Temperature Dependent Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers Investigated by Small-Scale Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

The temperature-dependent viscoelastic properties of polymers were investigated by small-scale dynamic mechanical analysis in the range of −100°C to 200°C. The polymers tested included glassy polymer (atactic polystyrene), semicrystalline polymer (high-density polyethylene) and rubbery polymer (polyisobutylene). The small-scale dynamic mechanical analyses were performed by using a flat-tip indenter with an oscillating displacement of amplitude 36 nm. The force amplitude and phase angle were measured, from which the storage modulus E′ and loss tangent tanδ were calculated. The results obtained from indentation experiments are consistent with those obtained from conventional dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). It is thus demonstrated that the indentation technique can quantitatively measure the temperature-dependent viscoelastic properties of polymers at small dimensions.     

复合纤维增强混凝土阻尼测试装置开发与试验研究

纤维与聚合物的掺入可以明显改善混凝土材料的阻尼性能。本文首先给出了正弦交变激励下粘弹性材料三点弯曲梁阻尼特性关系,其次首次自主开发了大尺寸材料的阻尼性能测试装置,然后利用开发的装置在频率(0.5~2.0Hz)条件下测定了6种不同配比复合纤维增强阻尼混凝土的损耗因子与储存模量,最后对纤维的阻尼增强机理进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明:复合纤维增强阻尼混凝土与素混凝土相比,提高了混凝土的损耗因子80%~200%。主要原因是聚合物分子在外力作用下的内耗增加了普通混凝土的阻尼能力,而纤维的阻尼增强机理在于纤维的掺入增加了纤维与水泥基材的界面摩擦力。     

粘弹性双材料界面裂缝的缝端位移场及动态断裂分析

本文研究的是经常在实际工程中遇到的粘弹性双材料界面裂缝的动断裂问题.由于粘弹性自身的复杂性,使得粘弹性双材料界面裂缝缝端应力的奇异性较弹性呈现出更为复杂的形式,从而使动断裂问题的分析变得更为困难.根据此情况,本文采用复阻尼理论反映粘弹性体的运动规律,用复势理论和平面问题复变函数解答的科洛索夫公式推导了粘弹性双材料界面裂缝缝端位移场及动态应力强度因子的求解公式,利用特解边界元进行了粘弹性双域耦合动力响应计算,按求得的公式用位移外推法计算了单边裂纹板在动荷载作用下的动态应力强度因子.分析了粘性,弹模比和缝长对动态应力强度因子的影响,得出了一些有益的结论.     

On the Measurement of two Independent Viscoelastic Functions with Instrumented Indentation Tests

In the present paper, a methodology for complete characterization of linear isotropic viscoelastic material with spherical instrumented indentation test is proposed. The developed method allows for measuring two independent viscoelastic functions, shear relaxation modulus and time-dependent Poisson’s ratio, from the indentation test data obtained at non-decreasing loading, but otherwise arbitrary. Finite element modelling (FEM) is relied upon for validating the proposed methodology and for quantifying the influence of experimental variables on the measurements accuracy. Spherical indentation experiments are performed on several viscoelastic materials: polyoxymethylene, bitumen and bitumen-filler mastics. The viscoelastic material functions obtained with the indentation tests are compared with the corresponding results from the standard mechanical tests. Numerical and experimental results presented indicate that the methodology proposed allows mitigating the machine compliance and loading rate effects on the accuracy of the viscoelastic indentation tests.     

波能耗散的结构阻尼损耗因子度量方法

根据波动理论,用Timoshenko梁理论在高频范围内分析能量的耗散,通过重建作为频率函数的色散关系曲线,得到动力粘弹性模量及材料的损失因子。根据动力系统的固有特征方程与材料弹性特性的关系,研究利用阻尼损耗因子定量描述在高频情况下,波在结构中传播时的能量耗散效应以及结构阻尼损耗因子的表示方法,并通过实验利用波的色散关系估计结构的动力粘弹性模量,理论分析和实验结果表明了这种方法的可行性。     

