MRPC宇宙线测试及温度效应

建造了一套MRPC单元的宇宙线测试系统.在数据处理过程中实现对入射宇宙线的方向选择.实验结果表明:MRPC的时间分辨可以达到约84ps,对应的触发系统参考时间分辨可以达到约75ps.对MRPC的温度特性进行了研究,得到了一些初步结论.     

多隙阻性板室(MRPC)的性能和工作气体关系的模拟研究

多气隙阻性板室(MRPC)以其优良的时间分辨率在粒子物理实验中被用作飞行时间(TOF)探测器. 国际合作项目RHIC-STAR采用MRPC作TOF. 我们已成功地制作出30多个MRPC, 并安装在RHIC-STAR上. 通过模拟计算软件Magboltz,计算了MRPC常用工作气体的物理参数, 并根据气体探测器物理机制, 重点分析了MRPC性能与其工作气体之间的相互关系, 此分析对优化RPC与MRPC混合气体组分是有益的.     

MRPC探测不同带电粒子的输出信号与工作气体中dE/dx之间的关系

由28个多气隙电阻板室(MRPC)模块组成的探测阵列-STAR/TOFr, 在相对论重离子对撞机(RHIC)实验上获得了大量的数据. 利用质心能量62.4GeV Au+Au对撞的实验数据, 分析了MRPC探测不同带电粒子(K介子、π介子、质子等)时的输出信号与气体中的电离能损(dE/dx)之间的关系, 给出了MRPC的气体电离和雪崩放大一些新的实验结果. 为了进一步解释实验结果, 针对工作条件下MRPC输出信号的特点, 对MRPC的气体电离和雪崩过程进行Monte Carlo模拟, 深入探讨了影响MRPC输出信号幅度的原因.     

宇宙线探测系统的建立及阻抗板探测器的测试

在实验室内建立了一套宇宙线测试系统(CORTS)，并对一个大面积CMS RE1/2 RPC的完整样品进行了系统的测试. 结果为RPC的探测效率约85%，时间分辨率为0.87±0.08ns，空间分辨本领为1.5根读出条宽度，与CERN束流测试中得到的数据基本吻合. 对比表明采用宇宙线测试可以可靠地获得若干关键的RPC探测器性能指标.     

闪烁光纤量能器单元模型的宇宙线测试

介绍闪烁光纤量能器单元模型宇宙线测试采用的简易实验装置和测量步骤,以及实验数据的分析处理方法.对来自意大利KLOE的铅–光纤量能器单元模型进行了宇宙线测试,对实验数据进行了分析和修正,给出了该单元模型的时间分辨(252ps)和位置分辨(4.1cm)等参数.     

BESⅢ RPC宇宙线测试系统

北京谱仪(BESⅢ)采用阻性板室(Resistive Plate Chambers)作为其muon探测器, 总使用面积达1200m². 为保证探测器的质量, 每一块阻性板室都要求通过宇宙线测试. 宇宙线测试系统使用3个流光管室作为其触发和寻迹系统, 其空间分辨可达2—3mm, 覆盖面积约4m², 测试系统可同时测量8块RPCs. 最后, 还报道了RPC的初次测试结果.     

一个高时间分辨的多间隙电阻板室原型

研制了一种多气隙电阻板室原型并建立了相关的测试系统.利用宇宙线测试系统和欧洲核子中心的试验束装置T1?0对其性能进行了测试,给出了初步结果.时间分辨达到70ps,对最小电离粒子的探测效率大于95%.     

MRPC-TOF时间性能和刻度方法的研究

研制的由28个多气隙电阻板室(MRPC)模块构成飞行时间探测系统, 从2003年以来在RHIC-STAR实验上成功运行并获得了大量的实验数据. 为了深入了解MRPC实际运行中的性能,采用质心能量200GeV的Au-Au对撞的实验数据, 对MRPC-TOF的刻度方法进行了深入研究, 主要包括: (1) 对现有的刻度方法做了进一步的改进; (2) 对粒子入射角度等因素进行了修正; (3) STAR径迹重建的位置分辨率对MRPC时间分辨率影响. 用改进后的刻度和修正方法, 计算得到MRPC的本征时间分辨率为大约60ps, 与束流实验结果相近.     

Performance testing of a long-strip two-end readout multi-gap resistive plate chamber

Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber （MRPC） is a new generation of gas detector with good timing and spacial resolution, whose technique is widely applied in some recent high energy （nuclear） physics experiments. In this letter, we report a long-strip two-end readout MRPC and its test beam performance. The measurements show that the long-strip performs a transmission line characteristic and the impedance is independent of the length of strip. The MRPC module we developed is presented to gain a timing resolution of -80 ps and a spacial resolution of -6.4 mm. The possible application of the MRPC is also discussed.     

