基于特征投影图的小麦近红外光谱变量选择方法研究

为了简化模型,提高模型预测精度,利用特征投影图(LPG)进行变量选择。对原始光谱进行连续小波变换(CWT),利用主成分分析(PCA)得到LPG,假定LPG中共线性光谱变量对建模作用相同,选出少数特征光谱变量建立预测模型,所得模型预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.345 4,优于其他建模方法,研究结果表明,LPG变量选择可有效简化近红外光谱模型,提高模型预测精度。     

应用近红外光谱技术快速检测果醋糖度

为了对果醋糖度值进行快速准确检测,应用近红外光谱技术并结合最小二乘支持向量机分析方法建立了果醋糖度检测模型.应用近红外透射光谱获取五种类型共计300份果醋样本的光谱透射曲线,利用主成分分析方法对原始光谱数据进行降维处理,根据主成分的累计贡献率选取6个主成分.选取的主成分即作为光谱优化特征子集以替代原来复杂的光谱数据.随后将300份果醋样本数据随机分为定标集和预测集,利用最小二乘支持向量机在225个定标集样本数据基础上建立起果醋糖度预测模型,应用此模型对75个预测集样本进行糖度预测.根据预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和预测结果的相关系数(r)对预测模型进行评价,利用此模型得到的样本糖度预测值r=0.993 9,RMSEP=0.363,均达到了较好的预测效果.     

BiPLS结合GA优选可见/近红外光谱MLR变量

利用反向区间偏最小二乘法(BiPLS)定位光谱糖度若干信息区间,运用遗传算法(GA)从中选择波长点,建立了多元线性回归(MLR)模型。光谱进行卷积平滑和二阶导数处理后,将光谱(225个数据点)分割成25个子区间时,BiPLS优化结果最优。在所定位的信息区间进行GA二次选择特征变量,运行100次依次选择入选频率较高的12个波长点。为简化MLR模型,对于入选的相邻波长选择频率较高者,最后选择 638,734,752,868,910,916和938 nm作为回归变量,建立的MLR预测模型相关系数(R2)、校正均方根误差(RMSEC)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.984,0.364和0.471,优于常用的逐步多元线性回归的建模结果。表明BiPLS结合GA可以有效地对李子糖度可见/近红外光谱MLR回归变量进行筛选,提高了模型的精度。     

基于互信息方法的燃油品质光谱分析模型构建与简化

近红外漫反射光谱和紫外吸收光谱分别用于燃油的辛烷值和单芳香族化合物含量的测定,偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)用于光谱多元校正模型的构建。基于互信息(mutual infor-mation,MI)理论的变量筛选方法用于模型优化以提高模型的预测精度,降低模型的复杂度。结果表明,MI-PLSR可以有效的提高燃油品质模型的预测精度,简化分析模型。辛烷值的预测均方根误差(root meansquare error of prediction,RMSEP)由0.288减小为0.111,预测相关系数R从0.985提高到0.998,建模变量由401减小为112;单芳香族化合物含量的RMSEP从0.753减小为0.478,R由0.996提高为0.998,建模变量由572缩减为37。说明振动光谱结合MI-PLSR方法可用于燃油品质检测,具有高效率低成本的特点。     

不同贮藏期水蜜桃硬度及糖度的检测研究

糖度和硬度作为水蜜桃的两个重要指标,决定其内部品质。在运输或售卖期间,水蜜桃果内水分流失,表面开始松软进而腐烂,内部品质发生变化。研究旨在探讨可见/近红外光谱预测水蜜桃不同贮藏期糖度和硬度的可行性,进一步预测水蜜桃的最佳贮藏期。采用漫透射和漫反射方式采集4个贮藏阶段的水蜜桃光谱,并测量糖度和硬度。分析了4个阶段水蜜桃的平均光谱,光谱强度随着贮藏天数增加而不断提高,且在650～680 nm区域内受果皮颜色及色素的变化产生波峰偏移。同时,分析了糖度和硬度的变化,糖度在贮藏期间逐渐提高,硬度在贮藏期间快速下降,最终糖度增加了3.31%,硬度下降了58.8%。采用多元散射校正、S-G卷积平滑、归一化处理及基线校正等预处理方法来减少噪声和误差对光谱的影响,并使用无信息变量消除(UVE)和连续投影算法(SPA)筛选特征波长,最后利用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)分别建立糖度和硬度的预测模型。分析糖度、硬度的PLS回归系数与平均光谱的波形发现,糖度的高回归系数分布在光谱多处,而硬度的该系数均在波峰波谷附近。SPA和UVE筛选的特征波长建立的糖度模型效果不佳,而硬度模型效果良好。结果表明,漫透射和漫反射检测方式下,糖度的最佳预测相关系数(R_p)及预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0. 886,0.727和0.820,1.003,预处理方法分别是多元散射校正、平滑窗口宽度为3的S-G卷积平滑。此外,漫透射建立的硬度SPA-PLS模型,选用15个光谱变量,得到的R_p和RMSEP为0.798和0.976;而漫反射建立的UVE-PLS模型,选用113个光谱变量,得到的R_p和RMSEP为0.841和0.829。可以看出,漫透射方式预测水蜜桃贮藏期间的糖度更佳,而漫反射预测硬度更佳。利用可见/近红外光谱所建立的糖度和硬度预测模型,能够可靠地预测水蜜桃贮藏期内糖度和硬度的变化,对指导采摘、售卖时间和减少腐烂具有一定的参考价值。     

