     

Indium(III) Triflate: A Highly Efficient Catalyst for Reactions of Sugars[1]

Indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate has been found to be extremely efficient in catalyzing acyl transfer reactions of various carbohydrates and their derivatives. Selective acetolyses of certain benzyl ethers/isopropylidene acetals of sugars have been possible using In(OTf)₃ in Ac₂O (neat). Reaction of the per-O-acetate of 2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-D-glucose with benzyl mercaptan in the presence of In(OTf)₃ led to the formation of the corresponding thioglycoside in high yield. Facile formation and hydrolysis of the isopropylidene and benzylidene acetals of various carbohydrates have also been achieved very efficiently in the presence of In(OTf)₃. The results show great promise for In(OTf)₃ in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry.     

Synthesis of [2′‐2H1]‐Ribonucleosides

New syntheses of C(2′)‐deuterated ribonucleosides have been accomplished starting either from 3,5‐di‐O‐benzyl‐1‐O‐methyl‐α,β‐D ‐ribofuranose ( 1b ) or 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐D ‐ribose ( 14 ), with >97 atom‐% D incorporation in both cases. The former is suited to the demands of multiple‐site deuteration or uniform ¹³C/multiple ²H double labeling of the ribofuranose moiety, whereas the latter is particularly appropriate for single‐site ²H labeling for mechanistic studies of enzyme reactions.     

Selective cleavage of acetals with ZnBr2 in dichloromethane

A selective cleavage of acetals of 1,2- and 1,3-diols has been achieved under mild conditions using ZnBr₂ in dichloromethane at room temperature. Acetal types cleavable by this procedure include benzylidene, isopropylidene and cyclohexylidene acetals. This method is compatible with several other types of hydroxyl protecting groups such as Bn, Bz, TBDPS, TIPS and TBDMS.     

Synthesis of homochiral 2‐C‐trifluoromethyl D‐and L‐ribose via trifluoromethylation of pentopyranosid‐2‐uloses

Efficient syntheses of 2‐C‐trifluoromethyl D‐ and L‐ribose and some O‐glycosides via trifluoromethylation of D‐ and L‐3,4‐O‐isopropylidene‐β‐erythro‐pentopyranosid‐2‐ulose with Ruppert's reagent are described.     

Phosphor-, arsen- und antimonylid-komplexe des wolframs

The benzylidene(pentacarbonyl)tungsten complexes (CO)₅W[C(H)C₆H₄R-p] (R = H (Ia), Me (Ib)) react with trimethylphosphite, triphenylarsane and triphenylstibane (XY₃), respectively, via addition of XY₃ to the benzylidene carbon to give the new phosphorus, arsenic and antimony ylide complexes (CO)₅W[C(H)(C₆H₄R-p)XY₃] (R = H, XY₃ = P(OMe)₃ (Va), AsPh₃ (VIa), SbPh₃ (VIIa); R = Me, XY₃ = AsPh₃ (VIb)). The formation of the adducts in reversible.     

Supramolecular synthesis based on piperidone derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable co‐formers

The target complexes, bis{(E,E)‐3,5‐bis[4‐(diethylamino)benzylidene]‐4‐oxopiperidinium} butanedioate, 2C₂₇H₃₆N₃O⁺·C₄H₄O₄²⁻, (II), and bis{(E,E)‐3,5‐bis[4‐(diethylamino)benzylidene]‐4‐oxopiperidinium} decanedioate, 2C₂₇H₃₆N₃O⁺·C₁₀H₁₆O₄²⁻, (III), were obtained by solvent‐mediated crystallization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) (E,E)‐3,5‐bis[4‐(diethylamino)benzylidene]‐4‐piperidone and pharmaceutically acceptable dicarboxylic (succinic and sebacic) acids from ethanol solution. They have been characterized by melting point, IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. For the sake of comparison, the structure of the starting API, (E,E)‐3,5‐bis[4‐(diethylamino)benzylidene]‐4‐piperidone methanol monosolvate, C₂₇H₃₅N₃O·CH₄O, (I), has also been studied. Compounds (II) and (III) represent salts containing H‐shaped centrosymmetric hydrogen‐bonded synthons, which are built from two parallel piperidinium cations and a bridging dicarboxylate dianion. In both (II) and (III), the dicarboxylate dianion resides on an inversion centre. The two cations and dianion within the H‐shaped synthon are linked by two strong intermolecular N⁺—H...⁻OOC hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure of (II) includes two crystallographically independent formula units, A and B. The cation geometries of units A and B are different. The main N—C₆H₄—C=C—C(=O)—C=C—C₆H₄—N backbone of cation A has a C‐shaped conformation, while that of cation B adopts an S‐shaped conformation. The same main backbone of the cation in (III) is practically planar. In the crystal structures of both (II) and (III), intermolecular N⁺—H...O=C hydrogen bonds between different H‐shaped synthons further consolidate the crystal packing, forming columns in the [100] and [10] directions, respectively. Salts (II) and (III) possess increased aqueous solubility compared with the original API and thus enhance the bioavailability of the API.     

