Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of cobalt,copper and nickel using 1-（2-thiazolylazo）-2-naphthol by chemometrics methods

The simultaneous determination of cobalt, copper and nickel using 1-（2-thiazolylazo）-2-naphthol （first figure of this article） by spectrophotometric method is a difficult problem in analytical chemistry, due to spectral interferences. By multivariate calibration methods, such as partial least squares （PLS） regression, it is possible to obtain a model adjusted to the concentration values of the mixtures used in the calibration range. Orthogonal signal correction （OSC） is a preprocessing technique used for removing the information unrelated to the target variables based on constrained principal component analysis. OSC is a suitable preprocessing method for PLS calibration of mixtures without loss of prediction capacity using spectrophotometric method. In this study, the calibration model is based on absorption spectra in the 550-750-nm range for 21 different mixtures of cobalt, copper and nickel. Calibration matrices were formed from samples containing 0.05-1.05, 0.05-1.30 and 0.05-0.80 μg·mL^-1 for cobalt, copper and nickel, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） for cobalt, copper and nickel with OSC and without OSC were 0.007, 0.008, 0.011 and 0.031,0.037, 0.032 μg· mL^-1, respectively. This procedure allows the simultaneous determination of cobalt, copper and nickel in synthetic and real samples and good reliability of the determination was proved.     

Spectrophotometric determination of acidity constants of 4-(2′-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol (TAR) in water-organic mixtures

<正>The acidity constants of TAR in different water-organic solvent binary mixtures at 25℃have been determined spectrophotometrically. DATa ANalysis(DATAN) program was used for calculations of the acidity constants and pure spectra of all formed species and their concentration distribution diagram in applied pH interval.Results show that there are a fairly inverse relationship between acidity constants and the mole fraction of the organic solvent in the binary mixtures.Effects of solvent composition on the pK_as and pure spectrum of each component are also discussed.     

1-(2-咪唑偶氮)-2-萘酚-4-磺酸的合成及其与钴显色反应的研究

近几年来,人们努力合成了许多试剂用于光度法测定钴,特别是偶联部分邻位含有—NH_2的吡啶偶氮类衍生物,对钴的光度法测定有较高的灵敏度和选择性,但仍然难于消除铁、铜、镍的干扰.我们合成的咪唑偶氮试剂1-(2-咪唑偶氮)-2-萘酚-4-磺酸(IANS),对其性质进行了研究,发现该试剂具有与钴显色后不被ED-TA破坏而常见其它金属离子均被破坏的特性,同时大量的EGTA、柠檬酸存在也不影响钴的显色反应,从而利用EGTA柠檬酸来有效地掩蔽和抑制具有较强络合能力的Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)等金属离子,然后再用EDTA来破坏多余试剂与共存离子的有色络合物,并用EDTA在显色之前加入作为参比来消除有色背景的影响(此时钴不与试剂显色),使得方法选择性大大提高,2000倍的Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Zn~(2+)及大量其它常见金属离子共存时不干扰测定.方法用于维生素B_(12),粗铜、铁矿、三氧化钨及合成冶金工业废水中微量钴的直接测定,结果满意.     

New reagent for indirect spectrophotometric red-ox determination of osmium （Ⅵ）

A highly sensitive indirect spectrophotometric red-ox method for the determination of osmium is reported. The method is based on the oxidation of iodide by osmium （Ⅵ） and the spectrophotometric detection of the liberated iodine in the form of complex anion and ion associate with 2-（4-diethylaminostyryl）-1,3,3-trimethyl-6-nitro-3H-indolium chloride reagent. The appropriate reaction conditions have been established. The molar absorptivity is （ 1.6-5.6） × 10^4 L mol^-1 cm^-1. Beer＇s law holds for the concentration range of 0.5-11.4 μg mL^-1 of Os（Ⅵ）.     