西瓜检测部位差异对近红外光谱可溶性固形物预测模型的影响

西瓜可溶性固形物含量的无损检测对提升其内部品质十分重要。为实现近红外光谱对小型西瓜表面各部位可溶性固形物含量的准确预测,减小检测部位差异对预测模型的影响,以“京秀”西瓜为研究对象,分别采集赤道、瓜脐和瓜梗三部位的漫透射光谱信息,利用偏最小二乘算法(PLS)建立并比较单一检测部位和混合所有检测部位的西瓜可溶性固形物近红外光谱预测模型,并分别采用连续投影算法(SPA)和竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)对西瓜可溶性固形物近红外光谱变量进行特征波长筛选。结果显示,相比于单一检测部位的模型,混合所有检测部位的校正集样本建立的模型取得了较优的预测结果。同时,利用CARS算法筛选的42个特征波长变量建模,对三种检测部位预测集样本的预测结果分别为赤道R_P=0.892和RMSEP= 0.684 °Brix,瓜脐R_P=0.905和RMSEP= 0.629 °Brix,瓜梗R_P=0.899和RMSEP= 0.721 °Brix。模型得到了很大的简化,且预测精度较高。比较发现,利用SPA算法筛选的19个特征波长变量所建模型的预测精度较低。利用三种检测部位的西瓜样本建立的PLS混合预测模型,结合CARS算法进行有效特征波长变量筛选,可提高西瓜可溶性固形物预测模型的精度,实现西瓜表面各部位可溶性固形物含量的准确预测,减小检测部位差异对近红外光谱预测模型的影响。结果为今后开发便携式设备检测西瓜表面各部位可溶性固形含量提供参考依据。     

LS-SVM的梨可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测的特征波长筛选

为提高梨可溶性固形物含量(soluble solids content,SSC)的近红外光谱模型的精度和稳定性,以160个梨样品为实验对象,分别对原始光谱、多元散射校正(MSC)和标准正态变量变换(SNV)处理后的光谱,经无信息变量消除算法(UVE)挑选后,再结合遗传算法(GA)和连续投影算法(SPA),筛选梨可溶性固形物的近红外光谱特征波长。将筛选后的波长作为输入变量建立梨可溶性固形物的最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型。结果表明经过SNV-UVE-GA-SPA从全波段3112个波长中筛选出的30个特征波长建立的梨可溶性固形物LS-SVM模型效果最好,该模型的预测集相关系数(R_p)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.956和0.271。该模型简单可靠,预测效果好,能满足梨的可溶性固形物含量的快速检测,为在线检测和便携式设备开发提供了理论基础。     

基于光源发射接收一体化探头的糖度分选线改造研究

传统外部品质分选目前已经无法满足人们对水果口感品质的需求,对传统外部品质分选线进行糖度分选改造,实现糖度分选,对确保水果的口感品质具有重要意义。分别采集两种不同检测方式下获取的脐橙的近红外漫反射光谱,其中环形发射与接收漫反射方式的光谱能量要比多点发射与接收漫反射方式强,波峰与波谷位置大致相同。近红外漫反射光谱经基线校正、多元散射校正、一阶、二阶导数等方法进行光谱数据预处理,以减少杂散光和噪声的影响。分别建立脐橙在两种不同漫反射检测方式下的糖度偏最小二乘(PLS)模型进行对比分析。实验结果表明,采用基线校正预处理方法获得的结果最优;环形发射与接收漫反射检测方式下的糖度模型预测相关系数为0.81,预测均方根误差为0.46°Brix,多点发射与接收漫反射检测方式下的糖度模型预测相关系数为0.76,预测均方根误差为0.53°Brix。研究表明,应用PLS建模结合近红外漫反射光谱对传统外部品质分选线中的糖度分选线功能进行升级改造是可行的。     

用遗传区间偏最小二乘法建立苹果糖度近红外光谱模型

为了简化苹果糖度预测模型和提高模型的精度,用遗传区间偏最小二乘法(GA-iPLS)建立苹果近红外光谱预测模型。应用结果表明,整个光谱划分为40个子区间, GA-iPLS选择其中的第4,6,8,11,18号共5个子区间联合建立苹果糖度模型。遗传区间偏最小二乘法所建的模型,其校正时的相关系数r_c和交互验证均方根误差RMSECV分别为0.962和0.334 6,预测时的相关系数r_p和预测均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.932和0.384 2。与全光谱模型相比,该方法建立的模型不论对校正集还是预测集,模型的预测能力都提高了许多,且模型得到了很大的简化：其实际采用的波数点个数比全光谱模型采用的波数点个数大大减少,主因子数也比全光谱少,由此建立的模型更加简洁、数据运算量也更少。     

不同产地苹果糖度可见近红外光谱在线检测

为了实现不同产地苹果糖度的快速在线无损检测,减少产地差异对近红外光谱检测模型的影响,建立了不同产地苹果糖度的在线检测通用模型。首先,采用水果动态在线检测设备采集了包括栖霞、洛川与会宁3个产地的红富士苹果的漫透射光谱。其次,采用偏最小二乘算法(PLS),结合无信息变量消除(UVE)方法,筛选出58个特征变量,建立了苹果糖度的UVE-PLS通用模型,该模型对个体产地预测集及总预测集的均方根误差分别为0.50～0.74°Brix与0.63°Brix,较原始个体模型分别提高了23.2%～44.4%与35.7%。最后,提出了一个新的外部验证样本集对模型性能进行评价,其残留预测偏差为2.33,预测值在±1.0°Brix和±1.5°Brix误差范围内的占比分别为85%与100%。实验结果表明:建立多个产地苹果糖度的在线检测通用模型,能够提高其他产地样本糖度的预测稳健性,并且采用合适的波长筛选方法能够简化模型。开发不同产地水果内部品质通用模型在波长有限的光谱设备中具有良好的应用潜力。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.