Investigation of Weakly Relativistic Ponderomotive Effects on Self-Focusing During Interaction of High Power Elliptical Laser Beam with Plasma

This paper presents an investigation of weakly relativistic ponderomotive effects on self-focusing during interaction of high power elliptical laser beam with plasma. The nonlinear differential equations for the beam width parameters of elliptical laser beam have set up by using Wentzal–Krammers–Brillouin(WKB) and paraxial approximations. These equations have been solved numerically by using fourth order Runge–Kutta method to study the variation of these beam width parameters against normalized distance of propagation. Effects of variation in laser beam intensity,plasma density and electron temperature on the beam width parameters are also analyzed.     

Fabrication of 11-nm-Wide Silica-Like Lines Using X-Ray Diffraction Exposure

Fine silica-like lines with 11 nm width are successfully fabricated using x-ray Fresnel diffraction exposure. X-rays pass a mask of 175-nm-wide lines and 125-nm-wide spaces and form sharp peaks on a wafer coated with a layer of hydrogen silsesquioxane resist (HSQ). By precisely controlling the mask-wafer gap at 10μm using the laser interferogram method, the fine structures are defined on HSQ. Experimental images are reproduced by a simulation using the one-dimensional beam propagation method. This lithographic technique presents a novel and convenient way to fabricate fine silica-like structures and devices in nano-optical and nanoelectronic applications.     

Design of Smith-Purcell emitter in femtosecond accelerator

Based on the femtosecond accelerator device, we are planning to build a broad band and tunable THz source using the Smith-Purcell radiation mechanism. Coherent Smith-Purcell radiation could be achieved owing to the super-short bunch produced in the device. To shorten the distance between the beam and grating, we use Transport to match the beta function producing a sheet beam on the grating surface. The optimization of grating length, groove depth and groove width are given in the paper. Then the radiation power for the shallow and deep grating using these parameters are presented. The detection devices and methods are also briefly discussed.     

Study of the beam loading effect in the CSNS/RCS

The China Spallation Neutron Source/Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (CSNS/RCS) accelerates a high-intensity proton beam from 80 MeV to 1.6 GeV. Since the beam current and beam power is high, the beam loading is a severe problem for the stability of the circulating beam in the RCS. To study the beam loading effect in the CSNS/RCS theoretically, the RLC circuit model of the rf cavity, the method of Fast Fourier Transform and the method of Laplace transform have been employed to obtain the impedance of the rf system, the beam spectrum and the beam-induced voltage, respectively. Based on these physical models, the beam dynamics equations have been revised and a beam loading model has been constructed in the simulation code ORIENT. By using the code, the beam loading effect on the rf system of the CSNS/RCS has been investigated. Some simulation results have been obtained and conclusions have been drawn.     

A laser pump-re-pump atomic magnetometer

We demonstrate experimentally an atomic magnetometer based on optical pumping theory, a magnetic resonance that is induced by a radio frequency field and dependent on the magnetic field strength. Compared with the conventional method using one radiation field, which is used not only as the probe beam but also as a pump beam, the additional re-pump beam can increase remarkably the amplitude of the signal. It is shown that the amplitude of the magnetic field resonance signal can increase more than 55% by using an additional re-pump beam, which makes the sensitivity of the magnetometer higher. Finally, we investigate the relation between amplitude of the signal and re-pump laser power, and calculate the atomic population in the trapping states with rate equations.     

A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole （RFQ） linear accelerator （linac） is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system （injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron）.The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell （PIC） code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission effciency （at least 95%） for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac （DTL）.The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

Spectra of Highly Ionized Sulfur below 200 ^。A

Spectra of carbon-,boron-,beryllium-,lithium-,helium-,and hydrogen-like sulfur ions were obtained and studied for the wavelengths below 200 ^。A and the energy of 8O Me V by using beam-foil method.Thirty-five lines have been identified,in which 15 lines are newly accurately measured.The spectra were analysed based on the theoretical results and other experimental data.     

Fabrication of ll-nm-Wide Silica-Like Lines Using X-Ray Diffraction Exposure

Fine silica-like fines with 11 nm width are successfully fabricated using x-ray Fresnel diffraction exposure. X-rays pass a mask of 175-nm-wide lines and 125-nm-wide spaces and form sharp peaks on a wafer coated with a layer of hydrogen silsesquioxane resist （HSQ）. By precisely controlling the mask-wafer gap at 10μm using the laser interferogram method, the fine structures are defined on HSQ. Experimental images are reproduced by a simulation using the one-dimensional beam propagation method. This lithographic technique presents a novel and convenient way to fabricate fine silica-like structures and devices in nano-optical and nanoelectronic applications.     

