用低温电催化重整方法和CoZnAl催化剂进行低温生物油重整制氢

利用电化学催化重整方法和CoZnAl催化剂实现了高效的生物油重整制氢过程．研究了电流强度对氢气产率、碳转化率以及产物分布的影响．结果表明,通过催化剂的电流对氢气产量和碳转化率都有明显的促进作用,在500 oC低温重整条件下氢气产率和碳转化率分别达到大约70%和85%．此外,用XRD、XPS、TGA和BET研究了电流对催化剂的结构和性能的影响．结果表明,通电催化床中热电子对生物油中含氧有机物的重整反应起着重要的促进作用．     

在Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上低温水蒸汽重整生物油制氢

利用浸渍方法制备的Ni/HZSM-5催化剂在生物油低温水蒸汽重整合成中表现了较高的催化活性． 探讨了催化剂的组成、重整温度、水碳比例对重整过程的影响．在电催化重整研究中,发现催化剂上通过的电流可以显著地促进生物油水蒸汽重整．通过对不同负载量的Ni/HZSM-5催化剂和Ni₂₀/Al₂O₃催化剂的催化活性的比较,NiO在催化剂中负载量为20%(Ni₂₀/ZSM)时表现出了最高的催化活性; 即使在450 oC时, 在Ni₂₀/ZSM催化剂上也可以达到碳转化率接近完全, 氢气产率约为90%的效果． 利用XRD、ICP/AES、H₂-TPR、BET等表征手段对Ni/HZSM-5催化剂的形态和结构进行了表征.     

生物油制氢中催化剂与吸收剂研究

本文利用固定床反应器考察了自制催化剂在生物油水溶性组分重整制氢反应中的表现以及耦合水蒸气预处理的CO2吸收剂对反应的影响。通过比较自制催化剂与商业催化剂Z417在重整反应中的催化性能,以及预处理吸收剂对重整反应的改进作用,结果表明：在反应温度为800℃,水油比为4．9的条件下,自制催化剂Ni／CeO2-ZrO2的氢产率...     

用NiCuZnAl催化剂最大化生物油自热水蒸汽重整制氢

在较低的温度下,通过将放热的部分氧化反应和吸热的水蒸汽重整反应耦合起来的自热方式实现了高效的制氢过程. 在氧碳比(O/C)为0.34,水碳比(S/C)为3,温度为600 oC时生物油接近完全转化,得到最高氢产率为64.3%. 自热水蒸汽重整反应条件温度、O/C、S/C、质量空速等可以用来控制反应氢产率和气体产物分布. 对自热过程和普通水蒸汽重整过程做了比较,并对反应机理进行了探讨.     

电流对苯甲醚电催化重整过程的影响

用电催化重整方法和NiCuZn-Al₂O₃催化剂进行生物油模型化合物苯甲醚的水蒸气重整制氢研究,结果表明,在700 oC和4 A条件下,获得的最高碳转化率和氢产率分别为98.3%和88.7%,电催化重整过程中发现的电流促进效应主要归结于重整反应床中温度分布的改变和电阻丝发射的热电子影响. 利用X射线衍射方法分析了反应前后的NiCuZn-Al₂O₃催化剂结构变化. 实验导出的苯甲醚重整反应表观活化能为99.54 kJ/mol,明显高于乙醇、乙酸和生物油轻质组分的重整反应表观活化能.     

生物油制备生物质氢气和生物质燃料

研究了一种以生物质裂解油为原料制备氢气和生物燃料的催化转化过程。该过程包括生物油催化裂解制备氢气和生物合成气,合成气的调变,烯烃聚合和费脱合成耦合制备生物燃料。在优化反应条件下,氢气产率达到120.9 g H₂/（kg bio-oil）,烯烃聚合-费脱合成耦合反应形成的生物燃料产率达到526.1 g/（kg bio-syngas）。基于产物分析和催化剂特性表征,探讨了生物燃料合成过程中的反应路径和化学反应过程.     

多种金属掺杂的镍基催化剂用于中温重整生物油制氢的设计

一种新的由共沉淀法合成的多种金属(铜、镁、铈)掺杂的镍基混合氧化物催化剂,在250～500 oC用于生物油高效重整制氢. 摩尔比为Ni:Cu:Mg:Ce:Al=5.6:1.1:1.9:1.0:9.9的催化剂表现出较高的催化重整活性,在传统的水蒸气重整模式和500 oC条件下,氢产率达82.8%;电催化重整模式中,在400 oC 和3.1 A,氢产率达91.1%.ECR模式中重整温度和通过催化剂电流促进生物油的重整和热裂解.另外催化剂在300～600 oC显示出较高的水煤气变化反应活性,生物油重整过程中催化剂性质的变化利用ICP、XRD、XPS和BET进行了表征. 生物油重整机理基于基元反应、催化剂表征进行了讨论.     

水相生物油选择性加氢-催化裂解制取烯烃和芳香烃的试验研究

本文在气相流动反应器中采用ZSM-5催化剂对水相选择性加氢生物油进行了催化裂解试验研究。主要考察了反应温度、质量空速、油分压和原料油组分含量对产物产率和选择性的影响。结果表明,选择性加氢生物油转化为石油化工用品（烯烃和芳香烃）的最优工况为:反应温度,600℃;质量空速,11.7 h^-1;油分压,6693 Pa;油组分含量,12 5%。在此工况下,石油化工用品达到最高碳产率76 0%,其中烯烃57 6%,芳香烃18.4%。烯烃和芳香烃的产率及其主要成分的选择性可以根据市场的需求通过调节反应条件来改变。     

基于生物炭载体催化剂的生物油重整制氢研究

本文以柳按生物质为原料,通过热裂解手段制得生物油及其副产物生物炭。通过化学活化对生物炭的表面性质进行改善。采用扫描电镜进行表征,研究表明活化炭经处理后的表面出现了大量孔隙结构。采用氮气物理吸附检测表明活化炭的孔结构主要集中在10 nm以下,4 nm附近。将活性金属Ni负载于活化后的生物炭上制得重整催化剂,并在生物油模化物重整制氢中表现出了良好的反应活性。尤其在高温段,在700℃时氢气产率接近100%。     

Effects of Current on Microcosmic Properties of Catalyst and Reforming of Bio-oil

通过低温电催化重整方法(电流通过催化剂床),用传统的镍基重整催化剂NiO-Al2O3重整生物油制取氢气是一种高效的生物油产氢方法．还探索了电流对生物油重整的促进影响,发现通过催化剂的电流明显地提高了生物油的重整．通过BET、XRD、XPS和SEM的测试,研究了电流对催化剂微观结构的影响,包括比表面、孔径、孔体积、晶粒尺寸和氧化镍的还原程度．从通电的催化剂表面脱附的热电子直接由飞行时间质谱测量．讨论了电催化重整生物油的机理．     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.