非线性断裂模式下冻土复合型破坏的数值计算

冻土是多相复合材料,其内部含有很多孔洞,裂隙等缺隙,它的断裂破坏过程像岩石及混凝土等准脆性材料一样具有明显的非线性特征.本文提出了一种胶结力裂纹模型来模拟冻土的断裂破坏过程.这种模型基于在裂纹尖端插入非线性界面元来模拟微裂纹区的胶结力(使裂纹闭合的力),裂纹扩展判据采用最大应变能释放率准则,同时编制程序对冻土Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合...     

准脆性材料断裂过程区中的圆饼微裂纹损伤计算

准脆性工程材料及结构在外力作用下,不仅引起内部缺陷变化和微裂纹的出现及发展,且使得其结构承载能力降低或性能劣化．在其材料失效过程中常存在裂缝与断裂损伤过程区．为研究材料细观缺陷或微裂纹与宏观破坏的规律,通过细观力学方法,对于代表性体积单元RVE中的圆饼型微裂纹的尺寸与密度变化,探讨其宏观断裂过程区力学参量与损伤之间的量化关系．借助宏观断裂过程区的黏聚裂纹模型,将损伤单元RVE嵌入到宏观裂缝端部的断裂过程区中,对其进行联接细观损伤到宏观破坏的力学多尺度研究．文中也通过实验数据,对其理论计算结果进行了算例的讨论与分析．     

混凝土断裂过程及尺寸效应分析

为研究混凝土裂纹断裂过程和最大承载力计算方法,通过实验机对四种不同尺寸混凝土紧凑拉伸断裂试件进行了加载过程实验,并对其中一个试件进行应变片跟踪测试.由实验结果分析得到了一系列关系曲线,如试件的载荷-加载点位移关系曲线,断裂损伤区变形随载荷变化曲线;并且计算了不同尺寸断裂试件的应力强度因子.结合计算粘聚裂纹应力强度因子的公式与断裂准则,完成了对承载力理论值的计算,并将其与实验峰值平均值进行对比,其结果是两者相比误差较小,表明此种计算裂纹结构最大承载力方法是可行的.     

一种固体推进剂破坏的细观实验研究

固体推进剂是一种颗粒填充高能聚合物,其破坏时所表现出的一些行为和金属的破坏相比,有明显不同之处。本文利用扫描电镜,给出了受载情况下固体推进剂试件的损伤发展以及裂纹扩展过程。结果表明,损伤的发展过程也就是微裂纹区扩展及微裂纹密度加大的过程,而裂纹扩展过程中的慢速扩展和亚临界扩展的最大区别则是其裂尖损伤区范围不同,同时也表明,裂纹尖端和边缘的微裂纹损伤区尺寸已不容忽略。     

动载作用下复合型裂纹扩展的近场动力学模拟

构建改进的非局部近场动力学模型和粒子系统动力加载算法,开展复合型裂纹动力扩展过程模拟。在常规近场动力学微极模型中引入能反映非局部长程力尺寸效应的核函数修正项,以提高计算精度和收敛稳定性。通过模拟动载作用下含复合型裂纹混凝土三点弯梁的裂纹扩展与破坏过程并与试验结果对比,验证了本文模型和算法的可靠性。在此基础上,通过分组模拟分析了动载作用下,初始裂纹的位置、长度和方向对含复合型裂纹三点弯梁破坏模式、起裂时间与承载能力的影响规律。     

随机分布共线微裂纹的强相互作用

微裂纹串接为宏观灾难性裂纹的过程取决于相邻微裂纹的强相互作用。微裂纹的分布规律影响材料的强度和韧性。本文研究简单的共线微裂纹构型，确定由于微裂纹长度和韧度尺寸的统计分布所产生的影响。研究结果预计了脆性材料的尺度效应，即对于相同密度的微裂纹分布，大尺寸构件的强度比小尺寸构件要低。计算还表明脆性体的强度随微裂纹分布函数标准方差的增加而减小。     