Substituent effects in the 13C NMR chemical shifts of para-(para-substituted benzylidene amino)benzonitrile and para-(ortho-substituted benzylidene amino)benzonitrile

¹³C NMR chemical shifts were measured in CDCl₃ for two series of substituted benzylidene anilines. The substituted benzylidene anilines p-X-C₆H₄CH=NC₆H₄-p-CN p-X-C₆H₄CH=NC₆H₄-o-CN (X = NO₂, F, Cl, Br, H, Me, MeO, NMe₂). The substituent dependence of δC(C=N) was used as a tool to study electronic substituent effects on the azomethine unit. The benzylidene substituents X have a reverse effect on δC(C=N): electron-withdrawing substituents cause shielding, while electrondonating ones do the reverse, the resonance effects clearly predominating over the inductive effects. Additionally, the presence of a specific cross-interaction between X and C=N could be verified. The electronic effects of the neighboring aromatic ring substituents systematically modify the sensitivity of the C=N group to the electronic effects of the benzylidene substituents. These results can be rationalized in terms of the substituent-sensitive balance of the electron delocalization (mesomeric effects).     

Expeditious convergent procedure for the preparation of bis(POC) prodrugs of new (E)-4-phosphono-but-2-en-1-yl nucleosides

A series of unsaturated acyclonucleoside bis(POC) prodrugs of E configuration were synthesized through an expeditious, highly efficient and stereoselective one-step procedure from corresponding bis(POC)allylphosphonate through Ru catalyzed cross-coupling metathesis reaction. The [RuCl₂(PCy₃)(SIPr)(Indenylidene)] and [RuCl₂(PCy₃)(IMes)(benzylidene)] catalysts were employed; the unsaturated ANP were used bore C5-halovinyl uracil, C5-dihalovinyluracil or furanopyrimidine motifs. The chemical cleavage of biolabile (POC) group is a useful pathway to acid phosphonate derivatives.     

Studies on the non-isothermal kinetics of thermal decomposition of the mixed ligand complex — [Fe2O(OC6H4CH=NC6H4O)2(C5H5N)4]·2H2O

The thermal decomposition of the mixed-ligand complex of iron(III) with 2-[(o-hydroxy benzylidene)amino] phenol and pyridine-[Fe₂O(OC₆H₄CH=NC₆H₄O)₂(C₅H₅N)₄]·2H₂O and its non-isothermal kinetics were studied by TG and DTG techniques. The non-isothermal kinetic data were analyzed and the kinetic parameters for the first and second steps of the thermal decomposition were evaluated by two different methods, the Achar and Coats-Redfern methods. Steps 1 and 2 are both second-order chemical reactions. Their kinetic equations can be expressed as: dα/dt=Ae^?E/RT(1-α)²     

Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O-catalyzed per-O-acetylation of sugars compatible with acid-labile protecting groups adopted in carbohydrate chemistry

Fully acetylated saccharides are inexpensive and very useful starting materials for the synthesis of many naturally occurring glycosides, oligosaccharides, and glycoconjugates. Ferric sulfate hydrate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O) was found to be a valuable Lewis acid promoter in the per-O-acetylation reaction of saccharides with acetic anhydride in 100% of conversion rate and 88-99% yields. Interestingly, the procedure is perfectly compatible with the presence of a variety of acid-labile protecting groups, such as isopropylidene, benzylidene, trityl, and TBDMS groups. The reactions were simply performed by stirring the mixture of a sugar with a slight excessive acetic anhydride in the presence of 2.0 mol % of Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O at rt and the pure products were obtained by a simple dilution of the reaction mixture with dichloromethane and washings with aqueous Na₂CO₃.     

A New Route for Preparation of 5‐Deoxy‐5‐(hydroxyphosphinyl)‐ D‐mannopyranose and ‐L‐gulopyranose Derivatives

Starting from methyl 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D ‐mannofuranoside ( 5 ), methyl 6‐O‐benzyl‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D ‐lyxo‐hexofuranosid‐5‐ulose ( 12 ) was prepared in three steps. The addition reaction of dimethyl phosphonate to 12 , followed by deoxygenation of 5‐OH group, provided the 5‐deoxy‐5‐dimethoxyphosphinyl‐α‐D ‐mannofuranoside derivative 15a and the β‐L ‐gulofuranoside isomer 15b . Reduction of 15a and 15b with sodium dihydrobis(2‐methoxyethoxy)aluminate, followed by the action of HCl and then H₂O₂, afforded the D ‐mannopyranose ( 17 ) and L ‐gulopyranose analog 21 , each having a phosphinyl group in the hemiacetal ring. These were converted to the corresponding 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐acetyl‐5‐methoxyphosphinyl derivatives 19 and 23 , respectively, structures and conformations (⁴C₁ or ¹C₄, resp.) of which were established by ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy.     