A novel spectrophotometric determination of copper（Ⅱ） with bromosulphonazo Ⅲ

A novel chromogenic reaction involving copper（Ⅱ） and bromosulphonazo Ⅲ （Br-SAZⅢ） in hexamethylenetetramine- hydrochloric buffer solution was investigated. The results showed that a blue complex of copper（Ⅱ） and bromosulphonazo Ⅲ was formed with a molar ratio of 1：1. The apparent molar absorptivity was 3.3×10^5Lmol-1cm-1 and the maximum absorption peak was at 616.8 nm. The proposed procedure was used for quantitative estimation of Cu（II） in the concentration range of 0-1.024μg/mL with the detection limit （3σ） of 7.03 × 10^-4 μg/mL （n = 20）. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） were 0.56-4.68%. Under the optimized conditions, total copper in the vegetables and tea was successfully determined. 2007 Li Yuan. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

Crystal Structure of （R）-3,3＇- Bis （b enzyloxymethyl）- 1,1 ＇-bi- 2,2＇-naphthol and Its Applications in Enantioselective Lewis Acid Catalyzed Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes

The title compound (R)-3,3'-bis(benzyloxymethyl)-1,1'-bi-2,2'-naphthol (R)-3 has been synthesized through the deprotection of MOM group by iprOH/HC1 in 83% isolated yield and the suitable single crystals for X-ray diffraction were obtained by recrystallization at room temperature from the mixture solvents. Crystallographic data for (R)-3: C36H30O4, Mr = 526.60,triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.057(6), b = 11.934(7), c = 12.314(6) (A), α = 85.52(2), β =70.245(13), γ = 76.554(11)°, Z= 2, V= 1352.8(13) (A)3, Dc = 1.293 g/cm3, F(000) = 556, R = 0.0745,wR = 0.1933 and μ(MoKα) = 0.083 mm-1. The title compound (R)-3 was found to be effective in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes both in the presence and absence of Ti(OiPr)4. In the latter case, (R)-3 showed much higher catalytic activity and enantioselectivity than (R)-BINOL's.     

Complexation equilibria and spectrophotometric determination of zinc (II) with 2-(4′-methyl-2′-thiazolylazo)-4,6-dimethylphenol

2-(4′-methyl-2′-thiazolylazo)-4,6-dimethylphenol has been synthesized and its acid—base behaviour (pK_a1=0.03 ± 0.01, pK_a2=9.70±0.09) and complexation equilibria with zinc (logβ₁₀₁=6.70±0.04, logβ₁₀₂ = 13.70±0.02) studied in a 40% (v / v) ethanol—water medium at I=0.25 M NaClO₄. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of 0.2–1.5 ppm of zinc has been developed (ε=1.83 × 10⁴ 1. mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ at 590 nm) and applied to its determination in lubricating oils.     

Coloring spectrophotometric determination of palladium ( Ⅱ ) with 4-( 5-chioro-2-pyridyl )-azo-1,3-diaminobenzene

研究了4-(5-氯-2-吡啶)-偶氮-1,3-二氨基苯(5-C1-PADAB)与Pd的显色反应,在0.48mol/LH3PO4介质和100℃水浴条件下,5-C1-PADAB与Pd(Ⅱ)反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,其最大吸收波长为570nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为6.39×104L·mol-1·cm-1.结果表明:Pd含量在0～1.2mg/L内符合比尔定律,方法已用于矿样中微量Pd的测定,结果与AAS法相符.样品分析结果的相对标准偏差小于4％,加标回收率为98.5％～103.0％.     

