随机激光器中准态腔的阈值与其局域化程度的关系

基于光波在有限随机介质中的局域化理论，利用有限时域差分法数值求解Maxwell方程 组，研究了随机介质中的激光现象，分析了准态模的放大与其 空间局域性的关系. 通过研究二维非增益随机介质中光波的局域化，确定了准态模的空间分 布和频谱特征. 通过引入增益，研究了准态模的放大过程和阈值特性. 结果表明空间局域化 强的准态模在增益介质中被优先放大，且有较低的阈值. 关键词： 随机激光器 准态模 随机介质中的光学特性     

二维随机增益介质中局域模的模面积和放大

随机激光形成于随机介质中局域模的放大,其放大特性依赖于局域模的空间分布。通过复折射率的虚部将光学增益引入系统,采用时域有限差分(FDTD)法,分析了增益介质中局域模的放大特性,并用模面积描述了局域模空间分布,着重对比分析了模面积对局域模放大特性的影响。模拟结果显示,局域模具有不同的空间分布,直接影响了局域模的放大特性,模面积较小的模式具有较低的损耗,能够获得更多能量,在介质中被优先放大,而模面积较大的模式,由于损耗较大,将获得较少的能量。     

一维光子晶体带边激光器的阈值特性分析

采用麦克斯韦方程和速率方程相结合的模型和时域有限差分法,利用引入的有效增益分布因子概念研究了光子晶体中本征模的阈值特性。增益介质的大小以及在光子晶体中的位置直接影响光子晶体带边激光器的输出特性;有效增益分布因子描述了光子晶体中增益介质的空间分布特性。结果显示,带边本征模的激射阈值依赖于有效增益分布因子。不同的本征模具有不同的有效增益分布因子,那些有效增益分布因子较大的模式具有较低的阈值。通过调整增益介质的位置和长度,可以提高有效增益分布因子的值,从而降低激光器的阈值,这对于实现激光器的低阈值运行有指导作用。     

一维随机激光器中准态模的饱和特性研究

针对随机激光器的半经典理论是应用电磁场时域有限差分法数值求解半经典随机激光模型方程组，基于半经典理论数值研究了一维随机激光器中准态模式的饱和特性，获得了不同准态模的空间分布和频谱分布图。计算结果分析显示：准态模式的某些特征参数如局域程度将会影响系统的饱和特性。利用这一结果，可以通过单频抽运方法选择具有低阈值、高饱和强度的准态模式作为整个激光系统的稳态输出模式。     

电流孔的尺寸对双氧化限制垂直腔面发射激光器阈值的影响

通过双氧化限制垂直腔面发射激光器中电场、载流子密度、光场和热场空间耦合方程自洽数值求解,研究了垂直腔面发射激光器中阈值特性.得到了氧化层及有源区附近的电势,模拟电流孔的边缘效应,给出了不同双氧化限制电流孔半径下阈值电流密度、载流子密度、基模光场和热场的空间分布.发现了实现最小阈值电流的最佳限制电流孔半径,进而设计了双氧化限制垂直腔面发射激光器的结构. 关键词： 双氧化限制垂直腔面发射激光器 自洽 阈值     

光纤激光模场及表征技术进展

在光纤通信、光纤激光器和光纤传感等领域的实际应用中,需要重点关注光纤中的模式问题。模分复用是提高光通信信息容量的有效方法,模间干涉是大多数光纤传感的基本方法,高功率光纤激光的光束质量控制的关键技术之一就是模式控制,因此,对光纤模式理论、模式产生及转换、模式表征技术开展研究具有重要的研究意义和实际应用价值。论文讨论了光纤的模式及光束质量,分析了多种模式发生及转换的方法,将模式表征方法归结为非相干、相干和低相干测量法。光纤模式表征是目前的研究热点,在多种表征方法中,空间和频谱成像法（S2）和双重傅里叶变换法（F2）具有显著的优越性,可不需要提前知道光纤的几何参数,就可获得模场分布、模式功率占比、群时延等特性。研究表明F2法更适合于表征高功率光纤激光的模场特性。     

介质层厚度无序对Bragg微腔模式的影响

采用本征模展开法(EME)结合完全匹配层（PML）边界条件,研究了由TiO2和SiO2复合膜结构组成的平面光子晶体Bragg微腔的模式特性,分析了介质厚度无序对微腔模式的调制以及入射角对局域长度的影响.结果表明,若光束正入射,带边局域长度要大于禁带局域长度,随着无序度的增加光子通带的透过率逐渐降低,而禁带的透过率逐渐上升.当无序度较小时,局域长度随随机度的变化在带边和禁带内表现出相反的规律.当无序度较大时,局域长度不仅和随机度、带隙有关,还受到材料的影响;若光束斜入射,TE模的局域长度要远小于TM模对应的值,且其最小值向短波方向移动。此外,入射角和膜层数的变化都会导致局域长度的起伏.     