Numerical Simulation Multicomponent Ion Beam Transport form ECR Ion Source

In order to simulate the transport of multi-components ion beam extracted from an ECR ion source, we have developed a multi-charged ion beam transport program named MCIBS 1.0. The program is dedicated to numerical simulation of the behavior of highly-charged ion beam and optimization of beam optics in transport lines and is realized on a PC with Windows user interface of Microsoft Visual Basic. Among all the ions with different charge states in the beam, the exchanges of electrons between highly charged ions and low charged ions or neutral,atoms of residual gas are taken into account by using classical Molecular Over-barrier Model and Monte Carlo method. An advanced Windows graphical interface makes it; comfortable and friendly for the user to operate in an interactive mode. The present program is used for the numerical calculation and optimization of beam optics in a transport line consisting of various magnetic elements, such as dipole magnet, quadrupole and so on. It is possible to simultaneously simulate 200,000 particles, in a transport line of 340 m at most, and show every particle orbit. Beam cross section graphics and emittance phase pictures can be also shown at any position in the transport line.     

Expanding and improving the LEADS code for dynamics design and multiparticle simulation

In order to calculate the effect on the beam caused by an irregular accelerator element, we have expanded and improved the Linear and Electrostatic Accelerator Dynamics Simulation (LEADS) code. To achieve better calculation precision, the element was divided into lots of equal intervals. In order to simplify the calculation process, a one-dimensional field is simulated and the Lorenz equation is used directly. A one-dimensional field can be imported into the LEADS code. The heteromorphic quadrupole is invented and its field is simulated and optimized using the POISSON code. As examples, the effect on the beam caused by the heteromorphic quadrupole and octupole is simulated.     

Beam Shaping by Using the Liquid Crystal Panel of a Commercial Display Device

The liquid crystal (LC) panel of a commercially-available LCD projector is successfully used for beam shaping, and a Gaussian beam is converted to a square super-Gaussian beam using the configuration of amplitude modulation. The additional phase modulations imposed by the LC modulator on the shaped beams are measured precisely using an interferometric technique. The experimental results have demonstrated that such a commerciallyavailable programmable spatial light modulator is applicable to beam shaping with negligible additional phase modulation.     

Neutron beam optimization based on a ~7Li(p,n)~7Be reaction for treatment of deep-seated brain tumors by BNCT

Neutron beam optimization for accelerator-based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy(BNCT) is investigated using a7Li(p,n)7Be reaction. Design and optimization have been carried out for the target, cooling system,moderator, filter, reflector, and collimator to achieve a high flux of epithermal neutron and satisfy the IAEA criteria.Also, the performance of the designed beam in tissue is assessed by using a simulated Snyder head phantom. The results show that the optimization of the collimator and reflector is critical to finding the best neutron beam based on the7Li(p,n)7Be reaction. Our designed beam has 2.49×109n/cm2 s epithermal neutron flux and is suitable for BNCT of deep-seated brain tumors.     

Study of the surface and far fields of terahertz radiation generated by large-aperture photoconductive antennas

We have studied analytically the temporal characteristics of terahertz radiation emitted from a biased largeaperture photoconductive antenna triggered by an ultrashort optical pulse. We have included the effects of the finite lifetime and transient mobility dynamics of photogenerated carriers in the analysis. Succinct explicit expressions are obtained for the emitted radiation in the surface field and in the far field. The dependence of the waveforms of the radiated field on the fluence and duration of triggering optical pulse, carrier relaxation time and carrier lifetime are discussed in detail using the obtained expressions.     

Enhancement of Smith—Purcell radiation with surface-plasmon excitation

With the aid of a three-dimensional particle-in-cell code simulation,the enhancement of Smith-Purcell radiation with a surface-plasmon mode excited by a single electron bunch and by a premodulated electron beam is considered in the paper.In the simulation,the model is a grating covered by Ag film.The results demonstrate that when the surface-plasmon mode is excited by a single electron bunch,the maximum radiation occurs at an observation angle depending on the surface-plasmon frequency,and the radiation power can be enhanced more than ten times.And for pre-bunched electron beam excitation,when one of the harmonics of the bunching frequency is resonant with that of the surface-plasmon mode,the radiation power is twenty times more than that from a perfectly conducting grating excited by the same premodulated electron beam.     