三维编织复合材料渐进损伤的非线性模型及强度分析

建立了考虑周期性位移边界条件的细观体胞模型,对三维编织复合材料的渐进损伤过程进行数值模拟。采用Eshelby-Mori—Tanaka方法计算含损伤裂纹的材料的剐度矩阵,并将有限元网格尺寸和单元裂纹尺寸引入损伤演化方程,有效地降低了模拟结果对有限元网格的依赖程度。通过计算得到了材料应力应变的非线性关系和失效时的极限强度,并分析了材料的破坏机理。结果表明,大编织角材料的破坏模式主要是基体失效与纤维横向拉剪破坏,模拟计算结果与文献中的实验值吻合较好。     

非共面双裂纹扩展相互作用的试验及模拟

对非共面双裂纹进行了疲劳试验,分析认为其裂纹扩展属于三型复合型裂纹;建立了双裂纹结构有限元模型,通过计算裂纹前端应力强度因子并结合复合型裂纹的扩展特性及断裂准则,对裂纹相对尺寸、相对位置对其扩展的影响以进行了研究。结果表明:当偏移距离与较长裂纹尺寸的比值大于较短裂纹尺寸与较长裂纹尺寸的比值时,裂纹间相互作用较小,对疲劳寿命几乎没有影响;反之裂纹间相互作用较大,将会减少疲劳寿命。     

无限冰介质中爆炸裂纹扩展机理与数值模拟

根据冰体力学性能,提出了无限淡水冰介质在爆炸冲击载荷下的压碎区及裂隙区的理论计算方法.利用大型有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟了爆炸载荷下无限区域冰体内裂纹扩展过程,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,表明采用的损伤断裂模型能够较准确的反映无限冰介质动态力学性能及裂纹成形过程.数值模型可近似计算冰体中裂隙区的半径.数值计算值与理论计算值误差不超过5%,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合,从而确定了无限区域冰体在-15℃时的基本破坏特征及范围.     

动载荷作用下微裂纹的增韧分析

在实验研究的基础上，将细观统计力学应用于材料的动态增韧分析中，探索性的研究了在动态载荷作用下微裂纹的增韧机理，并进行了相应的有限元分析计算，得出在动载荷作用下，微裂纹增韧主要表现在微裂纹的快速成核。如果要提高材料在动态情况下的增韧幅值，必须提高增韧颗粒的特征尺寸。     

利用无网格方法分析斜拉破坏钢筋混凝土梁

从传统的混凝土分离裂缝模型和弥散裂缝模型出发，使用不同的模型模拟不同发展阶段的混凝土裂缝，并利用无网格方法可以灵活布置节点和边界的优点，使分离裂缝模型的使用得到很大的简化。通过在宏观裂缝表面布置基于试验结果的混凝土与混凝土界面单元，正确地模拟了裂缝表面抗剪能力的变化。算例表明，使用本文方法可以准确模拟斜拉破坏混凝土梁的破坏过程，且精度和数值稳定性要高于传统的有限元弥散裂缝方法。     

Simulation of crack spacing using a reinforced concrete model with an internal length parameter

Summary A gradient-enhanced smeared crack model and bond-slip interface elements are utilized in finite element simulations of reinforced concrete. The crack model is rooted in an enhanced plasticity theory. It uses the Rankine failure surface dependent on an equivalent inelastic strain measure as well as on its Laplacian. As a result, finitely sized fracture process zones and realistic crack spacings are obtained. A reinforced concrete bar in uniaxial tension is analyzed to demonstrate the regularizing influence of the internal length parameter in the model and to evaluate the influence of the model parameters on the energy dissipation in multiple cracks. A comparison of numerical simulations with experimental results for a beam without shear reinforcement in four-point bending concludes the analysis. Received 4 November 1997; accepted for publication 23 April 1998     