利用MC模拟研究MRPC性能

利用Monte Carlo方法模拟了多气隙电阻板室(MRPC)的气体雪崩和信号收集过程,通过模拟与实验数据的比较分析,研究了MRPC粒子探测效率和信号幅度等性能,并讨论了一些外部条件的影响.     

陶瓷真空室镀膜工艺改进及脉冲磁场时间特性测量

 介绍了合肥光源二期工程注入段陶瓷真空室的改进情况,采用新的镀膜技术,大大改善了脉冲磁场的延时特性,减少了储存环注入时的轨道扰动,提高了注入束流累积效速率。改进了原来的点线圈磁场测量方法,采用带有积分电路及抗干扰措施的双线圈测量装置测量了真空室内的脉冲磁场延时特性,使脉冲磁场延时误差测量的分辨率达到ns量级,给出了测量结果。     

激光全场模态测量技术研究

详细阐述了电子散斑时间平均法振动测量技术的原理,通过对影响测量精度的诸因素进行理论和实验分析,提出通过应用连续相位扫描技术克服相移系统相移不准确所带来的误差.通过散斑平均技术的实施,消除散斑对测量精度的影响.在实验中得到了满意的测量结果.通过线性近似法,解决了振幅低于30nm的振动测量问题,从而使系统分辨率达到亚纳米级,测量精度达到纳米级.     

Absolute, high resolution water transpiration rate measurements on single plant leaves via tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) at 1.37 μm

A new sampling-free and calibration-free multi-channel hygrometer using near infrared (NIR) tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) at 1.37 μm was developed and used to determine absolute transpiration rates of single plant leafs. Four 8×6× 4 cm³, fiber-coupled absorption cells are used to simultaneously measure absolute water vapor concentrations with an absolute accuracy of about 5% and a temporal resolution of about 2 s. Two chambers (BOTTOM, TOP) are directly attached to the leaf surface, while two chambers (IN, OUT) analyze the purge gas supplied to the plant leaf and the total outflow of the leaf chambers. The BOTTOM–TOP comparison provided a direct, leaf-side resolved ratio of stomatal conductance and–by taking into account the purge gas flow and the leaf area exposed–leaf side resolved water transpiration rates. The OUT–IN-difference yielded the total leaf transpiration rate with 2 μmol/m²/s resolution. The new multi-point hygrometer was validated by monitoring of the transpiration dynamics of a plant of the species Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. during diurnal variation of the leaf irradiation. During these experiments the differential H₂O concentration resolution between two chambers was determined to be better than 3 ppm at Δt= 2 s (i.e. better than 711 ppb m Hz^1/2). This performance was verified by an Allan analysis over a 30 min time period using CH₄ as a surrogate absorber and yielded an average optimum optical resolution of 4.9×10^-6 for 83 s measurement time, i.e. a CH₄ resolution of 892 ppb, which corresponds to the optical resolution needed for a water sensitivity of 454 ppb m Hz^1/2. PACS  07.57.Ty; 42.62.Fi; 42.62.Be; 42.55.Px; 82.80.Gk     

Specific features of electron avalanche in high gas multiplication mode

The results of studying an electron avalanche in narrow-gap wire chambers in the region of avalanche-to-streamer transition are described. The amplitude and temporal characteristics of the chambers in the high gas multiplication mode (≥10⁷) are given. Due to specific features of the electric field distribution in narrow-gap chambers and the application of a CF₄-based working gas, previously unknown processes taking place in a shower and more clearly reflecting the dynamics of avalanche development were discovered—electron velocity distribution, electrostatic oscillations of the avalanche as a whole, decrease in the anode signal duration, increase in the delay time of charge induction on the cathode by the avalanche development time, and, finally, varying shapes of the anode and cathode signal amplitude distributions. The observed processes can be explained if a completed avalanche is represented in the form of a double charged layer. The basis for such a representation is the specific features of a high-current avalanche mentioned above. The model under consideration is simple, provides answers to questions related to streamer formation and growth, and reflects the structure of an ionized channel and its stability mechanism.     