随机介质的相干背散射与局域化研究

研究了不同尺度参数和粒子浓度下的ZnO随机介质相干背散射强度的分布规律,采用时域有限差分法分析了不同浓度随机介质的光场能量空间分布,预测了随机激光器阈值的高低。结果表明:同一折射率的介质随着介质尺寸的增大,相干背散射的带宽变窄,局域化参量kl值相应增大,使得局域化程度呈较大幅度减弱趋势;并且随着介质浓度的增加,相干背散射的带宽变宽,局域化程度增强,阈值降低。相干背散射有着光子局域化的先期特征,现在已成为研究光子局域化出现与否的基本判断依据,对研究光子局域化以及随机激光器具有重要意义。     

Kerr缺陷一维耦合腔光波导的双稳态方向性

本文提出一种只在一层高折射率介质层中掺杂Kerr介质的一维耦合腔光波导.利用一维传输矩阵理论和非线性传输矩阵方法研究了此结构的光学双稳态.根据一维传输矩阵理论分析了此结构的线性特性,包括低频带边模的偏移及场分布的特点,讨论了此结构实现双稳态的原理.研究发现:由于缺陷层中场分布与入射光方向密切相关,而缺陷层光场的局域,将激发Kerr介质的三阶非线性效应,从而改变了缺陷层的折射率,所以不同方向的入射光具有不同的双稳态阈值.利用非线性传输矩阵方法研究了光学双稳态特性.结果表明:由于缺陷层的位置导致缺陷模正方向（由左到右）入射的场分布大于反方向（由右到左）入射的场分布,正方向的阈值低于反方向的阈值,相差一倍.     

一维随机介质中准态模式的局域化程度对其阈值的影响

基于将Maxweil方程与四能级原子系统速率方程相结合而建立起的随机激光时域理论,并利用有限时域差分法,研究了一维随机激活介质中激光模式的输出强度与抽运速率之间的关系.结果表明,与传统激光模式相似,随机激光模式的强度随抽运速率的变化不仅具有阈值特性,而且具有饱和特性.用模式的空间区域来表征模式的局域化程度,发现局域化程度越强的模式,阈值越低.不过,这种关系不是一一对应的.这表明模式的局域化程度是决定阈值大小的重要因素,但不是唯一的因素.     

Optical defect modes at an active defect layer in photonic liquid crystals

An analytic approach to the theory of the optical defect modes in photonic liquid crystals in the case of an active defect layer is developed. The analytic study is facilitated by the choice of the problem parameters related to the dielectric properties of the studied structures. The chosen models allow eliminating polarization mixing at the external surfaces of the studied structures. The dispersion equations determining the relation of the defect mode (DM) frequency to the dielectric characteristics of an isotropic, birefringent and absorbing (amplifying) defect layer and its thickness are obtained. Analytic expressions for the transmission and reflection coefficients of the defect mode structure (DMS) (photonic liquid crystal-active defect layer-photonic liquid crystal) are presented and analyzed. The effect of anomalously strong light absorption at the defect mode frequency for an absorbing defect layer is discussed. It is shown that in a distributed feed-back lasing at the DMS with an amplifying defect layer, adjusting the lasing frequency to the DM frequency results in a significant decrease in the lasing threshold and the threshold gain decreases as the defect layer thickness increases. It is found that, generally speaking, the layer birefringence and dielectric jumps at the interfaces of the defect layer and photonic liquid crystal reduce the DM lifetime in comparison with the DMS with an isotropic defect layer without dielectric jumps at the interfaces. Correspondingly, generally speaking, the effect of anomalously strong light absorption at the defect mode frequency and the decrease in the lasing threshold are not so pronounced as in the case of the DMS with an isotropic defect layer without dielectric jumps at the interfaces. The case of a DMS with a low defect layer birefringence and sufficiently large dielectric jumps are studied in detail. The options of effectively influencing the DM parameters by changing the defect layer dielectric properties, and the birefringence in particular, are discussed.     

Low threshold laser cavities of two-dimensional photonic crystal line defect mode

Two-dimensional (2D) rod-type photonic crystal (PC) line defect waveguide (LDW) laser cavities based on three types of line defect modes with zero group velocity are studied by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. These laser cavities have high quality (Q) factor, better localization of light, non-uniform gain distribution and small overlap between gain medium and light field. Therefore, they have the advantages over conventional and air-bridge PC cavities with uniform gain, such as low threshold, single mode lasing and effectively avoiding thermal effect. From their comparison, one can find the mode at middle Brillouin zones (BZ) is the best one to be used as lasing mode. Its dynamic lasing process and lasing features are demonstrated by the numerical experiment where the FDTD method coupling Maxwell's equations with the rate equations of electronic population is used.     

Time dependent theory for random lasers

A model to simulate the phenomenon of random lasing is presented. It couples Maxwell's equations with the rate equations of electronic population in a disordered system. Finite difference time domain methods are used to obtain the field pattern and the spectra of localized lasing modes inside the system. A critical pumping rate P(c)(r) exists for the appearance of the lasing peaks. The number of lasing modes increases with the pumping rate and the length of the system. There is a lasing mode repulsion. This property leads to a saturation of the number of modes for a given size system and a relation between the localization length xi and average mode length L(m).     