Koordinationschemie funktioneller phosphorylide: III. Neue mangan- und rhenium-komplexe mit triphenylphosphonio-alkandithiocarboxylat-liganden

As strong nucleophiles, phosphorus ylids easily attack heteroallenes. The addition of isopropylidene triphenylphosphorane to carbon disulfide yields the zwitterionic adduct Ph₃PCMe₂CS₂^?, which reacts to bis(isopropylidene)-1,2,4-trithiolane by thermal or, coordinated to transition metals, photochemical activation according to a cycloaddition mechanism. By reaction of the betaine with manganese and rhenium carbonyl halides under exclusion of light, stable monomeric and dimeric fac-tricarbonyl complexes with the composition (CO)₃M?(X)S₂CCMe₂PPh₃ (M = Mn, Re; X = Cl, Br) are obtained which are distinguished by their spectra (IR, NMR, UV). The monomeric bromomanganese and -rhenium complexes are isomorphous and crystallize in the space group P2_frcase1/c (monoclinic, Z = 4).     

An efficient PyAOP-based C4-amination method for direct access of oxidized 5MedC derivatives

In the past decade, synthetic oxidized ^5-MedC nucleosides and their derivatives have become essential tools for epigenetic research. The low efficacy of both conventional and newly reported BOP methods on C⁴-amination of these specific oxidized ^5-MedU substrates urged us to systematically investigate how the nature of onium salt-based coupling reagents affects the C⁴-amination of pyrimidine nucleobases and lead us to the findings that different onium coupling reagents result in the formation of distinctive activation intermediates and PyAOP is much more potent than BOP in both activation and aminolysis steps. Direct amination without the need of ribose protection, ultrafast activation, tolerance to aqueous N-nucleophiles, and excellent yields for diverse oxidized ^5MedC derivatives are the advantages of this PyAOP-based C⁴-amination method.     

Conformational Analysis,RIS Models and Single‐Chain Properties of Structurally Modified Polycarbonates, 1. Effect of Cyclohexyl and Phenyl Ring Substitutions

Conformational properties of segments and chains of structurally different polycarbonates are investigated in detail. Conformational analysis and rotational isomeric state (RIS) models for some of the polycarbonates and single‐chain properties of all the polycarbonates are reported here for the first time. Substitution of the methyl group on the bisphenol phenyl rings results in increased energy barriers to rotations as well as changes in positions of local minima, compared to the case without substitutions. Conformational structure about the isopropylidene linkage C_α atom is not altered by ortho methyl substitutions on the rings. Substitution by a cyclohexyl ring rigidly attached to the C_α atom restricts conformational mobility within the bisphenol unit. Rotational flexibility of the phenyl–oxygen bond is hindered by additional substitutions on the cyclohexyl ring. The carbonate group prefers the trans–trans conformation in all the polycarbonates. The energy difference between the cis–trans and trans–trans states of the carbonate group is lowered by the ortho methyl substituent on the phenyl rings. There is a reduction in 〈R²〉, 〈S²〉, and C_n accompanying the substitutions. The introduction of other substituents on a cyclohexyl polycarbonate results in an increase in all chain dimensions including the persistence length. Also, the cyclohexyl or trimethylcyclohexyl substituents do not significantly alter the overall average shape of the chains. Substitutions both on the phenyl rings and at the isopropylidene linkage lead to a compaction of the polymer chain, but the effect is more pronounced when due to substituents on phenyl rings.     

Ortho effects in schiff bases of diaminodicyanoethene

In the electron impact mass spectra of azomethines derived from various substituted aromatic aldehydes and diarninodicyanoethene the superposition of two ortho effects concurring with the azomethine group is apparent: one involving the amino group of the diaminodicyanoethene part accounts for the cyclization to [C₅H₃N₄]⁺ ions and the other involving ortho substituents of the benzylidene part which can interact with the azomethine moiety is responsible for specific fragment ions, suppressing the typical fragmentations of azomethines. The ortho effect was studied for the o-nitro derivative by labelling experiments, analysis of metastable transitions and collisional activation comparing model ions, demonstrating that the specific [M-H₂O]⁺˙ and [C₇H₅NO₂]⁺˙ ions are the result of cyclization processes.