Decomposition of Mixing Layer Turbulence into Coherent Structures and Background Fluctuations

The eduction of coherent structures from cross-wire rake data in a fully turbulent incompressible mixing layer confirms the feasibility of a decomposition of a turbulent flow field, first suggested by Farge, as non-periodic non-equilibrium coherent structures interacting with a ‘thermalized’ broad-band turbulence. A simple wavelet coefficient decimation algorithm and orthogonalization yields non-periodic dominant flow structures and a background field that has a Gaussian distribution of velocities at the centerline. The coherent structures are classified in terms of their topology. The non-coherent background field has flat energy spectra and normal distribution of velocity components. Most background field statistics depend only weakly on the type of structure on which they are superposed. It may be possible to adapt existing subgrid scale models to this decomposition. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A mechanism for excitation of coherent structures in wall region of a turbulent boundary layer

Introduction Themechanismforthegenerationofcoherentstructuresinthewallregionofaturbulent boundarylayerhasalwaysbeeninconcernandinvestigated.AccordingtoTsujimotoand Miyake[1],thecharacteristicsofturbulenceinthewallregionweremainlydeterminedbythe generationandevolutionofcoherentstructures,notbythesmall_scaleturbulence.However, excitationsfromregionofy >60werefoundtobenecessary,otherwisethewallregionwould degeneratetolaminarflow.Therefore,theinvestigationofthemechanismthathowcoherent structuresi…     

Instability waves in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate

Coherent structures and the bursting phenomena in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer play a very important role in determining the characteristics of the boundary layer. Yet the nature and the origin of the coherent structures are unclear until now. In this paper, nonlinear stability calculations for the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer have been made. It was found that there do exist instability waves which may be responsible for the coherent structures. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Eddy Structures in a Simulated Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layer

Coherent structures in a tripped turbulent boundary layer havebeen analysed by applying a new conditional sampling algorithm tolarge-eddy simulation (LES) data. The space-time development of theevents and structural characteristics were examined. The new conditionalsampling scheme is shown to be very effective in the eduction of thecoherent eddy structures, allowing the simultaneous detection, trackingand averaging of several three-dimensional (3-D) structures. Alignmentof the triggering events in all spatial directions and flip-averaging(spatial reflection of the samples) enhance significantly the extractionof detailed features of the structures. The detection method minimisesthe smearing of the spatial details and avoids imposing artificialsymmetry, which is often intrinsic to other conditional samplingschemes.The results show the existence of cigar-shapedstreamwise vortices which are directly associated with negative pressurefluctuation peaks (positive source term of the pressure Poissonequation). They are inclined at 12^° to the wall andtilted laterally at an angle of 7^° to the streamwisedirection. The streamwise vortices induce ejections and sweeps throughan advection mechanism due to the tilting or inclination of thevortices. There is no evidence of hairpin vortices in either theconditional averages or instantaneous flow fields. Near-wall shearlayers are found to be related to the positive pressure fluctuationpeaks as a result of complex interactions between ejection and sweepevents. The shear layer structure has an inclination of10^°, being located between two tilted, streamwisevortices of opposite direction of rotation.The presentresults are very close to other Direct Numerical Simulation studiesusing different conditional sampling schemes. Conceptual models for thestreamwise vortices and shear layer structures are proposed to accountfor the results.     

基于子波变换的周期扰动下壁湍流涡结构多尺度分析

指出了子波变换在分析含有周期成分的湍流脉动信号时所存在的问题，并给出解决方法；采用该方法，在边界层中沿法向研究了湍流边界层外区引入的周期扰动对其下游湍流中各尺度涡结构的作用。     