随机性对部分随机介质激光器阈值的影响

基于速率方程和Maxwell方程相结合的模型，采用时域有限差分法(FDTD)研究了介质的随机性和层数对部分随机介质激光器阈值的影响.模拟结果显示，当抽运速率超过阈值时，出现一个或者多个振荡模；随机性或者系统的尺度增加时，振荡模数量也增加；部分随机介质激光器的阈值在一定的随机强度和层数下将达到最小值，它与完全随机情况下的结论有所不同.对所得到的结论给出了物理解释.这些结果对于制作随机激光器和光集成潜在应用价值. 关键词： 激光物理 随机激光器 阈值 时域有限差分法     

二维随机激光器的模式选择及阈值与饱和特性

基于将Maxwell方程与四能级原子系统速率方程相结合而建立起随机激光时域理论，并利用有限时域差分法，研究了二维随机介质中激光模式的输出特性与介质尺寸、外形及抽运速率等参数的关系.结果表明，与传统激光模式相似，随机激光模式的强度随抽运速率的变化不仅具有阈值特性，而且具有饱和特性.基于模式特性对介质及抽运参数的依赖关系，提出了二维随机激光器的选模方式，在很大程度上不同于传统激光器的选模方式. 关键词： 随机激光器 模式选择 无序介质中的光学特性     

Impact of size upon lasing in ZnO microtetrapods

High optical quality, well end leg faceted ZnO microtetrapods with leg length between 1 and 12 μm have been grown by carbothermal chemical vapor deposition. Lasing with mode quality factors of 2500–3000 is demonstrated. The origin of laser resonator cavity is discussed as a function of the tetrapod size. It is shown that in big tetrapods with legs of 12 μm in length the laser emission lines are well explained by longitudinal Fabry–Pérot modes generated in cavities formed by individual tetrapod legs. The dispersion of the ZnO refractive index is experimentally determined from the position of lasing modes in the temperature interval from 10 to 300 K. It is shown that the lasing mode structure is seriously affected by the decrease of the tetrapod size. For a small tetrapod with a leg length of 1 μm, the lasing modes cannot be explained anymore by the formation of longitudinal Fabry–Pérot modes in separate tetrapod legs, and the generation of guided modes by multiple total internal reflections in single tetrapod legs or in pairs of legs should be taken into account. The correlations between the lasing threshold and the tetrapod size are discussed.     

柱形微腔回音壁激光光谱模式的精确标定

由柱形微腔中回音壁模式满足的本征值方程,得到确定回音壁模式位置和间距的近似解析公式。以此近似解析公式,首次对直径在215～328 μm间的5个柱形微腔回音壁激光光谱做了模式标定。在用近似解析公式对柱形微腔激光光谱的数值作拟合的计算中,除了回音壁模的径向模式数(l)和角动量模式数(n)外无需其他拟合参数,解析公式的拟合值和实验激光光谱波长值间的偏差小于0.05 nm,拟合结果精确可靠。柱形微腔回音壁激光光谱模式的精确标定在模式的场分布计算以及频移型微腔生物传感器的研究应用中具有重要作用,文章介绍的方法亦可应用于柱形微腔直径和折射率的精密测量。     

Optical defect modes in chiral liquid crystals

An analytic approach to the theory of optical defect modes in chiral liquid crystals (CLCs) is developed. The analytic study is facilitated by the choice of the problem parameters. Specifically, an isotropic layer (with the dielectric susceptibility equal to the average CLC dielectric susceptibility) sandwiched between two CLC layers is studied. The chosen model allows eliminating the polarization mixing and reducing the corresponding equations to the equations for light of diffracting polarization only. The dispersion equation relating the defect mode (DM) frequency to the isotropic layer thickness and an analytic expression for the field distribution in the DM structure are obtained and the corresponding dependences are plotted for some values of the DM structure parameters. Analytic expressions for the transmission and reflection coefficients of the DM structure (CLC-defect layer-CLC) are presented and analyzed for nonabsorbing, absorbing, and amplifying CLCs. The anomalously strong light absorption effect at the DM frequency is revealed. The limit case of infinitely thick CLC layers is considered in detail. It is shown that for distributed feedback lasing in a defect structure, adjusting the lasing frequency to the DM frequency results in a significant decrease in the lasing threshold. The DM dispersion equations are solved numerically for typical values of the relevant parameters. Our approach helps clarify the physics of the optical DMs in CLCs and completely agrees with the corresponding results of the previous numerical investigations.     

An eigenvalue method to study the threshold behaviors of plasmonic nano-lasers

An eigenvalue method is proposed to study the threshold behaviors of plasmonic nano-lasers. The medium gain and dispersion are taken into consideration based on semi-classical laser dynamics, and therefore the lasing threshold, mode pattern, and lasing frequency can be theoretically predicted. The lasing properties of dielectric, plasmonic core, and plasmonic shell nano-lasers are investigated in details. It is found that the lasing thresholds of nano-lasers can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when introducing localized surface plasmon modes.