ADVANCES IN RESEARCH OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES IN UNCONSOLIDATED SANDS

疏松砂岩水力压裂裂缝的典型特征是大量分支缝、微裂缝和一定钝度的裂缝尖端及剪切带的形成等. 主要通过对相关文献的调研,分析了剪切作用、拉伸作用等对裂缝形态特征（起裂、转向、延伸）等力学行为所产生的影响,通过针对一些疏松砂岩的压裂实验研究发现,其滤失过程主要受到缝尖区域的影响,而且滤失一般发生在裂缝扩展之前. 裂缝缝尖周围的局部应力往往是影响裂缝起裂和裂缝开度的主导参数,裂缝的形态特征则是应力、渗透率、流态等综合作用的结果,对疏松砂岩裂缝形态特征的形成做了进一步的解释.     

考虑混凝土塑性耗散的CDM-XFEM裂缝计算方法

混凝土结构在服役期间受外界载荷的影响容易产生裂缝, 导致结构刚度降低、构件承载性能衰退, 而采用准确的计算方法预测混凝土裂缝的发展是治理裂缝的基本前提, 也是保障结构安全的重要手段. 连续损伤力学方法(continuou damage method, CDM)能够描述微裂缝的扩展过程, 但不能表示离散的开裂面, 且存在网格诱导偏差及虚假应力传递的弊端, 扩展有限单元法(mechanics-extended finite element method, XFEM)能够描述宏观裂纹的扩展过程, 但不能反映微裂缝的动态扩展, 两者计算出的裂纹分布与实际差异均较大. 现有的CDM-XFEM方法已经能够模拟混凝土微裂缝及宏观裂缝发展的整个过程, 但忽略了宏观裂缝出现时混凝土产生的塑性应变, CDM与XFEM的能量转化过程欠缺平衡性. 因此, 本文重点考虑能量转化时的塑性耗散, 选取指数型函数为粘结裂缝的牵引-分离模式, 基于能量及应力等效的条件重新构建了CDM与XFEM之间的能量转化方程. 采用广义逆最小二乘法求解能量转化系数, 确定能量转化时的临界位移, 并给出了裂缝面水平集的更新算法及整体计算方法的程序流程. 以双切口混凝土受剪拉开裂试验为例, 采用多种裂缝计算方法与试验进行了对比. 结果表明, 采用考虑混凝土塑性耗散的CDM-XFEM方法算出的裂缝分布及拉力-张开位移曲线与试验结果差异最小, 说明采用考虑混凝土塑性耗散的CDM-XFEM计算方法能够更好地计算混凝土裂缝.      

深部岩体损伤对分区破裂化效应的影响

深部岩体是一种具有初始损伤的非连续介质,其内部存在着大量节理和裂隙。深部岩体分区破裂化效应与节理、裂隙的扩展、连接和汇合密切相关。由于节理、裂隙的扩展、连接和汇合可能会导致深部岩体的内部空间由欧氏几何空间向非欧几何空间转化。本文利用损伤变量表示含节理和裂隙岩体的损伤,根据非欧几何模型,获得了静水压力和非静水压力情况下深部圆形洞室损伤围岩的应力场,确定了损伤变量对圆形洞室围岩的应力场和分区破裂化效应的影响。采用Hoek-Brown准则,获得了静水压力和非静水压力情况下损伤围岩的破裂区与非破裂区的分布规律。本文的研究结果为理解深部岩体分区破裂模式提供了有价值的参考。     

HT-7U超导托卡马克装置极向场线圈的等效弹性常数及其残余刚度

HT－7装置的超导极向场线圈由导管，超导材料和绝缘体组合而成，具有复杂的正交各向异性的性质。本文从微观力学的观点出发，将极向场线圈整体作为一种复合材料来考虑，采用微观力学的复合律和损伤力学的细观损伤模型，求出了极向场线圈的等效弹性常数和残余刚度；并且，残余刚度的计算结果已得到了实验验证。这些材料特性已被用于有限元分析的输入数据。     