粘弹性夹芯层合旋转圆板的气动弹性动力稳定性分析

基于哈密尔顿原理,考虑作用于圆板上的空气动力载荷以及粘弹性复模量本构模型,本文建立了含有粘弹性夹芯层的旋转圆板的空气动力学模型,并给出了相应的稳定性的控制方程及边界条件。运用Galerkin方法,文中数值求解并给出了夹芯层合旋转圆板的动力学基本特征,以及结构几何参数、材料参数对于其前、后行波振动频率、阻尼和动力稳定性的影响。结果表明：通过优化合理选取粘弹性夹芯层合旋转圆板的几何参数和材料参数,可提高旋转圆板的临界转速和颤振速度,从而增强其稳定性。     

An analytical solution for a linear viscoelastic layer loaded with a cylindrical punch: Evaluation of the rebound indentation test with application for assessing viability of articular cartilage

A general closed-form solution for the so-called rebound indentation test’ is obtained for a cylindrical flat-ended punch indenting a linear viscoelastic layer lying on a rigid substrate. Under the assumption of time-independent Poisson's ratio, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the contact force (in a displacement controlled regime) and for the indentation displacement (in a load-controlled regime) and we consider in detail the case of standard viscoelastic solid. Our results indicate that the rebound displacement (in other words the indentation displacement in the load-controlled stage) is independent of the relaxed elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, and also of the layer's thickness. Our analytical solution can be used for layered samples of arbitrary materials exhibiting viscoelastic properties; however, since the rebound indentation test has been recently suggested for assessing the viability of biomedical materials, we have applied our theoretical framework to the identification of materials parameters from experiments on articular cartilage. In this context, we have found a pretty good agreement for the rebound deformation, even until the strain becomes relatively large.     

An analytical solution for a linear viscoelastic layer loaded with a cylindrical punch: Evaluation of the rebound indentation test with application for assessing viability of articular cartilage

A general closed-form solution for the so-called rebound indentation test’ is obtained for a cylindrical flat-ended punch indenting a linear viscoelastic layer lying on a rigid substrate. Under the assumption of time-independent Poisson's ratio, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the contact force (in a displacement controlled regime) and for the indentation displacement (in a load-controlled regime) and we consider in detail the case of standard viscoelastic solid. Our results indicate that the rebound displacement (in other words the indentation displacement in the load-controlled stage) is independent of the relaxed elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, and also of the layer's thickness. Our analytical solution can be used for layered samples of arbitrary materials exhibiting viscoelastic properties; however, since the rebound indentation test has been recently suggested for assessing the viability of biomedical materials, we have applied our theoretical framework to the identification of materials parameters from experiments on articular cartilage. In this context, we have found a pretty good agreement for the rebound deformation, even until the strain becomes relatively large.     

设置连接阻尼器的相邻结构随机地震动响应的简明封闭解

针对两相邻结构间设置连接阻尼器对结构的减震影响问题,研究了基于Kanai-Tajimi谱地震动激励下的Kelvin型粘弹性阻尼器与相邻结构形成的组合体系的随机地震动系列响应(绝对位移及层间位移)的简明封闭解。首先,利用Kelvin型粘弹性阻尼器本构关系及Kanai-Tajimi谱的滤波方程,将组合体系基于复杂地震动激励精确转化为基于简明白噪声激励的运动方程;其次,利用复模态法获得了组合结构相对于地面的绝对位移、层间位移等系列响应方差及0阶~2阶谱矩的统一简明封闭解。最后,通过算例及与虚拟激励法进行对比,证明本文方法的正确性和简明性;通过与未设置阻尼装置结构体系的动力响应对比,说明了阻尼装置对相邻结构具有良好的减震效果,但局部楼层的层间位移及层间剪力会有所增加。     

表面织构对界面接触参数影响的实验研究

机械接触表面的接触刚度和接触阻尼是直接影响界面振动水平的两个重要动力学参数。本文介绍了一种测试机械连接界面接触刚度和接触阻尼的实验装置和方法,并针对用两种不同加工方法(激光加工及线切割)加工出的具有不同尺寸织构的试样与光滑平面相接触的界面进行了测量,初步探索了平面接触刚度和接触阻尼的表面织构效应,并得出结论：织构及润滑对接触刚度会产生一定影响,而实验中均未观察到这两者对接触阻尼有明显影响。     

A proposed method of measuring the complex modulus of a thick viscoelastic layer

A simple, non-destructive method of measuring the complex modulus of a layer of viscoelastic material is proposed. The method relies upon an analysis of the frictionless contact of a rigid smooth indentor and the layer. The contact is maintained by means of a fluctuating normal load. The total load (or the indentation) is required to vary in a simple sinusoidal way. The complex modulus may then be determined from the results of observations made when the contact area is maximum (or minimum).     