阳离子型微乳液对显色剂1—（2—吡啶偶氮）—2—萘酚的增溶作用

以光度法研究了阳离子型微乳液对显色剂１－（２－吡啶偶氮）－２－萘酚（ＰＡＮ）的增溶作用，通过测定ＰＡＮ在阳离子型ＣＴＭＡＢ／ｎ－Ｃ５Ｈ１１ＯＨ／ｎ－Ｃ９Ｈ２０微乳液中的“胶束位”ｎ和结合常数Ｋ，并与相同表面活性剂胶束体系比较，探讨了微乳液对显色剂ＰＡＮ的增溶作用。     

Spectrophotometric determination of acidity constants of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol in binary methanol-water mixtures

The acidity constants of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR, Scheme 1) in binary mixtures of methanol-water at 25 °C and an ionic strength of 0.1 M have been determined spectrophotometrically. DATa ANalysis (DATAN) program applied for determination of acidity constants. As percent of methanol increases in solvent mixtures the pK_a constants also increased. There is linear relationship between acidity constants and the mole fraction of methanol in the solvent mixtures. Effect of solvent composition on acidity constants and pure spectrum of each component are also discussed.     

A new algorithm for the determination of protolytic constants from spectrophotometric data in multiwavelength mode: Calculations of acidity constants of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) in mixed nonaqueous-water solvents

A new efficient, simple and versatile algorithm is presented for determination of the protolytic constants from spectrophotmetric data in multiwavelength mode based on the combining of hard and soft modeling. The algorithm was checked by determining the acidity constants of a triprotic acid from theoretical and real absorption-pH data. The real spectral data are obtained from photometric titration of different solutions of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) by a standard base solution under an inert atmosphere. The algorithm starts the minimization process using an user supplied number of components and initial guesses of the unknown parameters and refined in a least squares manner. New algorithm is implemented in the new version of DATAN package (version 3.1). The validity of the obtained results was checked by some well known programs such as DATAN 2.1, SPECFIT/32, SQUAD, a modified version of difference spectra and a A-pH curve method. The comparison of the outputs of the DATAN 3.1 with the other programs reveals that there is a very good agreement between the obtained results and mentioned programs.     

Multiwavelength spectrophotometric determination of protolytic constants of 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) in binary DMF-water mixtures

A multiwavelength spectrophotometric titration method was applied to study the protolytic constants of 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol(PAR), in binary DMF + water mixtures. UV-vis absorption spectra of PAR solution were recorded in the course of pH-metric titration of acidic solutions of PAR with standard base solution. The protolytic equilibrium constants, spectral profiles, concentration diagrams and also the number of components have been calculated from the fitting of the pH-spectral titration data with appropriate mass balance equations by a home written program according to an established target factor analysis. To precise determination of number of absorptive components a recently developed statistical indicator function (IND function) was used. A glass electrode calibration procedure based on a four-parameter equation pH=α+SpcH+JH⁺[H⁺]+JOH⁻Kw/[H⁺] based on the Gran's plots was used to obtain pH readings in the concentration scale (p_cH). It has been observed that there is an inverse relationship between second and third protolytic constants and mole fraction of DMF. The effect of the solvent on the protolytic constants was discussed.     

Rapid spectrophotometric determination of thorium(IV) with 1-(2′-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol

Thorium(IV) reacts with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in the presence of antipyrine to form a sparingly soluble red-coloured chelate, soluble in 36% methanol (v/v). Complexation takes place instantaneously at pH 2.4–2.8, maintained by glycine buffer. Antipyrine is found to enhance sensitivity of the complex, which is stable for 19 hours. The 12 complex exhibits maximum absorbance at 555 nm, obyes Beer's law in the concentration range from 0.32 to 6.56 g of thorium(IV) per ml, has a molar absorptivity of 3.14·10⁴ dm³/mol^–1·cm^–1 and a Sandel sensitivity of 7.4 ng·cm^–2. The formation constant (log K) is found to be 8.62 and 8.45. Interference of 57 anions and cations in the determination of thorium(IV) has been studied. From ten repeated determinations, the coefficient of variation was found to be ±0.98%. The method was successfully applied for determination of thorium content in a sample of monazite.     