A new muon-pion collection and transport system design using superconducting solenoids based on CSNS

A new muon and pion capture system is proposed for the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS),currently under construction. Using about 4% of the pulsed proton beam(1.6 Ge V, 4 k W and 1 Hz) of CSNS to bombard a cylindrical graphite target inside a superconducting solenoid, both surface muons and pions can be acquired. The acceptance of this novel capture system- a graphite target wrapped up by a superconducting solenoid- is larger than the normal muon beam lines using quadrupoles at one side of the separated muon target. The muon and pion production at different capture magnetic fields was calculated using Geant4. The bending angle of the capture solenoid with respect to the proton beam was also optimized in simulation to achieve more muons and pions.Based on the layout of the muon experimental area reserved at the CSNS project, a preliminary muon beam line was designed with multi-purpose muon spin rotation areas(surface, decay and low-energy muons). Finally, high-flux surface muons(10~8/s) and decay muons(10~9/s) simulated by G4 beamline will be available at the end of the decay solenoid based on the first phase of CSNS. This collection and transport system will be a very effective beam line at a proton current of 2.5 μA.     

Hard X-ray optics simulation using the coherent mode decomposition of the Gaussian Schell model

The propagation of a hard X-ray beam from a partially coherent synchrotron source is simulated by using the novel method based on the coherent mode decomposition of Gaussian Schell model and wave-front propagation. We investigate how the coherency properties and intensity distributions of the beam are changed by propagation through optical elements. Here, we simulate and analyze the propagation of the partially coherent radiation trans- mitted through an ideal slit. We present the first simulations for focusing partially coherent synchrotron hard X-ray beams using this novel method. And when compared with the traditional method which assumes the source is a totally coherent point source or completely incoherent, this method is proved to be more reasonable and can also demonstrate the coherence properties of the focusing beam. We also simulate the Young’s double slit experiment and the simulated results validate the academic analysis.     

Neutron beam optimization based on a ^7Li（p,n）^7Be reaction for treatment of deep-seated brain tumors by BNCT

Neutron beam optimization for accelerator-based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy（BNCT） is investigated using a ^7Li（p,n）^7Be reaction. Design and optimization have been carried out for the target, cooling system,moderator, filter, reflector, and collimator to achieve a high flux of epithermal neutron and satisfy the IAEA criteria.Also, the performance of the designed beam in tissue is assessed by using a simulated Snyder head phantom. The results show that the optimization of the collimator and reflector is critical to finding the best neutron beam based on the ^7Li（p,n）^7Be reaction. Our designed beam has 2.49×109n/cm^2 s epithermal neutron flux and is suitable for BNCT of deep-seated brain tumors.     

Study on CYCIAE-100 radiation field and residual radioactivity

The accelerators should be properly designed to make the radiation field produced by beam loss satisfy the dose limits. The radiation field for high intensity H^－ cyclotron includes prompt radiation and residual radiation field. The induced radioactivity in accelerator components is the dominant source of occupational radiation exposure if the accelerator is well shielded. The source of radiation is the beam loss when cyclotron is operating. In this paper, the radiation field for CYCIAE-100 is calculated using Monte Carlo method and the radioactive contamination near stripping foil is studied. A method to reduce the dose equivalent rate of maintenance staff is also given.     

Laboratory simulation on acoustic well-logging with phased array transmitter

Two small scale acoustic phased arrays with 4 elements have been designed and assembled in the laboratory. Experiments have been carried out with them. It is found that both directivity and radiation lobe width of the phased array can be regulated by changing the time delay between the input signals on neighboring elements. Results measured are in good agreement with those calculated. By using the phased array as an acoustic transmitter and hydrophone as a receiver, small scale acoustic well-logging simulations have been carried out both on an aluminum model well and on a concrete one. Experimental results show that, by increasing the time delay of the input signals on neighboring elements, the steered radiation angle of the phased array becomes larger and larger, and generation conditions of the refracted compressional wave and the refracted shear wave are reached successively, and the refracted compressional wave, the refracted shear wave and the Stoneley wave axe strengthened, respectively. Therefore, by choosing element spacing of a phased array and acoustic wave frequency appropriately, the main radiation lobe of the phased array can be widened to cover the first critical angle of all kinds of formations, which makes it possible to apply phased array acoustic well-logging in any formation continuously without regulating directivity of the phased array.     

Generations of dark hollow beams and their applications in laser cooling of atoms and all optical-type Bose－Einstein condensation

We report on a new experimental result to generate dark hollow beams by using a geometric optical method. We propose two new methods to produce focused and localized hollow laser beams by using π-phase plates. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we have studied the Sisyphus cooling of alkali atoms in pyramidal hollow beam gravito-optical traps. We discuss some potential applications of the dark hollow beams in atom optics and the preparation of an all optically-cooled and optically-trapped atomic Bose－Einstein condensation (BEC). Our research shows that an ultracold atomic sample with a temperature of ～ 2μK can be obtained in the pyramidal hollow beam dipole trap and an all optical-type BEC may be realized in a far blue-detuned, hollow beam trap.