粘弹性阻尼修改后结构系统动特性的预测

无阻尼或比例阻尼结构系统经粘弹阻尼修改后,可变为粘弹性阻尼系统。要获得其动特性,需求解复特征值问题。但是,随之带来了计算量大、费用高等问题。尤其是粘弹性材料特性随频率而变化,需求解高阶非线性复特征值问题,这对于一个自由度较大的结构,计算量太大,通常较难实现。本文在特征值修改方法的基础上,提出粘弹性阻尼局部动力修改方法,即仅需已知原结构系统的实模态参数,就可求出粘弹阻尼修改后系统的复模态参数。还发展了特征值和修改量同时迭代方法,有效地解决了粘弹材料复模量随频率变化引起的非线性复特征值问题。     

A DYNAMIC RESPONSE PREDICTION MODEL OF FIBER-METAL HYBRID LAMINATED PLATES EMBEDDED WITH VISCOELASTIC DAMPING CORE UNDER LOW-VELOCITY IMPACT EXCITATION 1)

本文首次从解析角度建立了低速冲击激励下嵌入黏弹性阻尼芯层的纤维金属混杂层合板动态响应预测模型. 首先,结合经典层合板理论和冯$\cdot$卡门假设,建立了嵌入黏弹性芯层的纤维金属混杂层合板弹性损伤本构关系. 然后,将层合板受冲击时的变形分成接触和拉伸两个区域,在接触区域内,对金属层采用 Von Mises 失效准则,纤维层采用 Tsai-Hill 失效准则和对黏弹性层采用指数 Drucker-Prager 失效准则判断层合板损伤情况. 考虑不同材料层对冲击动态响应的贡献来修正两个变形区域的位移公式,进而计算结构因弹性变形产生的应变能,以及接触区域因塑性变形消耗的能量,实现每次失效事件发生后各层材料的能量、位移和冲击接触力的理论求解,并给出了结构动态响应分析的具体流程图. 最后,以嵌入 Zn33 黏弹性芯层的 TA2 钛合金混杂 T300 碳纤维/树脂层合板为研究对象,开展落锤冲击实验. 验证结果表明,理论预测与测试获得的冲击接触力、位移响应以及冲击载荷-位移曲线吻合较好,且关注的峰值点计算误差最大不超过 9%,进而验证了所提出的理论模型的有效性.     

Extraction of Mechanical Properties with Second Harmonic Detection for Dynamic Nanoindentation Testing

In this article, a new method based on the detection of the second harmonic of the displacement signal to determine mechanical properties of materials from dynamic nanoindentation testing, is presented. With this technique, the Young’s modulus and hardness of homogeneous materials can be obtained at small penetration depths from the measurement of the second harmonic amplitude. With this innovative method, the measurement of the normal displacement is indirectly used, avoiding the need for very precise contact detection. Moreover, the influence of the tip defect and thermal drift on the measurements are reduced. This method was used for dynamic nanoindentation tests performed on fused silica and on an amorphous polymer (PMMA) because these materials are supposed not to exhibit an indentation size effect at small penetration depths. The amplitude of the second harmonic of the displacement signal was correctly measured at small depths, allowing to calculate the Young’s modulus and the hardness of the tested materials. The mechanical properties calculated with this method are in good agreement with values obtained from classical nanoindentation tests.     

基于等效阻尼理论的金属橡胶弹性迟滞力学模型及实验研究

针对弹性多孔金属橡胶非线性迟滞特性力学行为,将迟滞恢复力-位移曲线分解为非线性单值曲线和椭圆,并将等效阻尼理论用于动态力学性能参数识别,从而建立了一种新型的适用于黏弹性阻尼材料的宏观唯象力学模型。采用不同相对密度的环形金属橡胶进行动态实验测试,以验证理论模型的准确性,结果表明该模型可将具有非线性特性的金属橡胶系统进行降阶处理,提高金属橡胶力学模型的预测效率,并能很好地描述金属橡胶的迟滞力学行为。另外,研究了在不同激励频率条件下金属橡胶的阻尼耗能特性。实验结果表明:在高频加载的条件下,黏性阻尼系数对动态加载频率不敏感,阻尼耗能与加载幅值之间呈线性正相关。基于等效阻尼理论的弹性迟滞力学模型具有一定的普适性,可进一步推广应用于类似弹性多孔材料的力学性能表征,为其工程应用提供理论基础。     