Wind tunnel simulation of wind effect on a group of high Cooling towers

Aerodynamic interference between high cooling towers in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and uniform flow has been discussed. For the 1/1000 ABL model set up in the 2.25m low speed wind tunnel at Peking University, the similarity condition of the cooling tower in the ABL, the simulation results of a single tower and some typical tower groups have been provided. Experiments showed that the Circumferential pressure distributions were consistent between the smooth model tower and the prototype tower, and between the rough model tower and the prototype tower with ribs; the two dimensional characteristics in the circumferential pressure distribution were also noticeable around the middle 1/3 part of the tower after nondimensionalization by local dynamic pressure. Results demonstrate that, in the flow with strong turbulence the lift coefficient of the downstream cylinder approaches 0.4. In the flow with weak turbulence, the pressure distribution reflects a strong nonsymmetry, and the lift coefficient or stagnation pressure of the downstream cylinder switches alternately between 1 and 0, where a concentrated vortex rolls up and then sheds toward the front of the downstream cylinder and exerts a decisive influence on the aerodynamic properties of the downstream cylinder.     

Coherent Vortex Simulation (CVS), A Semi-Deterministic Turbulence Model Using Wavelets

In the spirit of Ha Minh's semi-deterministic model, we propose a new method for computing fully-developed turbulent flows, called Coherent Vortex Simulation (CVS). It is based on the observation that turbulent flows contain both an organized part, the coherent vortices, and a random part, the incoherent background flow. The separation into coherent and incoherent contributions is done using the wavelet coefficients of the vorticity field and the Biot–Savart kernel to reconstruct the coherent and incoherent velocity fields. The evolution of the coherent part is computed using a wavelet basis, adapted at each time step to resolve the regions of strong gradients, while the incoherent part is discarded during the flow evolution, which models turbulent dissipation. The CVS method is similar to LES, but it uses nonlinear multiscale band-pass filters, which depend on the instantaneous flow realization, while LES uses linear low-pass filters, which do not adapt to the flow evolution. As example, we apply the CVS method to compute a time developing two-dimensional mixing layer and a wavelet forced two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic flow. We also demonstrate how walls or obstacles can be taken into account using penalization and compute a two-dimensional flow past an array of cylinders. Finally, we perform the same segmentation into coherent and incoherent components in a three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow. We show that the coherent components correspond to vortex tubes, which exhibit non-Gaussian statistics and long-range correlation, with the same k ^−5/3power-law energy spectrum as the total flow. In contrast, the incoherent components correspond to an homogeneous random background flow which does not contain organized structures and presents an energy equipartition together with a Gaussian PDF of velocity. This justifies their elimination during the CVS computation to model turbulent dissipation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

湍流边界层外区相干结构的三维波模型

根据流动稳定性理论,提出了一种三维波模型来描述湍流边界层外区大尺度相干结构。计算所得流线图和等涡量线图较罗纪生,周恒（1993）的二维波模型更符合实验结果。说明该三维模型能够较好地反映湍流边界层外区大尺度相干结构的物理特征。     

基于连续小波变换的风速时程特性识别与分析

由于风速时程属于频域宽和频率变化剧烈的时变信号,需用具有良好时频局部化特性和弹性时．频窗口的小波变换进行分析。本文的目的是在风速时程的描述上较全面地了解风速的时频特性。利用小波分析方法在时域和频域的良好局部化性质,聚焦到风速时程的任意细节并加以分析,快速、准确地提取样本的局部谱密度特征,特别是对在整个时程记录中,具有相同功率谱但时频内容有差别的风速时程。用小波变换分析试验得到的风速时程,并研究和识别试验得到的曲线和实测风速曲线的时频特性、能量关系和局部谱密度特征。     

大气边界层的风洞模拟

本文通过比较大气边界层与不同比尺的模型实验，研究了风洞模型实验中的比尺效应。结果表明，大气边界层粗糙高度的比尺应当和边界层厚度比尺相等。边界层厚度的比尺在２００～４００之间时可以得到最好的速度分布的相似性，表面压强分布主要依赖于边界层比尺而与建筑物几何比尺关系不大。如果正确选择了粗糙高度比尺，扩散系数比尺和边界层厚度比尺相同。     

ON THE MECHANISM OF TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURE(II)──A PHYSICAL MODEL OF COHERENT STRUCTURE FOR THE ROUGH BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper, the differences of turbulent coherent structure between the smooth and rough boundary layers are analysed. Based on the discussing the transient properties from the smooth wall to the rough wall, the physical model of coherent structure for the rough boundary layer are established. The width of slowly-moving turbulent spot and the bursting time are obtained, which are in agreement with experimental results.The project supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China     

THE EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS CHANGE ON THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE (I)——THE VARIATIONS OF WIND SPEED AND SHEAR STRESS

A general four-layer structure linear theory for predicting the effects of arbitrarily distributed roughness change on the variations of wind speed and shear stress in the surface layer of 3D and 2D atmospheres was presented. The results derived by the theory were agreeable to the previous ones.     

