Tri-hexagonal charge order in kagome metal CsV3Sb5 revealed by 121Sb nuclear quadrupole resonance

We report ¹²¹Sb nuclear quadrupole resonance(NQR)measurements on kagome superconductor CsV₃Sb₅ with Tc=2.5 K.¹²¹Sb NQR spectra split after a charge density wave(CDW)transition at 94 K,which demonstrates a commensurate CDW state.The coexistence of the high temperature phase and the CDW phase between 91 K and 94 K manifests that it is a first order phase transition.The CDW order exhibits tri-hexagonal deformation with a lateral shift between the adjacent kagome layers,which is consistent with 2×2×2 superlattice modulation.The superconducting state coexists with CDW order and shows a conventional s-wave behavior in the bulk state.     

Effect of Te doping on superconductivity and charge-density wave in dichalcogenides 2H-NbSe2-xTex （x = 0, 0.1, 0.2）

Single crystals of Te-doped dichalcogenides 2H-NbSe2-xTex （x ---- 0, 0.10, 0.20） were grown by vapour transport method. The effect of Te doping on the superconducting and charge-density wave （CDW） transitions has been investigated. The sharp decrease of residual resistance ratio, RRR = R（3OOK）/R（SK）, with increasing Te content was observed, indicating that the disorder in the conducting plane is induced by Te doping. Meanwhile the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, decreases monotonically with Te content. However, the CDW transition temperature, TCDW, shown by a small jump in the temperature dependence of the resistivity near 30 K, increases slightly. The results show that the suppression of superconductivity might be caused by the enhancement of CDW ordering. The disorder has little influence on the CDW ordering.     

Competition of charge-density waves and superconductivity in sulfur

A one-dimensional charge-density wave (CDW) instability is shown to be responsible for the formation of the incommensurate modulation of the atomic lattice in the high-pressure phase of sulfur. The coexistence of, and competition between, the CDW and the superconducting state leads to the previously observed increase of T{c} up to 17 K, which we attribute to the suppression of the CDW instability, the same phenomenology found in doped layered dichalcogenides.     

Multiband nodeless superconductivity near the charge-density-wave quantum critical point in ZrTe_(3-x)Se_x

It was found that selenium doping can suppress the charge-density-wave(CDW) order and induce bulk superconductivity in ZrTe_3. The observed superconducting dome suggests the existence of a CDW quantum critical point(QCP) in ZrTe_3-xSex near x ≈ 0.04. To elucidate the superconducting state near the CDW QCP, we measure the thermal conductivity of two ZrTe_(3-x)Se_x single crystals(x = 0.044 and 0.051) down to 80 m K. For both samples, the residual linear term κ_0/T at zero field is negligible, which is a clear evidence for nodeless superconducting gap. Furthermore, the field dependence of κ_0/T manifests a multigap behavior. These results demonstrate multiple nodeless superconducting gaps in ZrTe_(3-x)Se_x,which indicates conventional superconductivity despite of the existence of a CDW QCP.     

Pressure dependence of the charge-density-wave gap in rare-earth tritellurides

We investigate the pressure dependence of the optical properties of CeTe3, which exhibits an incommensurate charge-density-wave (CDW) state already at 300 K. Our data are collected in the midinfrared spectral range at room temperature and at pressures between 0 and 9 GPa. The energy for the single particle excitation across the CDW gap decreases upon increasing the applied pressure, similarly to the chemical pressure by rare-earth substitution. The broadening of the bands upon lattice compression removes the perfect nesting condition of the Fermi surface and therefore diminishes the impact of the CDW transition on the electronic properties of RTe3.     

S-Wave Superconductivity in Kagome Metal CsV_3Sb_5 Revealed by ~(121/123)Sb NQR and ~(51)V NMR Measurements

We report ~(121/123)Sb nuclear quadrupole resonance(NQR) and ~(51)V nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) measurements on kagome metal CsV_3 Sb_5 with T_c=2.5 K.Both ~(51)V NMR spectra and ~(121/123)Sb NQR spectra split after a charge density wave(CDW) transition,which demonstrates a commensurate CDW state.The coexistence of the high temperature phase and the CDW phase between 91 K and 94 K manifests that it is a first-order phase transition.At low temperature,electric-field-gradient fluctuations diminish and magnetic fluctuations become dominant.Superconductivity emerges in the charge order state.Knight shift decreases and 1/T_1T shows a Hebel-Slichter coherence peak just below T_c,indicating that CSV_3 Sb_5 is an s-wave superconductor.     

Emergence of Fermi pockets in a new excitonic charge-density-wave melted superconductor

A superconducting state (T(c) approximately 4.2 K) has very recently been observed upon successful doping of the charge-density-wave (CDW) ordered triangular lattice TiSe(2), with copper. Using state-of-the-art photoemission spectroscopy we identify, for the first time, momentum-space locations of doped electrons that form the Fermi sea of the superconductor. With doping, we find that kinematic nesting volume increases, whereas coherence of the CDW collective order sharply drops. In superconducting doping, as chemical potential rises, we observe the emergence of a large density of states in the form of a narrow electron pocket near the L point of the Brillouin zone with d-like character. The k-space spectral evolution directly demonstrates, for the first time, that the CDW order parameter microscopically competes with superconductivity in the same band.     

