Classification of quantum phases and topology of logical operators in an exactly solved model of quantum codes

Searches for possible new quantum phases and classifications of quantum phases have been central problems in physics. Yet, they are indeed challenging problems due to the computational difficulties in analyzing quantum many-body systems and the lack of a general framework for classifications. While frustration-free Hamiltonians, which appear as fixed point Hamiltonians of renormalization group transformations, may serve as representatives of quantum phases, it is still difficult to analyze and classify quantum phases of arbitrary frustration-free Hamiltonians exhaustively. Here, we address these problems by sharpening our considerations to a certain subclass of frustration-free Hamiltonians, called stabilizer Hamiltonians, which have been actively studied in quantum information science. We propose a model of frustration-free Hamiltonians which covers a large class of physically realistic stabilizer Hamiltonians, constrained to only three physical conditions; the locality of interaction terms, translation symmetries and scale symmetries, meaning that the number of ground states does not grow with the system size. We show that quantum phases arising in two-dimensional models can be classified exactly through certain quantum coding theoretical operators, called logical operators, by proving that two models with topologically distinct shapes of logical operators are always separated by quantum phase transitions.     

Hamilton系统Noether理论的新型逆问题

研究Hamilton系统Noether理论新型的逆问题,得到利用Noether理论从已知的第一积分构建Hamilton函数和对称性的一般解法和若干特殊解法,提出由Hamilton函数直接导出守恒量的两条推论.举例说明所得结果的应用.     

Parametric interactions and scattering

We show how a variety of parametric Hamiltonians arise by a limiting procedure applied to a time-independent Hamiltonian. We then study one such Hamiltonian, that for a parametric frequency converter, in detail and find its associated Raman scattering matrix.     

Complex wave-interference phenomena: From the atomic nucleus to mesoscopic systems to microwave cavities

Universal statistical aspects of wave scattering by a variety of physical systems ranging from atomic nuclei to mesoscopic systems and microwave cavities are described. A statistical model for the scattering matrix is employed to address the problem of quantum chaotic scattering. The model, introduced in the past in the context of nuclear physics, discusses the problem in terms of a prompt and an equilibrated component: it incorporates the average value of the scattering matrix to account for the prompt processes and satisfies the requirements of flux conservation, causality and ergodicity. The main application of the model is the analysis of electronic transport through ballistic mesoscopic cavities: it describes well the results from the numerical solutions of the Schrödinger equation for two-dimensional cavities.     

Scattering in graphene with impurities: A low energy effective theory

We analyze the scattering sector of the Hamiltonians for both gapless and gapped graphene in the presence of a charge impurity using the 2D Dirac equation, which is applicable in the long wavelength limit. We show that for certain range of the system parameters, the combined effect of the short range interactions due to the charge impurity can be modelled using a single real parameter appearing in the boundary conditions. The phase shifts and the scattering matrix depend explicitly on this parameter. We argue that this parameter for graphene can be fixed empirically, through measurements of observables that depend on the scattering data.     

共轭线性对称性及其对PT-对称量子理论的应用

传统量子系统的哈密顿是自伴算子,哈密顿的自伴性不仅保证系统遵循酉演化和保持概率守恒,而且也保证了它自身具有实的能量本征值,这类系统称为自伴量子系统.然而,确实存在一些物理系统(如PT-对称量子系统),其哈密顿不是自伴的,这类系统称为非自伴量子系统.为了深入研究PT-对称量子系统,并考虑到算子PT的共轭线性性,首先讨论了共轭线性算子的一些性质,包括它们的矩阵表示和谱结构等;其次,分别研究了具有共轭线性对称性和完整共轭线性对称性的线性算子,通过它们的矩阵表示,给出了共轭线性对称性和完整共轭线性对称性的等价刻画;作为应用,得到了关于PT-对称及完整PT-对称算子的一些有趣性质,并通过一些具体例子,说明了完整PT-对称性对张量积运算不具有封闭性,同时说明了完整PT-对称性既不是哈密顿算子在某个正定内积下自伴的充分条件,也不是必要条件.     