时幅转换技术及其在激光测距系统中的应用

简要介绍了时幅转换技术[1 ] 的原理、实现方法以及在激光测距系统中的应用。给出了实际时幅转换特性的试验数据及精度分析。利用时幅转换器测量时间的精度和分辨率可以分别达到几十皮秒和几皮秒的量级。将这一技术应用于传统的激光测距系统后 ,可以将测距精度和分辨率由原来的分米级分别提高到厘米级和毫米级。     

THE PERFORMANCE TEST OF 1m×1m DRIFT CHAMBERS WITH ON-LINE MICROCOMPUTER

The performance of a 1m×1m drift chamber system have been measured with on-line microcomputer using comic rays. The time resolution is 4.26 ns. The spatial resolution is 132 μm and the efficiency is above 96%. The experimental set-up include five 1m×1m adjustable field drift chambers, scintillation counter trigger system, readout electronics and a TRS-80 microcomputer. The data acquisition and processing have been done with on-line microcomputer and off-line data analysis.     

Estimation of the action of lunisolar tides on the electric field in the atmospheric surface layer

The average amplitude of the vertical electric field strength in the atmospheric surface layer at the frequencies of lunisolar tides has been estimated. The special feature of the problem of estimation of the amplitude E_z at the frequencies of tides is related to the necessity of using a long time series of experimental data which is related to the frequency range of tidal variations and to the necessary frequency resolution. The signal amplitude at the frequencies of tides has been estimated by using the radio engineering method of quadrature correlation receiver. Experimental data on the electric field in the atmospheric surface layer over the range of lunisolar tides obtained at different stations of Hydrometeorological Service have been analyzed. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 69–73, August, 2007.     

In vivo measurement of retinal physiology with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography

Noninvasive in vivo functional optical imaging of the intact retina is demonstrated by using high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). Imaging was performed with 2.8 microm resolution at a rate of 24,000 axial scans per second. A white-light stimulus was applied to the dark-adapted rat retina, and the average reflectivities from different intraretinal layers were monitored as a function of time. A 10%-15% increase in the average amplitude reflectance of the photoreceptor outer segments was observed in response to the stimulus. The spatial distribution of the change in the OCT signal is consistent with an increase in backscatter from the photoreceptor outer segments. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo demonstration of OCT functional imaging in the intact retina.     

X射线光谱数据处理平台的优化设计

在低计数率背景下X射线谱的高精度测量受X射线流的统计涨落影响,统计涨落决定了给定探测器能量分辨率的理论极限,而其他因素的影响则可以通过适当的噪声滤除和电子技术来降低。以往关于能量分辨率的研究大多利用谱反卷积对获取到的能谱进行后处理,从而降低特征峰的半高宽（FWHM）。这些后处理方法是基于将获取到的能谱建模为输入能谱和探测器响应函数这两个随机变量的函数,往往计算量极大,执行效率低。针对上述问题,提出一种多脉冲局部平均(MPLA)算法对X射线光谱数据处理平台进行优化,MPLA算法是一种在线实时处理的谱获取方法,该方法在动态窗口内对脉冲幅度值进行了平均。MPLA算法涉及两项可变参数,一是平均窗口的大小r,另一项参数则是每一次平均的脉冲幅度数量n。该算法的执行流程包含以下几个步骤,首先读取第一个脉冲幅度并定位一个平均窗口,读取成功后更新当前平均窗口的脉冲幅度和脉冲个数;第二步,读取下一个脉冲幅度,每次更新后即对平均窗口内的脉冲个数进行判断,当其小于预设的参数n时继续执行第三步,反之则执行第四步;第三步,继续读取下一个脉冲幅度;第四步,对相应平均窗口内的脉冲幅度进行平均,得出的平均数即为需要更新计数的道址,然后再对取平均值的窗口内脉冲幅度和脉冲个数进行清零。本文在理论推导部分研究了应用MPLA过程时原始概率密度函数(PDF)的转换,推导了应用MPLA后得到的概率密度函数的解析表达式,证明了MPLA概率密度转换后具有以下特征：（1）对称分布,MPLA保留了均值和对称性。（2）对于单峰对称分布,MPLA减少方差,锐化分布峰。在实验环节中,以铁矿样品为测量对象,将采用MPLA算法处理后的结果与传统的成谱方法得到的结果进行对比,结果表明在具有正态分布PDF的频谱峰值的典型情况下,即使仅对两个脉冲高度进行平均,变换后峰的FWHM也变窄。     

Photonic RF frequency measurement combining SSB-SC modulation and birefringence

A new technique to instantaneously measure microwave frequency and amplitude is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The architecture described is based on a single sideband modulation with suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) and the measurement of the Stokes parameters at the output of a birefringent medium. The results show errors below 50 MHz in the 59% of measurements carried out in a range from 1 to 11 GHz and an average power error of 0.34 dB. The technique shows the potential to increase the resolution and the range by increasing the differential time delay of the birefringent medium.