In-plane charge modulation below T(c) and charge-density-wave correlations in the chain layer in YBa2Cu3O7

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements have been performed on Cu(2) plane sites and Cu(1) chain sites in fully doped YBa2Cu3O7 between 300 and 4.2 K. The sharp increase of the Cu(1) NQR linewidth across the superconducting transition and the T dependence of the Cu(1) spin lattice relaxation rate confirm the existence of a charge-density-wave state (CDW) in the chains. The simultaneous broadening of the Cu(2) linewidth below T(c) and the anomalous T dependence of Cu(1) and Cu(2) NQR parameters indicate that these in-chain CDW correlations are strongly involved in the appearance of an in-plane charge modulated structure below T(c).     

Effects of radiation damage on the charge density wave transitions in NbSe3

We have measured the electrical resistivity of NbSe₃ samples which have been radiation damaged with 2.5 MeV protons up to a defect concentration of 0.5%. We find that, unlike substitutional impurities, the defects do not destroy the charge density wave (CDW) transitions and the samples do not go superconducting. The defects become more effective scatterers below the CDW transitions so that the defect resistivity is temperature dependent. The defects pin the CDWs randomly so that carriers in the unnested regions can be scattered by the CDW. This leads to an enhancement of the defect resistivity. The resistivity of the highly damaged samples is still increasing with decreasing temperatures to below 1 K.     

Charge-density-wave transitions in the local-moment magnet Er5Ir4Si10

We report the observation of a new type of charge-density wave (CDW) in the large magnetic-moment rare-earth intermetallic compound, Er5Ir4Si10, which then orders magnetically at low temperatures. Single crystal x-ray diffraction shows the development of a 1D incommensurate CDW at 155 K, which then locks into a purely commensurate state below 55 K. The well-localized Er3+ moments are antiferromagnetically ordered below 2.8 K. We observe very sharp anomalies in the specific heat at 145 and 2.8 K, signifying the bulk nature of these transitions. Our data suggest the coexistence of strongly coupled CDW with local-moment antiferromagnetism in Er5Ir4Si10.     

Charge-density-wave instabilities and quantum transport in the monophosphate tungsten bronzes with m = 5 alternate structure

Resistivity, thermoelectric power and magnetotransport measurements have been performed on single crystals of the quasi two-dimensional monophosphate tungsten bronzes (PO₂)₄(WO₃)_2m for m =5 with alternate structure, between 0.4 K and 500 K, in magnetic fields of up to 36 T. These compounds show one charge density instability (CDW) at 160 K and a possible second one at 30 K. Large positive magnetoresistance in the CDW state is observed. The anisotropic Shubnikov-de Haas and de Haas-van Alphen oscillations detected at low temperatures are attributed to the existence of small electron and hole pockets left by the CDW gap openings. Angular dependent magnetoresistance oscillations (AMRO) have been found at temperatures below 30 K. The results are discussed in terms of a weakly corrugated cylindrical Fermi surface. They are shown to be consistent with a change of the Fermi surface below 30 K. Received 23 November 1999 and Received in final form 23 March 2000     

Novel charge density wave transition in crystals of R5Ir4Si10

We review the observation of novel charge density wave (CDW) transitions in ternary R₅Ir₄Si₁₀ compounds. A high quality single crystal of Lu₅Ir₄Si₁₀ shows the formation of a commensurate CDW along c-axis below 80 K in the (h, 0, l) plane that coexists with BCS type superconductivity below 3.9 K. However, in a single crystal of Er₅Ir₄Si₁₀, one observes the development of a 1D-incommensurate CDW at 155 K, which then locks into a purely commensurate state below 55 K. The well-localized Er³ moments are antiferromagnetically ordered below 2.8 K which results in the coexistence of strongly coupled CDW with local moment antiferromagnetism in Er₅Ir₄Si₁₀. Unlike conventional CDW systems, extremely sharp transition (width ∼ 1.5 K) in all bulk properties along with huge heat capacity anomalies in these compounds makes this CDW transition an interesting one.     

Thermal expansion measurements of the quasi-one-dimensional conductor K0.30MoO3

The charge density wave (CDW) dynamics of the quasi-one-dimensional conductor K_0.30MoO₃ shows two different regimes depending on the temperature: a strongly damped CDW motion above ∼50 K and CDW motion with almost no damping below ∼50 K. In a search for a characterization of this CDW behaviour, we performed thermal expansion measurements on K_0.30MoO₃ single crystals in the temperature range 4-250 K. In addition to the anomaly observed at the Peierls transition at 180 K along the [102] direction, an anomaly is observed at ∼50 K along the [−201] and [102] directions. The results are discussed in relation with the change in the CDW rigidity at ∼50 K.     

Resistivity anisotropy and charge density wave in 2H - NbSe2 and 2H - TaSe2

The in-plane and out-of-plane resistivities of both 2H-TaSe₂ and 2H-NbSe₂ were determined down to 10 K. For both compounds, the resistivity anisotropy shows notably a slope change at temperatures where a CDW transition is expected to occur. On the other hand, for both compounds the resistivity anisotropy at the lowest temperature of measurement is much greater than expected by the Lawrence–Doniach model, which relates the critical magnetic field anisotropy to the normal state resistivity anisotropy for 3D-anisotropic superconductors.     