Application of principal component-wavelet neural network in spectrophotometric determination of acidity constants of 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol

The acidity constants of 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol (TAR) were determined by the principal component-wavelet neural network (WNN). Biprotic acid mass balance equations, the distribution functions and the corresponding spectral profiles which were generated by a Gaussian model, have been considered to simulate all required absorbance-pH data. The simulated absorption-pH data matrix was used as training set whereas the TAR absorption-pH data was used as the test set of WNN model. The obtained acidity constants were in good agreement with the reported values of acidity constants in the literature and with those calculated by DATAN software. Artificial neural network (ANN) model has been also employed in this study and the results of WNN were compared with those obtained by ANN. It was found that WNN gives faster convergence and slightly better accuracy.     

Multiwavelength spectrophotometric determination of acidity constants of some azo dyes

A multiwavelength spectrophotometric titration method was applied to study the acidity constants of some azo dyes in water. The UV-vis absorption spectra of azo dye solutions were recorded in the course of their pH-metric titration with a standard base solution. The protolytic equilibrium constants, spectral profiles, concentration diagrams and also the number of components have been calculated. The quantitative effects of the substituents on the acidity of the studied azo dyes were investigated by the linear free energy relationship (LFER) using Hammet sigma constant (sigma) and field and resonance effects of Kamlet and Taft (f and Re, respectively).     

Potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of the dissociation constants of cefetamet

Summary The dissociation constants of cefetamet-Na have been determined using potentiometric titrations and spectrophotometry. The investigations were carried on in water solutions at constant temperature and ionic strength, and at differentH ₀ andpH values. Potentiometric investigations were performed at three different temperatures and ionic strengths. The concentration dissociation constants and the corresponding thermodynamic dissociation constants were calculated by a computer program. The mixed dissociation constants (pK) of cefetamet-Na have been determined spectrophotometrically in theH ₀ range from -5.80 to 0.00 and atpH values from 0.00 to 12.70 and are in good agreement with values achieved by graphical methods as well as with those obtained by potentiometric methods. Based on the determined values, the thermodynamic parameters (G, H, S) were calculated atI=0.1M.

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Potentiometrische und spektrophotometrische Bestimmung der Dissoziationskonstanten von Cefetamet

Zusammenfassung Die Dissoziationskonstanten von Cefetamet-Na wurden mittels potentiometrischer Titrationen und auf spektrophotometrischem Weg bestimmt. Die Untersuchungen wurden in wäßriger Lösung bei konstanter Temperatur und Ionenstärke und verschiedenenH ₀- undpH-Werten durchgeführt. Potentiometrische Messungen wurden bei drei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Ionenstärken vorgenommen. Die stöchiometrische Dissozation und die entsprechenden thermodynamischen Dissoziationskonstanten wurden mit Hilfe eines Computerprogramms berechnet. Die gemischten Dissoziationskonstanten (pK) wurden spektrophotometrisch imH ₀-Bereich von -5.80 bis 0.00 und impH-Bereich von 0.00 bis 12.70 bestimmt und stimmen sowohl mit Werten, die mit Hilfe der graphischen Methode erhalten wurden, als auch mit potentiometrisch bestimmten gut überein. Aus den ermittelten Werten der Dissoziationskonstanten wurden die thermodynamischen Parameter (G, H, S) fürI=0.1M berechnet.

     

Spectrophotometric determination of acidity constants by two-rank annihilation factor analysis

Annihilation of the contribution of one chemical component from the original data matrix is a general method in rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA). However, RAFA is not applicable for studying the protonation equilibria of multiprotic acids. In this work, a two-rank annihilation factor analysis (TRAFA) method was proposed for determination of the acidity constants of diprotic acids. After recording the electronic absorbance spectra of the acids at different pH, the contributions of both H₂A and A²⁻ were annihilated from the absorbance data, which made feasible the determination of two successive acidity constants. The method was validated by analysis of simulated data and its application to the determination of the acidity constants of calmagite, as a reference compound. A close agreement was obtained between the resulted values by TRAFA and the declared values. Indeed, the method was used for determination of the acidity constants of two new chromenone derivatives in binary solvents mixtures of methanol and water. The effects of changing solvent composition on acidity constant data were explained by linear solvation free energy relationships (LSFER) utilizing solvatochromic parameters.