RDF流化床燃烧过程NOx生成比较研究

随着中国经济的迅速发展和城市化进程的加快,由此带来的负作用凸现：各种资源的消耗不断增加;同时这种传统的高消耗、低产出、高污染的经济发展带来的环境污染也非常严重。据不完全统计,2003年中国城市生活垃圾总量为1．9亿t,并以每年8％～10％的速度递增,对垃圾进行简单填埋、焚烧不但污染土壤和地下水,     

环境样品分析

本文是"分析试验室"定期评述"环境样品分析"的第9篇综述。它全面评述了2006年1月至2007年12月间我国环境样品分析方面的进展,主要内容包括:概述,大气、水体、土壤和沉积物、生物样品、城市污泥、垃圾堆肥和垃圾渗滤液分析等。引用参考文献990篇。     

ICP-MS测定城市污泥中Cd和Pb的研究

近年来随着城市污水处理率不断提高,污水处理过程中的副产品污泥产量也快速增加.污泥中污染物的浓度直接关系到污泥的最终处置的选择,而与土壤、沉积物等相比,城市污泥成分很复杂,其含有的丰富有机质为其预处理增加了难度.如何快速有效地监测污泥中重金属元素的含量尚待进一步研究.本文研究利用ICP-MS测定城市污泥中重金属元素Cd、Pb.     

国际社会关注汞排放

来自世界各地的约150名专家于2002年9月9日在瑞士开会,讨论如何减少全球汞的排放量。会议主办单位是联合国环境规划署。会上,该署的专家列举了几条汞污染环境的途径:汞与其它废弃物进入垃圾填埋场后,慢慢渗入土中,有的汞进入地下水,并随之进入湖泊、河流和大海;有的汞随普通垃圾到焚烧炉后,经燃烧进入大气环境;此外,火山、岩石和土壤等自然环境中也储藏着一定量的汞。 因为汞有良好的导热性,一直以来人们将其广泛用于电     

环境样品分析

本文是"分析试验室"定期评述"环境样品分析"的第10篇综述。评述了2008年1月至2009年12月间环境样品分析各个方面的进展,主要内容包括:概述,大气、水体、土壤和沉积物、生物样品分析,城市污泥、垃圾堆肥和垃圾渗滤液分析,质量控制、质量保证及不确定度等。引用参考文献1607篇。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蚯蚓中铜、锌、镉和铅

随着工业生产的发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,城市垃圾处理场的重金属含量越来越高。部分重金属通过大气和水进入土壤,由于污染给生物和人类带来危害。大型土壤动物-蚯蚓,是土壤污染中敏感的指示动物,受到国内外学者的重视。因此,通过对蚯蚓的监测来评价土壤的污染程度是常用的方法之一。本法将蚯蚓洗净泥沙,置黑暗处饥饿养殖3天,待其基本排尽粪便,经烘干研磨制成粉,经硝酸-高氯酸消解后,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其中的铜锌镉铅含量。方法简便、快速,相对标准偏差为0．5％～3．7％,加标回收率为94．0％～106．0％,获得满意的结果。     

生态水泥

介绍了生态水泥的新概念,并对城市垃圾、污泥等废弃物的处理现状、生态水泥的生产工艺和国内外生态水泥的现状进行了论述.用城市垃圾和污泥来生产生态水泥拓宽了原材料来源,减少了天然资源的消耗,降低了水泥生产的成本,是一条很有前途的、有利于水泥工业可持续发展的途径.     

成都城区近地表大气尘源解析研究

运用因子分析法对成都城区近地表大气尘(NGD)的来源进行了解析,得到的主要排放源有:建筑尘、冶金尘、植物焚烧尘、煤烟尘(含土壤尘)、交通尾气尘、颜料涂料排放尘和城市垃圾尘。运用受体模型的化学质量平衡法对成都城区NGD的来源进行了解析,各排放源的贡献率分别是:土壤尘11.4%,建筑尘12.4%,煤烟尘5.8%,冶金尘11.2%,城市综合尘59.3%。     

成都市近地表大气尘元素地球化学分区研究

将成都市近地表大气尘通过多元统计的方法进行功能分区,可分为商业和居民生活区、三环路环带区域、东郊工业区、黄田坝和琉璃场工业区4个区域。源解析结果显示,商业和居民生活区的主要污染源是交通扬尘和城市生活垃圾尘;三环路环带区域近地表大气尘尘源是土壤风沙、燃煤、燃油和冶金;东郊的主要尘源是冶金和燃煤;黄田坝和琉璃场工业区近地表大气尘的主要排放源是冶金尘、污水和土壤。     

模化城市生活垃圾衍生燃料制备及热解特性的研究

为保证城市固体废弃物（MSW）或垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）研究过程中所用样品的典型性和可重复性,首先根据我国城市生活垃圾的典型组成人工配制了垃圾衍生燃料（aRDF）,分析了aRDF的组成,采用热重 傅立叶变换红外光谱(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究了aRDF的热解特性,并采用差减微商法计算了热解动力学参数。结果表明,aRDF体现了我国MSW构成的主要特点,且与实际焚烧等过程的垃圾原料更为接近;aRDF在低温热解过程中,氯的释放与芳族化合物的产生处于不同的温度区间,并且缓慢的升温速度加大了HCl和芳族化合物释放的温度区间差异。这为避免高温下HCl对设备的腐蚀、减少甚至消除PCDD/Fs的形成提供了可能。aRDF的热解反应为一级反应,其活化能在64.6 kJ/mol～136kJ/mol的范围内变化。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。