Phase slippage at the interface: normal metal/sliding charge-density wave

Phase slippage is required at the current electrodes of quasi-one-dimensional conductors with a charge density wave (CDW) ground state for the conversion from free to condensed carriers. We have performed at the ESRF high-resolution X-ray measurements of the spatially varying shift q(x) of the CDW satellite wave vector between current contacts on a thin NbSe₃ whisker in the sliding state. Applying direct currents, we observe at 90 K a steep exponential decrease of the shift within a few hundred microns from the contact. The CDW strain profile q(x) reflects the carrier conversion process, via nucleation and growth of phase-dislocation loops. Pulsed current measurements of the shift q show important differences between pulsed and dc current data, revealing a spatially dependent relaxational behaviour of the CDW strain. Using time-resolved high spatial resolution X-ray we observe at 300 μm from the electrode a stretched exponential-type decay of the shift q(t) upon switching off the current (T=75 K): q(t)=q₀[exp(−t/τ)^μ] with τ=23 ms and μ=0.36.     

The angular magnetothermoelectric power of a charge density wave system

The angular dependence of the magnetothermopower of a charge transfer organic salt α-(ET)(2)KHg(SCN)(4) below (4 K) and above (9 K) the phase transition temperature, T(p) = 8 K, and under fields of 15 T and 25 T, below and above the 'kinkfield', has been studied. We find that for a longitudinal thermoelectric measurement both an interlayer thermopower (the Seebeck effect), S(zz), and a transverse thermopower (the Nernst effect), S(yz), exist in all three different B-T phases (the CDW (0), CDW (x) and metallic states) with large amplitude. Both thermoelectric effects display a resonant-like behavior without a sign reversal at the angles corresponding to angular magnetoresistance oscillation minima and maxima in this compound. The resonant behavior is most evident in the CDW(0) state, indicating a mechanism involving the Fermi surface nesting. Angular dependences reveal different behaviors of the thermopower and Nernst effect in the high magnetic field (CDW(x)) state.     

Incommensurate magnetic order in TbTe3

We report a neutron diffraction study of the magnetic phase transitions in the charge-density wave (CDW) TbTe(3) compound. We discover that in the paramagnetic phase there are strong 2D-like magnetic correlations, consistent with the pronounced anisotropy of the chemical structure. A long-range incommensurate magnetic order emerges in TbTe(3) at T(mag1) = 5.78 K as a result of continuous phase transitions. We observe that near the temperature T(mag1) the magnetic Bragg peaks appear around the position (0, 0, 0.24) (or its rational multiples), that is fairly close to the propagation vector (0,0,0.29) associated with the CDW phase transition in TbTe(3). This suggests that correlations leading to the long-range magnetic order in TbTe(3) are linked to the modulations that occur in the CDW state.     

Electron spin resonance study of the LaIn(3-x)Sn(x) superconducting system

The LaIn(3-x)Sn(x) alloy system is composed of superconducting Pauli paramagnets. For LaIn3 the superconducting critical temperature T(c) is approximately 0.7 K and it shows an oscillatory dependence as a function of Sn substitution, presenting its highest value T(c) ≈ 6.4 K for the LaSn3 end member. The superconducting state of these materials was characterized as being of the conventional type. We report our results for Gd3+ electron spin resonance measurements in the LaIn(3-x)Sn(x) compounds as a function of x. We show that the effective exchange interaction parameter J(fs) between the Gd3+ 4f local moment and the s-like conduction electrons is almost unchanged by Sn substitution and observe microscopically that LaSn3 is a conventional superconductor.     

The phase diagram for coexisting d-wave superconductivity and charge-density waves: cuprates and beyond

Phase diagrams of d-wave superconductivity characterized by an order parameter Δ coexisting with charge-density waves (CDWs) characterized by an order parameter Σ were constructed for the two-dimensional Fermi surface (FS) appropriate to, e.g., cuprates. CDWs were considered as an origin of the pseudogap appearing at antinodal FS sections of the d(x2-y2) superconductor. Two types of the Σ-reentrance were found: with the temperature, T, and with the opening of the CDW sector, 2α. The angular plots in the momentum space for the resulting gap profile over the FS ('gap roses') were obtained. The gap patterns are rather involved, giving insight into the difficulties of the interpretation of photoemission spectra. It was shown that the Σ-Δ coexistence region exists even for the complete dielectric gapping due to the distinction between the superconducting and CDW order parameter symmetries. The checkerboard and unidirectional CDW configurations were examined, and both the phase diagrams and the behavior with T and α of the order parameters were found to differ. A more general case with a non-zero mismatch angle β between the superconducting lobes and the CDW sectors was analyzed, the case β = π/4 corresponding to the d(xy) symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. The phase diagrams were found to be sensitive to β-variations, showing that internal strains and external pressure can drastically affect the behavior of Σ(T) and Δ(T).