THE EFFECTS OF ROUGHNESS CHANGE ON THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE(Ⅰ)—THE VARIATIONS OF WIND SPEED AND SHEAR STRESS

A general four-layer structure linear theory for predicting the effects of arbitrarilydistributed roughness change on the variations of wind speed and shear stress in the surfacelayer of3D and2D atmospheres was presented.The results derived by the theory wereagreeable to the previous ones.     

Numerical study of bubble and particle motion in a turbulent boundary layer using proper orthogonal decomposition

We have studied the motion of bubbles and particles in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer, to investigate the influence of the unsteady turbulent structure. The velocity field was computed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), and the trajectories of bubbles and particle have been computed by integrating their equation of motion. We have used this to investigate the roles, and the relative importance, of the different forces acting on bubbles and particles, We find that the unsteady turbulent structure plays an important role in the preferential accumulation of bubbles and particles. The accumulation of bubbles depends on a rather complicated interaction between the pressure gradient and the lift force; neither is sufficient, acting on its own, to explain the strong accumulation observed when they act together.     

Research on the effect of particle of two-dimensional shear flow

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北风卷地白草折——漫话湍流边界层中的涡旋结构

通过欣赏唐朝著名边塞诗人岑参的《白雪歌送武判官归京》和《走马川行奉送出师西征》中描写北风的佳句,从流体力学的角度解释了"北风卷地白草折"的原因,向读者介绍了湍流基础研究的前沿课题——湍流边界层及其复杂的涡旋结构。     

壁面加热湍流相干结构的子波分析实验研究

通过在平板湍流边界层沿流向固壁表面平行放置若干条通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的大尺度流向涡结构,改变了平板湍流边界层中不同尺度结构及其能量分布。采用对壁湍流多尺度结构的子波分析表明,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生规则的流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,抑制了壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构脉动,特别抑制了能量最大尺度湍涡结构的脉动,减小由于湍流脉动引起的在湍流边界层法向和展向的动量和能量损耗,从而减小了湍流的阻力。     

Wavelet analysis of coherent structures in a three-dimensional mixing layer

Wavelet analysis is applied to the results obtained by the direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional (3D) mixing layer in order to investigate coherent structures in dimension of scale. First, 3D orthonormal wavelet bases are constructed, and the corresponding decomposition algorithm is developed. Then the Navier-Stokes equations are transformed into the wavelet space and the architecture for multi-scale analysis is established. From this architecture, the coarse field images in different scales are obtained and some local statistical quantities are calculated. The results show that, with the development of a mixing layer, the energy spectrum densities for different wavenumbers increase and the energy is transferred from the average flow to vortex structures in different scales. Due to the non-linear interactions between different scales, cascade processes of energy are very complex. Because vortices always roll and pair at special areas, for a definite scale, the energy is obtained from other scales at some areas while it is transferred to other scales at other areas. In addition, energy dissipation and transfer always occur where an intense interaction between vortices exists. The project supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education and the National Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Youth of China (19925210)     

大气边界层的一些空气动力学特征

本文在定常和中性温度层结条件下,首先介绍了均匀平坦地面上大气边界层的一些空气动力学特征,并将大气边界层与一般空气动力学边界层作了比较。然后介绍了地面粗糙度分布有阶跃变化以及非平坦地形上的大气边界层特征。文中说明,气流的平均流场结构以及湍流特性与均匀平坦地面的情形相比有显著不同。最后,提出了一些有待今后进一步研究的问题。