Time domain modeling of damping using anelastic displacement fields and fractional calculus

A fractional derivative model of linear viscoelasticity based on the decomposition of the displacement field into an anelastic part and elastic part is developed. The evolution equation for the anelastic part is then a differential equation of fractional order in time. By using a fractional order evolution equation for the anelastic strain the present model becomes very flexible for describing the weak frequency dependence of damping characteristics. To illustrate the modeling capability, the model parameters are fit to available frequency domain data for a high damping polymer. By studying the relaxation modulus and the relaxation spectrum the material parameters of the present viscoelastic model are given physical meaning. The use of this viscoelastic model in structural modeling is discussed and the corresponding finite element equations are outlined, including the treatment of boundary conditions. The anelastic displacement field is mathematically coupled to the total displacement field through a convolution integral with a kernel of Mittag–Leffler function type. Finally a time step algorithm for solving the finite element equations are developed and some numerical examples are presented.     

粘弹性复合桁架动态特性温度影响的实验研究

通过实验研究了一种可用于桁架结构阻尼控制的粘弹性阻尼构件的动力学特性和温度特性。在此基础上,进一步就环境温度变化对粘弹性复合结构动力学特性的影响作了实验分析。实验结果表明：粘弹性阻尼构件对结构阻尼控制的效果明显,环境温度的变化直接影响粘弹性阻尼担构件的动力学特性,并通过阻尼构件引真情整体结构动力学特性的改变。     

辽西风积土动力特性实验研究

通过一系列动态三轴实验,研究了原状饱和辽西风积土在不同固结压力条件下的动态强度、动态弹性模量和阻尼比。结果表明,辽西风积土的破坏动态强度随着固结围压和固结应力比的增大而增大,而动态剪切强度明显区别于静态剪强度;其动态弹模量随着固结应力比和固结围压的增加而增加,而阻尼比随着固结应力比和固结围压的增大而减小。同时,分别拟合得到最大动态弹模量和最大阻尼比与有效固结应力的关系式,并且对动态弹模量和阻尼比进行了归一化处理。     

Free vibration of circular cylindrical shell with constrained layer damping

Free vibration characteristics of circular cylindrical shell with passive constrained layer damping (PCLD) are presented. Wave propagation approach rather than finite element method, transfer matrix method, and Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to solve the problem of vibration of PCLD circular cylindrical shell under a simply supported boundary condition at two ends. The governing equations of motion for the orthotropic cylindrical shell with PCLD are derived on the base of Sanders’ thin shell theory. Numerical results show that the present method is more effective in comparison with other methods. The effects of the thickness of viscoelastic core and constrained layer, the elastic modulus ratio of orthotropic constrained layer, the complex shear modulus of viscoelastic core on frequency parameter, and the loss factor are discussed.     

A New Testing Machine for the Dynamic Characterization of High Strength Low Damping Fiber Materials

This work describes a novel method for measuring the damping, the elastic modulus and the non-linear behavior of high strength low damping fiber materials such as para-aramids, silicon carbide (SiC) and carbon. The method is based on resonant response characterization of a spring-mass system excited by a sine-wave forcing term which is applied as a vertical force to the suspended mass. The damping is obtained from the measured resonance quality factor Q, the elasticity modulus is calculated from the resonance frequency, and the non-linear coefficient is obtained with the backbone approach from resonance profile variations as a function of the forcing term amplitude. It is argued that the method is very sensitive, to the point that a maximum excitation amplitude of the order of a few percent of resistance is sufficient to obtain an estimate of the non-linear coefficient. This claim is supported by experimental results. A testing machine is also discussed, which provides the necessary sensitivity at such small excitation amplitudes and the capability of evaluating very small damping values, as expected in high strength low damping fiber materials. The sensitivity is guaranteed by an optical position sensor with sub-micron resolution. To evaluate small damping values, particular care has been taken to ensure that energy dispersions in the generator are much smaller than energy dispersions in the fibers themselves. Examples of dynamic characterization are shown for para-aramid, silicon carbide, and carbon fibers.