Adiabatic curvature and theS-matrix

We study the relation of the adiabatic curvature associated to scattering states and the scattering matrix. We show that the curvature of the scattering states is not determined by the scattering data alone. However, for certain tight binding Hamiltonians, the Chern numbers are determined by theS-matrix and are given explicitly in terms of integrals of certain odd-dimensional forms constructed from the scattering data. Two examples, which are the natural scattering analogs of Berry's spin 1/2 magnetic Hamiltonian and its quadrupole generalization, serve to motivate the questions and to illustrate the results.Research supported in part by an NSF Mathematical Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship and Texas ARP Grant 003658-037Research supported in part by GIF, DFG and the Fund for Promotion of Research at the Technion     

Information storage capacity of discrete spin systems

Understanding the limits imposed on information storage capacity of physical systems is a problem of fundamental and practical importance which bridges physics and information science. There is a well-known upper bound on the amount of information that can be stored reliably in a given volume of discrete spin systems which are supported by gapped local Hamiltonians. However, all the previously known systems were far below this theoretical bound, and it remained open whether there exists a gapped spin system that saturates this bound. Here, we present a construction of spin systems which saturate this theoretical limit asymptotically by borrowing an idea from fractal properties arising in the Sierpinski triangle. Our construction provides not only the best classical error-correcting code which is physically realizable as the energy ground space of gapped frustration-free Hamiltonians, but also a new research avenue for correlated spin phases with fractal spin configurations.     

On the Aharonov–Bohm Hamiltonian

Using the theory of self-adjoint extensions, we construct all the possible Hamiltonians describing the nonrelativistic Aharonov–Bohm effect. In general, the resulting Hamiltonians are not rotationally invariant so that the angular momentum is not a constant of motion. Using an explicit formula for the resolvent, we describe the spectrum and compute the generalized eigenfunctions and the scattering amplitude.     

Local density approximation in site-occupation embedding theory

ABSTRACT

Site-occupation embedding theory (SOET) is a density functional theory (DFT)-based method which aims at modelling strongly correlated electrons. It is in principle exact and applicable to model and quantum chemical Hamiltonians. The theory is presented here for the Hubbard Hamiltonian. In contrast to conventional DFT approaches, the site (or orbital) occupations are deduced in SOET from a partially interacting system consisting of one (or more) impurity site(s) and non-interacting bath sites. The correlation energy of the bath is then treated implicitly by means of a site-occupation functional. In this work, we propose a simple impurity-occupation functional approximation based on the two-level (2L) Hubbard model which is referred to as two-level impurity local density approximation (2L-ILDA). Results obtained on a prototypical uniform eight-site Hubbard ring are promising. The extension of the method to larger systems and more sophisticated model Hamiltonians is currently in progress.     

The Resonance Phenomena Associated with the Time Asymmetry in Non-Hermitian Quantum Mechanics

Resonances are defined as the poles of the scattering matrix. The poles are associated with the complex eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian which are embedded in the lower half of the complex plane. The asymptotes of the corresponding eigenfunctions are exponentially diverged. Therefore, the resonance eigenfunctions are not embedded in the Hermitian domain of the Hamiltonian. The time asymmetric problem is discussed for these types of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians and several solutions of this problem are proposed.     

Scattering Matrices in Many-Body Scattering

In this paper we show that generalized eigenfunctions of many-body Hamiltonians H with short-range two-body interactions have distributional asymptotics at non-threshold channels. The leading terms of the asymptotics can be used to define a scattering matrix, and we show that this is the same (up to normalization) as that arising from the standard wave-operator approach. We also prove the existence of local distributional asymptotics for locally approximate generalized eigenfunctions in the more general setting of short range perturbations of a scattering metric, defined by Melrose in [13]. Received: 29 October 1997 / Accepted: 19 June 1998     

Feasibility of self-correcting quantum memory and thermal stability of topological order

Recently, it has become apparent that the thermal stability of topologically ordered systems at finite temperature, as discussed in condensed matter physics, can be studied by addressing the feasibility of self-correcting quantum memory, as discussed in quantum information science. Here, with this correspondence in mind, we propose a model of quantum codes that may cover a large class of physically realizable quantum memory. The model is supported by a certain class of gapped spin Hamiltonians, called stabilizer Hamiltonians, with translation symmetries and a small number of ground states that does not grow with the system size. We show that the model does not work as self-correcting quantum memory due to a certain topological constraint on geometric shapes of its logical operators. This quantum coding theoretical result implies that systems covered or approximated by the model cannot have thermally stable topological order, meaning that systems cannot be stable against both thermal fluctuations and local perturbations simultaneously in two and three spatial dimensions.     

Resonance scattering and singularities of the scattering function

Recent studies of transport phenomena with complex potentials are explained by generic square root singularities of spectrum and eigenfunctions of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Using a two channel problem we demonstrate that such singularities produce a significant effect upon the pole behaviour of the scattering matrix, and more significantly upon the associated residues. This mechanism explains why by proper choice of the system parameters the resonance cross section is increased drastically in one channel and suppressed in the other channel.     