Influence of the root radius of crack-like notches on the fracture load of brittle components

Narrow notches often cause damage that can lead to the destruction of components. The stress field in the vicinity of such crack-like notches in two-dimensional (2D) structures is similar to the stress field around equivalent cracks. Therefore similar investigations are necessary to predict the fracture load for components with cracks or narrow notches. Thus, the asymptotical stress field for a narrow notch with a rounded notch root is deduced from an Airy’s stress function. Based on this stress field a fracture criterion is developed. Comparing the theoretical fracture limit curves derived from the fracture criterion with experimental results it can be shown that for brittle material the local stress state at the fracture initiation point is the same for mode I, mixed-mode and mode II loading.     

An experimental and analytical treatment of matrix cracking in cross-ply laminates

The development of damage in cross-ply Hercules AS4/3502 graphite/epoxy laminates has been investigated. Specific endeavors were to identify the mechanisms for initiation and growth of matrix cracks and to determine the effect of matrix cracking on the stiffness loss in cross-ply laminates. Two types of matrix cracks were identified. These include both straight and curved cracks. The experimental study of matrix crack damage revealed that the curved cracks formed after the straight cracks and followed a repeatable pattern of location and orientation relative to the straight cracks. Therefore, it was postulated that the growth mechanism for curved cracks is driven by the stress state resulting from the formation of the straight cracks. This phenomenon was analytically investigated by a finite-element model of straight cracks in a cross-ply laminate. The finite-element results provide supporting evidence for the postulated growth mechanism. The experimental study also revealed that the number of curved cracks increased with the number of consecutive 90-deg plies. Finally, experimental results show as much as 10-percent degradation in axial stiffness due to matrix cracking in cross-ply graphite/epoxy laminates.     

Microstructure damage at ensemble of points for grain composites

Fracture concentration zones are considered in microstructure elements of grain composites. Mathematical model of micro-heterogeneous medium with random properties of elements is used for calculations. The distribution laws for the modules of elasticity and ultimate strengths in the elements as well as the tensor of macroscopic deformations for the composite serve as the initial data. Different types of stresses are evaluated. Correlation functions for micro stresses are obtained by the Green’s tensor method.Random microstructure strength condition is a difference between the stress and the ultimate strength at any point of an ensemble with a particular configuration. The probability of simultaneously exceeding the ultimate strength in this set of elements determines the likelihood of failure of this ensemble of points and the relative damage at the micro level.The damage is calculated using multivariate normal distribution. Structure of correlation matrix of distribution depends on the type of fracture concentration zones. Correlation functions of microstructure strength condition depend on the distance between the points of the ensemble. Calculations of multipoint damage are provided for several configurations of points, in particular, for the three points on a straight line segment, and for the five points in the vertices and the center of a tetrahedron. For two-dimensional distribution density, the smoothing surface formulas are derived, taking into account the moments of stresses up to and including the fourth order.The influence of microstructure properties and the type of ensemble of points on composite damage is demonstrated. Study of microstructure damage enables the prediction of early stages of construction material failure.     

THE EFFECTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PENNY-SHAPED CRACKS ON ZONAL DISINTEGRATION OF THE SURROUNDING ROCK MASSES AROUND A DEEP CIRCULAR TUNNEL

In this study, it was assumed that three-dimensional penny-shaped cracks existed in deep rock masses. A new non-Euclidean model was established, in which the effects of pennyshaped cracks and axial in-situ stress on zonal disintegration of deep rock masses were taken into account. Based on the non-Euclidean model, the stress intensity factors at tips of the pennyshaped cracks were determined. The strain energy density factor was applied to investigate the occurrence of fractured zones. It was observed from the numerical results that the magnitude and location of fractured zones were sensitive to micro- and macro-mechanical parameters, as well as the value of in-situ stress. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental data.