Polynomial supersymmetry for matrix Hamiltonians

We study intertwining relations for matrix non-Hermitian Hamiltonians by matrix differential operators of arbitrary order. It is established that for any intertwining operator of minimal order there is operator that intertwines the same Hamiltonians in the opposite direction and such that the products of these operators are identical polynomials of the corresponding Hamiltonians. The related polynomial algebra of supersymmetry is constructed. The problems of minimization and reducibility of a matrix intertwining operator are considered and the criteria of minimizability and reducibility are presented. It is shown that there are absolutely irreducible matrix intertwining operators, in contrast to the scalar case.     

Detection of avoided crossings by fidelity

The fidelity, defined as overlap of eigenstates of two slightly different Hamiltonians, is proposed as an efficient detector of avoided crossings in the energy spectrum. This new application of fidelity is motivated for model systems, and its value for analyzing complex quantum spectra is underlined by applying it to a random matrix model and a tilted Bose-Hubbard system.     

Twisted injectivity in projected entangled pair states and the classification of quantum phases

We introduce a class of projected entangled pair states (PEPS) which is based on a group symmetry twisted by a 3-cocycle of the group. This twisted symmetry is expressed as a matrix product operator (MPO) with bond dimension greater than 1 and acts on the virtual boundary of a PEPS tensor. We show that it gives rise to a new standard form for PEPS from which we construct a family of local Hamiltonians which are gapped, frustration-free and include fixed points of the renormalization group flow. Based on this insight, we advance the classification of 2D gapped quantum spin systems by showing how this new standard form for PEPS determines the emergent topological order of these local Hamiltonians. Specifically, we identify their universality class as Dijkgraaf–Witten topological quantum field theory (TQFT).     

Complex Scaling Method for Three- and Four-Body Scattering Above the Break-up Thresholds

A formalism based on the complex-scaling method is presented to solve the few particle scattering problem in configuration space using bound state techniques with trivial boundary conditions. Several applications to A = 3,4 systems are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the method in computing elastic as well as break-up reactions with Hamiltonians including both short and long-range interaction.     

Gamow Vectors for Resonances: A Lax-Phillips Point of View

Results from the Lax-Phillips Scattering Theory are used to analyze quantum mechanical scattering systems, in particular to obtain spectral properties of their resonances which are defined to be the poles of the scattering matrix. For this approach the interplay between the positive energy projection and the Hardy-space projections is decisive. Among other things it turns out that the spectral properties of these poles can be described by the (discrete) eigenvalue spectrum of a so-called truncated evolution, whose eigenvectors can be considered as the Gamow vectors corresponding to these poles. Further an expansion theorem of the positive Hardy-space part of vectors Sg (S scattering operator) into a series of Gamow vectors is presented.     

一维量子子自自旋链中拓扑有序态的物理描述

一维量子多体系统是凝聚态物理学中的重要研究方向之一,其中的新奇量子物态则是重要的研究课题。本文我们首先简要回顾一维量子整数自旋链体系的相关研究背景,然后提出一类SO(n)对称的严格可解量子自旋链模型及其矩阵乘积基态。当奇数n≥3时,体系的基态为Haldane相。利用这类态中隐藏的稀薄反铁磁序,我们找到了刻画这类态的非局域弦序参量,并在隐藏拓扑对称性的统一框架下解释了稀薄反铁磁序以及边缘态等奇特现象的起源。当偶数n≥4时,体系的基态为二聚化态。这些态属于破缺平移对称性的非Haldane相,但同样具有隐藏的反铁磁序。通过这些严格解的研究,我们还得到了一维SO(n)对称的双线性–双二次模型的基态相图,并发现在n≥5时,一维SO(n)对称的反铁磁海森堡模型的基态处于二聚化相中。基于以上这些结果,我们推广构造了一维平移不变且包含李群G对称性的Valence BondState(VBS)态,并利用其矩阵乘积表示讨论了对应哈密顿量的构造方法。对于自旋为S的量子整数自旋链,我们研究了两类具有不同拓扑属性的VBS类,前一类VBS态的边缘态处于SU(2)自旋J的不可约表示,后一类VBS态的边缘态为SO(2S+1)旋量。在前一类态中,我们以自旋为1的费米型VBS态为例构造了对应的哈密顿量。对后一类态,我们证明了它们等价于SO(2S+1)矩阵乘积态,从而揭示了呈展对称性的起源和边缘态的性质。我们还推广了SO(5)对称的玻色型和费米型VBS态,并探讨了它们的拓扑刻画方式。